Izinhlobo / ikhanda-nentamo / isiguli / umuntu omdala / paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

I-Paranasal Sinus kanye ne-Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (yabantu abadala) iVersi

Imininingwane ejwayelekile Mayelana NeParanasal Sinus kanye Nomdlavuza weNasal Cavity

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• I-Paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wesifo yisifo lapho amangqamuzana abulalayo (umdlavuza) akha izicubu zezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala.

• Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaseli esonweni se-paranasal nasengxenyeni yamakhala zingaba yingozi.

• Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile noma othulini emsebenzini kungakhuphula ubungozi besifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala.

• Izimpawu nezimpawu zesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala kufaka phakathi izinkinga zesono kanye nemiphunga yamakhala.

• Kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ezihlola izigaxa kanye nomgodi wamakhala ukuthola isifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womlomo wamakhala.

• Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama) kanye nezinketho zokwelashwa.

I-Paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wesifo yisifo lapho amangqamuzana abulalayo (umdlavuza) akha izicubu zezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala.

Izono zeParanasal

"I-Paranasal" isho eduze kwekhala. Ama-para sinuses ayizikhala ezingenalutho, ezigcwele umoya emathanjeni azungeze ikhala. Izono zigcwele amaseli enza amafinyila, agcina ingaphakathi lekhala lingomi ngesikhathi sokuphefumula.

I-anatomy yezono ze-paranasal (izikhala phakathi kwamathambo azungeze ikhala).

Kunezono eziningana zepara ezibizwa ngamathambo azizungezile:

• Izono zangaphambili ziphakathi ebunzini elingezansi ngenhla kwekhala.

• Izono ze-maxillary zisezihlathini ezinhlangothini zombili zekhala.

• Izono ze-ethmoid ziseduze kwekhala eliphezulu, phakathi kwamehlo.

• Izono ze-sphenoid zingemuva kwekhala, maphakathi nogebhezi.

Isikhala se-Nasal

Ikhala livuleka emgodini wamakhala, ohlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili zamakhala. Umoya uhamba ngalezi zindima ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. Umgodi wamakhala ulele ngaphezu kwethambo elenza uphahla lomlomo bese ligobeka ngemuva ukujoyina umphimbo. Indawo engaphakathi nje kwamakhala ibizwa ngokuthi i-vestibule yamakhala. Indawo encane yamaseli akhethekile ophahleni lwendawo ngayinye yamakhala ithumela izimpawu ebuchosheni ukuze inikeze umuzwa wephunga.

Ngokubambisana nezono ze-paranasal kanye nesihlungi se-nasal cavity bese ufudumeza umoya, futhi uwenze ube manzi ngaphambi kokungena emaphashini. Ukuhamba komoya ngezinsimbi nakwezinye izingxenye zohlelo lokuphefumula kusiza ekwenzeni imisindo yokukhuluma.

I-Paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla wohlobo lomdlavuza wekhanda nentamo.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaseli esonweni se-paranasal nasengxenyeni yamakhala zingaba yingozi.

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza wamakhala omlomo yi-squamous cell carcinoma. Lolu hlobo lomdlavuza lwenzeka kumaseli amancane, ayizicaba afaka ngaphakathi kwezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla womlomo zifaka okulandelayo:

• I-Melanomas: Umdlavuza oqala kumaseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-melanocyte, amaseli anika isikhumba umbala wawo wemvelo.

• ISarcomas: Umdlavuza oqala ezicutshini noma ezicutshini ezixhuma.

• Ukuguqula ama-papillomas: Izicubu ze-Benign ezakha ngaphakathi kwekhala. Inani elincane lalokhu liguquka libe ngumdlavuza.

• Ama-granulomas aphakathi nendawo: Umdlavuza wezicubu engxenyeni emaphakathi yobuso.

Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile noma othulini emsebenzini kungakhuphula ubungozi besifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala.

Noma yini eyandisa amathuba akho okuthola isifo ibizwa ngokuthi ingozi. Ukuba nengcuphe akusho ukuthi uzothola umdlavuza; ukungabi nezici zobungozi akusho ukuthi ngeke uthole umdlavuza. Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma ucabanga ukuthi ungaba sengozini. Izici zobungozi besifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womlomo wamakhala zifaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali noma uthuli oluthile emsebenzini, njengalawo atholakala kule misebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukwenza ifenisha.

• Umsebenzi we-Sawmill.

• Ukubaza ngokhuni (ukubaza).

• Ukwenza izicathulo.

• Insimbi.

• Ifulawa wokugaya noma umsebenzi wokubhaka.

• Ukutheleleka nge-human papillomavirus (HPV).

• Ukuba ngowesilisa nangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40.

• Ukubhema.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala kufaka phakathi izinkinga zesono kanye nemiphunga yamakhala.

Lezi kanye nezinye izimpawu nezimpawu zingabangelwa yisifo se-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla noma ngezinye izimo. Kungase kungabikho zimpawu noma izimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala. Izimpawu nezimpawu zingavela njengoba isimila sikhula. Buza nodokotela wakho uma unokunye kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• Izono ezivinjiwe ezingacaci, noma ingcindezi yesinus.

• Ukuphathwa yikhanda noma ubuhlungu ezindaweni ezinesono.

• Ikhala eligijimayo.

• Ukopha ngamakhala.

• Isigaxa noma isilonda ngaphakathi kwekhala esingapholi.

• Isigaxa ebusweni noma ophahleni lomlomo.

• Ukuba ndikindiki noma ukuncinza ebusweni.

• Ukuvuvukala noma enye inkathazo ngamehlo, njengokubona kabili noma amehlo akhomba ezindaweni ezihlukile.

• Ubuhlungu bamazinyo aphezulu, amazinyo axegayo, noma amazinyo okufakelwa angasahlali kahle.

• Ubuhlungu noma ingcindezi endlebeni.

Kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ezihlola izigaxa kanye nomgodi wamakhala ukuthola isifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womlomo wamakhala.

Lezi zivivinyo nezinqubo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa:

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kanye nomlando wezempilo: Ukuhlolwa komzimba ukuhlola izimpawu ezijwayelekile zempilo, kufaka phakathi nokuhlola izimpawu zezifo, njengezigaxa noma yini enye ebonakala ingajwayelekile. Kuzothathwa nomlando wemikhuba yezempilo yesiguli kanye nokugula nokwelashwa kwangaphambilini.

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kwekhala, ubuso, nentamo: Ukuhlolwa lapho udokotela ebuka khona ekhaleni ngesibuko esincane, esiphatha isikhathi eside ukubheka izindawo ezingejwayelekile futhi ahlole ubuso nentamo ukuthi kukhona izigaxa noma ama-lymph node avuvukile.

• I-X-ray yekhanda nentamo: I-x-ray uhlobo lwensimbi yamandla engangena emzimbeni ifike kwifilimu, yenze isithombe sezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): Inqubo esebenzisa uzibuthe, amagagasi omsakazo, nekhompyutha ukwenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (i-NMRI).

• I-CT scan (i-CAT scan): Inqubo eyenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba, ezithathwe ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Izithombe zenziwa yikhompyutha exhunywe kumshini we-x-ray. Idayi ingajovwa emthanjeni noma igwinywe ukusiza izitho noma izicubu zivele kahle. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-computed tomography, i-computerized tomography, noma i-computer axial tomography.

• I-Biopsy: Ukususwa kwamaseli noma izicubu ukuze kubhekwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ngudokotela wezifo ukuhlola izimpawu zomdlavuza. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-biopsy:

• I-Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy: Ukususwa kwezicubu noma uketshezi kusetshenziswa inaliti ezacile.

• I-incisional biopsy: Ukususwa kwengxenye yendawo yezicubu engabukeki ijwayelekile.

• I-biopsy ethandekayo: Ukususwa kwayo yonke indawo yezicubu ezingabukeki zijwayelekile.

• I-Nasoscopy: Inqubo yokubheka ngaphakathi kwamakhala ezindaweni ezingavamile. Kufakwa i-nasoscope emakhaleni. I-nasoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka. Ithuluzi elikhethekile ku-nasoscope lingasetshenziswa ukususa amasampula ezicubu. Amasampula wezicubu abhekwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ngudokotela wezifo ezihlola izimpawu zomdlavuza.

• I-Laryngoscopy: Inqubo lapho udokotela ehlola i-larynx (ibhokisi lezwi) ngesibuko noma nge-laryngoscope ukubheka izindawo ezingejwayelekile. I-laryngoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka ingaphakathi lomphimbo nebhokisi lezwi. Kungaba futhi nethuluzi lokususa amasampula wezicubu, ahlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza.

Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama) kanye nezinketho zokwelashwa.

Izinketho zokubikezela nokwelashwa zincike kokulandelayo:

• Lapho isimila sisesoneni se-paranasal noma emgodini wamakhala nokuthi ngabe sisakazekile yini.

• Usayizi wesimila.

• Uhlobo lomdlavuza.

• Iminyaka yesiguli nempilo ejwayelekile.

• Ukuthi umdlavuza usanda kutholakala noma usuphindile (buyela emuva).

Umdlavuza we-Paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala uvame ukusabalala ngesikhathi abatholakala ngaso futhi kunzima ukuselapha. Ngemuva kokwelashwa, impilo yokulandelelwa kaningi nokucophelela kubalulekile ngoba kunengozi eyengeziwe yokuthola uhlobo lwesibili lomdlavuza ekhanda noma entanyeni.

Izigaba zeParanasal Sinus neNasal Cavity Cancer

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Ngemuva kokutholakala kwesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe amangqamuzana omdlavuza asakazekile ngaphakathi kwezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

• Zintathu izindlela umdlavuza osakazeka ngayo emzimbeni.

• Umdlavuza ungasakazeka usuka lapho uqale khona kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

• Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa lomdlavuza we-sphenoid nezono zangaphambili.

• Lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa umdlavuza we-maxillary sinus:

• Isigaba 0 (I-Carcinoma eSitu)

• Isiteji I

• Isigaba II

• Isigaba III

• Isigaba IV

• Lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa umgodi wamakhala nomdlavuza wesono we-ethmoid:

• Isigaba 0 (I-Carcinoma eSitu)

• Isiteji I

• Isigaba II

• Isigaba III

• Isigaba IV

• Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, isigaba somdlavuza singashintsha futhi kungadingeka ukwelashwa okwengeziwe.

Ngemuva kokutholakala kwesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe amangqamuzana omdlavuza asakazekile ngaphakathi kwezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Inqubo esetshenziselwe ukuthola ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele ngaphakathi kwezono ze-paranasal kanye nomgodi wamakhala noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ibizwa nge-staging. Imininingwane eqoqwe kusuka kusistimu yesiteji inquma isigaba sesifo. Kubalulekile ukwazi isigaba ukuze uhlele ukwelashwa. Lezi zivivinyo nezinqubo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa kunqubo yokubeka iziteji:

• I-Endoscopy: Inqubo yokubheka izitho nezicubu ngaphakathi komzimba ukubheka izindawo ezingajwayelekile. I-endoscope ifakwa ngembobo emzimbeni, njengekhala noma umlomo. I-endoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka. Kungaba futhi nethuluzi lokususa amasampula wezicubu noma ama-lymph node, ahlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola izimpawu zesifo.

• I-CT scan (i-CAT scan): Inqubo eyenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba, ezithathwe ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Izithombe zenziwa yikhompyutha exhunywe kumshini we-x-ray. Idayi ingajovwa emthanjeni noma igwinywe ukusiza izitho noma izicubu zivele kahle. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-computed tomography, i-computerized tomography, noma i-computer axial tomography.

• I-x-ray yesifuba: I-x-ray yezitho namathambo ngaphakathi kwesifuba. I-x-ray uhlobo lwesigongolo samandla esingangena emzimbeni nasefilimini, lwenze isithombe sezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging) ene-gadolinium: Inqubo esebenzisa uzibuthe, amagagasi omsakazo, nekhompyutha ukwenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi into ebizwa nge-gadolinium ijojelwa emthanjeni. I-gadolinium iqoqa izungeze amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuze akhanye ngokugqamile esithombeni. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (i-NMRI).

• I-PET scan (i-positron emission tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana abulalayo omzimba emzimbeni. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni. Isithwebuli se-PET sizungeza umzimba futhi senze isithombe lapho i-glucose isetshenziswa khona emzimbeni. Amaseli amathumba amabi abonakala ekhanya esithombeni ngoba ayasebenza futhi athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

• Ukuskena kwamathambo: Inqubo yokubheka ukuthi kunamaseli ahlukanisa ngokushesha yini, njengamaseli womdlavuza, ethanjeni. Inani elincane kakhulu lezinto ezinomsakazo lifakwa emthanjeni futhi lihambe phakathi kwegazi. Izinto ezinemisebe eqoqa emathanjeni ezinomdlavuza futhi zitholwa isithwebuli.

Zintathu izindlela umdlavuza osakazeka ngayo emzimbeni.

Umdlavuza ungasakazeka ngezicubu, uhlelo lwe-lymph, kanye negazi:

• Izicubu. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokukhulela ezindaweni eziseduze.

• Uhlelo lweLymph. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokungena ohlelweni lwe-lymph. Umdlavuza udabula imithambo ye-lymph uye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

• Igazi. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokungena egazini. Umdlavuza uhamba ngemithambo yegazi uye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Umdlavuza ungasakazeka usuka lapho uqale khona kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Lapho umdlavuza usakazekela kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-metastasis. Amaseli womdlavuza aqhamuka lapho aqale khona (isimila sokuqala) futhi ahamba ngohlelo lwe-lymph noma igazi.

• Uhlelo lweLymph. Umdlavuza ungena ohlelweni lwe-lymph, udabule emithanjeni ye-lymph, bese wenza isimila (isimila se-metastatic) kwenye ingxenye yomzimba.

• Igazi. Umdlavuza ungena egazini, udabule emithanjeni yegazi, bese wenza isimila (isimila se-metastatic) kwenye ingxenye yomzimba.

Isigaxa se-metastatic luhlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza njengesimila sokuqala. Isibonelo, uma umdlavuza womgogodla womlomo usakazeka uye emaphashini, amangqamuzana omdlavuza asephashini empeleni angamaseli omdlavuza wamakhala omlomo. Lesi sifo ngumdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala, hhayi umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa lomdlavuza we-sphenoid nezono zangaphambili.

Isiteji esichazwe ngezansi sama-maxillary kanye ne-ethmoid sinuses kanye nomgodi wamakhala usetshenziselwa kuphela iziguli ezingazange zisuswe ama-lymph node entanyeni futhi zihlolwe izimpawu zomdlavuza

Osayizi bezicubu bavame ukulinganiswa ngamasentimitha (cm) noma amasentimitha. Izinto zokudla ezijwayelekile ezingasetshenziswa ukukhombisa usayizi wesimila ngo-cm zifaka: ipea (1 cm), iphenathi (2 cm), umvini (3 cm), i-walnut (4 cm), umcako (5 cm noma 2) amasentimitha), iqanda (6 cm), ipentshisi (7 cm), ne-grapefruit (10 cm noma 4 inches).

Lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa umdlavuza we-maxillary sinus:

Isigaba 0 (I-Carcinoma eSitu)

Esigabeni 0, amangqamuzana angajwayelekile atholakala kulwelwesi lwamafinyila olungaphakathi kwesono esikhulu. Lawa maseli angajwayelekile angaba ngumdlavuza futhi asabalale abe izicubu ezijwayelekile eziseduze. Isigaba 0 sibizwa nangokuthi i-carcinoma in situ.

Isiteji I

Esigabeni I, umdlavuza wakheke ezicathulweni ezinamafinyila esono esikhulu.

Isigaba II

Esigabeni II, umdlavuza usabalalele emathanjeni azungeze i-maxillary sinus, kufaka phakathi uphahla lomlomo nekhala, kepha hhayi ithambo ngemuva kwesono se-maxillary noma ingxenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

Isigaba III

Esigabeni III, umdlavuza usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Ithambo ngemuva kwesono se-maxillary.

• Izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba.

• Ingxenye yesokhethi yamehlo eduze kwekhala noma ezansi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Indawo engemuva kwethambo lesihlathi.

• Isono se-ethmoid.

noma

Umdlavuza utholakala ku-maxillary sinus futhi kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Amathambo azungeze i-maxillary sinus, kufaka phakathi uphahla lomlomo nekhala.

• Izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba.

• Ingxenye yesokhethi yamehlo eduze kwekhala noma ezansi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Indawo engemuva kwethambo lesihlathi.

• Isono se-ethmoid.

Umdlavuza ubuye usabalalele ku-lymph node eyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza, kanti i-lymph node ingamasentimitha ama-3 noma amancane.

Isigaba IV

Isigaba IV sihlukaniswe ngezigaba ze-IVA, IVB, ne-IVC.

Isiteji IVA

Esigabeni IVA, umdlavuza usabalale kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Iso.

• Isikhumba sesihlathi.

• Ingxenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• Indawo engemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

• I-sphenoid noma izono zangaphambili.

Umdlavuza kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele nakwelinye i-lymph node ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza, kanti i-lymph node ingamasentimitha ama-3 noma amancane.

noma

Umdlavuza utholakala ku-maxillary sinus futhi kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Amathambo azungeze i-maxillary sinus, kufaka phakathi uphahla lomlomo nekhala.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

• Izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba.

• Isikhumba sesihlathi.

• Iso, ingxenye yesokhethi yeso eduze kwekhala, noma phansi kwesokhethi leso.

• Indawo engemuva kwethambo lesihlathi.

• Ingxenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• Indawo engemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• I-ethmoid, i-sphenoid, noma i-sinus engaphambili.

Umdlavuza ubuye wasabalalela kokunye kokulandelayo:

• i-lymph node eyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza kanye ne-lymph node inkulu kunamasentimitha ama-3 kepha ayinkulu kunamasentimitha ayi-6; noma

• ama-lymph node angaphezu kweyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengoba umdlavuza nama-lymph node kungabi kukhulu kunamasentimitha ayi-6; noma

• ama-lymph node kolunye uhlangothi lwentamo njengomdlavuza noma ezinhlangothini zombili zentamo, futhi ama-lymph node awekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayisithupha.

Isigaba IVB

Esigabeni IVB, umdlavuza usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Indawo engemuva kweso.

• Ubuchopho.

• Izingxenye eziphakathi kogebhezi.

• Izinzwa eziqala ebuchosheni bese ziya ebusweni, entanyeni, nakwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho (izinzwa ze-cranial).

• Ingxenye engenhla yomphimbo ngemuva kwekhala.

• Isisekelo sogebhezi eduze komgogodla.

Umdlavuza kungenzeka ukuthi ubuye usabalalele ku-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yanoma iluphi usayizi, noma kuphi entanyeni.

noma

Umdlavuza ungatholakala noma kuphi ku-sinus maxillary. Umdlavuza usabalalele endaweni eyi-lymph node engaphezulu kwamasentimitha ayisithupha noma isabalale ngesembozo sangaphandle se-lymph node ezicutshini eziseduze.

Isiteji IVC

Esigabeni i-IVC, umdlavuza ungatholwa noma ikuphi ngaphakathi noma eduze kwesono se-maxillary, kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kuma-lymph node, futhi usabalalele ezithweni ezikude kakhulu nesono se-maxillary, njengamaphaphu.

Lezi zigaba ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa umgodi wamakhala nomdlavuza wesono we-ethmoid:

Isigaba 0 (I-Carcinoma eSitu)

Esigabeni 0, amangqamuzana angajwayelekile atholakala kulwelwesi lwamafinyila olufaka umgodi wamakhala noma i-ethmoid sinus. Lawa maseli angajwayelekile angaba ngumdlavuza futhi asabalale abe izicubu ezijwayelekile eziseduze. Isigaba 0 sibizwa nangokuthi i-carcinoma in situ.

Isiteji I

Esigabeni I, umdlavuza wakhekile futhi utholakala endaweni eyodwa kuphela yomgodi wamakhala noma wesono we-ethmoid futhi kungenzeka usabalale ube ithambo.

Isigaba II

Esigabeni II, umdlavuza utholakala ezindaweni ezimbili zomgodi wamakhala noma wesono we-ethmoid osondelene, noma umdlavuza usabalele endaweni eseduze nezono. Umdlavuza nawo ungasakazeka ungene emathanjeni.

Isigaba III

Esigabeni III, umdlavuza usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Ingxenye yesokhethi yamehlo eduze kwekhala noma ezansi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Isono se-maxillary.

• Uphahla lomlomo.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

noma

Umdlavuza utholakala emgodini wamakhala noma esonmo ethmoid futhi kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Ingxenye yesokhethi yamehlo eduze kwekhala noma ezansi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Isono se-maxillary.

• Uphahla lomlomo.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

Umdlavuza ubuye usabalalele ku-lymph node eyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza, kanti i-lymph node ingamasentimitha ama-3 noma amancane.

Isigaba IV

Isigaba IV sihlukaniswe ngezigaba ze-IVA, IVB, ne-IVC.

Isiteji IVA

Esigabeni IVA, umdlavuza usabalale kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Iso.

• Isikhumba sekhala noma isihlathi.

• Izingxenye zangaphambili zogebhezi.

• Ingxenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• I-sphenoid noma izono zangaphambili.

Umdlavuza kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele nakwelinye i-lymph node ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza, kanti i-lymph node ingamasentimitha ama-3 noma amancane.

noma

Umdlavuza utholakala emgodini wamakhala noma esonmo ethmoid futhi kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Iso, ingxenye yesokhethi yeso eduze kwekhala, noma phansi kwesokhethi leso.

• Isikhumba sekhala noma isihlathi.

• Izingxenye zangaphambili zogebhezi.

• Ingxenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngemuva komhlathi ongaphezulu.

• I-sphenoid noma izono zangaphambili.

Umdlavuza ubuye wasabalalela kokunye kokulandelayo:

• i-lymph node eyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengomdlavuza kanye ne-lymph node inkulu kunamasentimitha ama-3 kepha ayinkulu kunamasentimitha ayi-6; noma

• ama-lymph node angaphezu kweyodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lwentamo njengoba umdlavuza nama-lymph node kungabi kukhulu kunamasentimitha ayi-6; noma

• ama-lymph node kolunye uhlangothi lwentamo njengomdlavuza noma ezinhlangothini zombili zentamo, futhi ama-lymph node awekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayisithupha.

Isigaba IVB

Esigabeni IVB, umdlavuza usabalalele kunoma yikuphi okulandelayo:

• Indawo engemuva kweso.

• Ubuchopho.

• Izingxenye eziphakathi kogebhezi.

• Izinzwa eziqala ebuchosheni bese ziya ebusweni, entanyeni, nakwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho (izinzwa ze-cranial).

• Ingxenye engenhla yomphimbo ngemuva kwekhala.

• Isisekelo sogebhezi eduze komgogodla.

Umdlavuza kungenzeka ukuthi ubuye usabalalele ku-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yanoma iluphi usayizi, noma kuphi entanyeni.

noma

Umdlavuza ungatholakala noma yikuphi ngaphakathi noma eduze kwesikhala samakhala kanye ne-ethmoid sinus. Umdlavuza usabalalele endaweni eyi-lymph node engaphezulu kwamasentimitha ayisithupha noma isabalale ngesembozo sangaphandle se-lymph node ezicutshini eziseduze.

Isiteji IVC

Esigabeni i-IVC, umdlavuza ungatholwa noma ikuphi ngaphakathi noma eduze kwesikhala samakhala kanye ne-ethmoid sinus, kungenzeka ukuthi usabalalele kuma-lymph node, futhi usabalalele nasezithombeni ezikude kakhulu nasemgodini wamakhala nasonus ye-ethmoid, njengamaphaphu.

Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, isigaba somdlavuza singashintsha futhi kungadingeka ukwelashwa okwengeziwe.

Uma umdlavuza ususwa ngokuhlinzwa, udokotela wezifo uyohlola isampula lezicubu zomdlavuza ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukubuyekezwa kwe-pathologist kubangela ushintsho esigabeni somdlavuza futhi kudingeka ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

I-Paranasal Sinus Ephindaphindiwe kanye Nomdlavuza weNasal Cavity

Umdlavuza ophindaphindiwe we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla womdlavuza ngumdlavuza ophindile (wabuya) ngemuva kokuba welashwe. Umdlavuza ungabuya ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Uhlolojikelele lwenketho yokwelashwa

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kweziguli ezine-sinas paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala.

• Iziguli ezine-paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala kufanele ukwelashwa kwazo kuhlelwe yithimba lodokotela abanolwazi lokwelapha umdlavuza wekhanda nentamo.

• Izinhlobo ezintathu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

• Ukuhlinzwa

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

• Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa.

• Ukwelashwa kwesifo se-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla kungadala imiphumela emibi.

• Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

• Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

• Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kweziguli ezine-sinas paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokwelashwa ziyatholakala ezigulini ezinesifo somdlavuza we-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zijwayelekile (indlela esetshenziswa njengamanje), kanti ezinye ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa. Isivivinyo somtholampilo wokwelashwa isifundo socwaningo esihloselwe ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa kwamanje noma ukuthola ulwazi ngezindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zeziguli ezinomdlavuza. Lapho izivivinyo zokwelashwa zibonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okusha kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile, ukwelashwa okusha kungaba ukwelashwa okujwayelekile. Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo. Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zivulekele kuphela iziguli ezingakaqali ukwelashwa.

Iziguli ezine-paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala kufanele ukwelashwa kwazo kuhlelwe yithimba lodokotela abanolwazi lokwelapha umdlavuza wekhanda nentamo.

Ukwelashwa kuzobhekwa ngudokotela oncologist, udokotela ogxile ekwelapheni abantu abanomdlavuza. I-oncologist yezokwelapha isebenza nabanye odokotela abangochwepheshe ekwelapheni iziguli ezinomdlavuza wekhanda nentamo nabasebenza ezindaweni ezithile zemithi nokuhlunyeleliswa. Iziguli ezine-paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala zingadinga usizo olukhethekile ukuzivumelanisa nezinkinga zokuphefumula noma eminye imiphumela emibi yomdlavuza nokwelashwa kwawo. Uma kukhishwa inani elikhulu lezicubu noma lamathambo azungeze izigaxa ze-paranasal noma umgodi wamakhala, kungahlinzwa opulasitiki ukulungisa noma ukwakha kabusha indawo. Ithimba lezokwelapha lingafaka ongoti abalandelayo:

• I-radiation oncologist.

• Isazi sezinzwa.

• Udokotela ohlinzayo womlomo noma ohlinzayo wekhanda nentamo.

• Udokotela ohlinzayo wePlastiki.

• Udokotela wamazinyo.

• Isazi sokudla okunomsoco.

• Inkulumo kanye nolimi lwezifo.

• Uchwepheshe wokuvuselelwa.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa (ukususa umdlavuza lapho usebenza) kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwelapha zonke izigaba zesono se-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala. Udokotela angawususa umdlavuza kanye nezicubu namathambo aphilile azungeze umdlavuza. Uma umdlavuza ususabalele, udokotela angasusa ama-lymph node nezinye izicubu entanyeni.

Ngemuva kokuthi udokotela awususe wonke umdlavuza ongabonakala ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ezinye iziguli zinganikezwa i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukubulala noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele. Ukwelashwa okunikezwe ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuthi umdlavuza uzobuya, kubizwa ngokuthi yi-adjuvant therapy.

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusebenzisa amandla amakhulu ama-x-ray noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukuwagcina ekukhuleni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokwelashwa ngemisebe:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe kwangaphandle kusebenzisa umshini ongaphandle komzimba ukuthumela imisebe ebheke emdlavuzeni. Umthamo ophelele wokwelashwa ngemisebe kwesinye isikhathi uhlukaniswa ube ngamanani amancane amancane, alinganayo alethwe esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezimbalwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-fractionation.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle yegundane lekhanda nentamo. Kusetshenziswa umshini ukukhomba imisebe ephezulu yamandla emdlavuza. Umshini ungazungeza isiguli, uhambise imisebe evela ezinhlangothini eziningi ezahlukahlukene ukuhlinzeka ukwelashwa okufana kakhulu. Isifihla mesh sisiza ukugcina ikhanda nentamo yesiguli kunganyakazi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Omaki abancane bakayinki bafakwa kumaskhi. Amaki oyinki asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa umshini wemisebe endaweni efanayo ngaphambi kokwelashwa ngakunye.

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe kwangaphakathi kusebenzisa into enemisebe eboshwe ngezinaliti, izimbewu, izintambo, noma ama-catheters abekwe ngqo noma eduze komdlavuza.

Indlela okunikezwa ngayo ukwelashwa ngemisebe kuya ngohlobo nesigaba somdlavuza owelashwa. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kwangaphandle nangaphakathi kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla wamakhala.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle kwi-thyroid noma i-pituitary gland kungashintsha indlela indlala yegilo esebenza ngayo. Izinga le-hormone yegilo egazini lingahlolwa ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy yindlela yokwelapha umdlavuza esebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuvimba ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, kungaba ngokubulala amaseli noma ngokuwavimba ekuhlukaniseni. Lapho i-chemotherapy ithathwa ngomlomo noma ifakwa emthanjeni noma emisipheni, izidakamizwa zingena egazini futhi zingafinyelela kumaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni wonke (systemic chemotherapy). Lapho i-chemotherapy ifakwa ngqo ku-cerebrospinal fluid, isitho, noma umgodi womzimba njengesisu, izidakamizwa zithinta kakhulu amangqamuzana omdlavuza kulezo zindawo (i-chemotherapy yesifunda). Inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ukwelashwa kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ze-anticancer.

Indlela i-chemotherapy enikezwa ngayo incike ohlotsheni nesigaba somdlavuza owelashwa.

Bheka Izidakamizwa ezivunyelwe i-Head and Neck Cancer ukuthola eminye imininingwane. (I-Paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla wohlobo lomdlavuza wekhanda nentamo.)

Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa . Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-NCI.

Ukwelashwa kwesifo se-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla kungadala imiphumela emibi.

Ngemininingwane ngemiphumela engemihle ebangelwe ukwelashwa komdlavuza, bheka ikhasi lethu le-Side Effects.

Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

Kwezinye iziguli, ukubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo kungaba yindlela engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa. Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyingxenye yenqubo yocwaningo lomdlavuza. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuyenziwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusha kuphephile futhi kuyasebenza yini noma kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile.

Eziningi zezindlela zokwelashwa ezijwayelekile zomdlavuza zisuselwa ekuhlolweni kokuqala komtholampilo. Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo zingathola ukwelashwa okujwayelekile noma zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukuthola ukwelashwa okusha.

Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa zisiza nokwenza ngcono indlela umdlavuza ozophathwa ngayo ngokuzayo. Noma izilingo zomtholampilo zingaholeli ekwelashweni okusha okusebenzayo, zivame ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile futhi zisize ukuqhubela phambili ucwaningo.

Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zifaka kuphela iziguli ezingakatholi ukwelashwa. Ezinye izilingo zivivinya ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinomdlavuza ongakabi ngcono. Kukhona nokuhlolwa komtholampilo okuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokunqanda umdlavuza ukuthi ungaphindi (ubuye) noma kunciphise imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa komdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe. Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo esekelwa yi-NCI ingatholakala ekhasini lewebhu le-NCI lokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo. Izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa ezinye izinhlangano zingatholakala kuwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Olunye uvivinyo olwenziwe ukuxilonga umdlavuza noma ukuthola isigaba somdlavuza lungaphindwa. Olunye uvivinyo luzophindwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi umuthi usebenza kanjani. Izinqumo mayelana nokuthi uqhubeke, ushintshe, noma umise ukwelashwa zingasuselwa emiphumeleni yalezi zivivinyo.

Ezinye zezivivinyo zizoqhubeka ukwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngemuva kokuphela kokwelashwa. Imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo ingakhombisa ukuthi ngabe isimo sakho sishintshile noma uma umdlavuza ubuyile (buyela emuva). Lezi zivivinyo kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izivivinyo zokulandelela noma ukuhlolwa.

Ukwelashwa Kwesigaba I Paranasal Sinus kanye Nomdlavuza weNasal Cavity

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesigaba i-paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla kuncike lapho umdlavuza utholakala khona ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala:

• Uma umdlavuza uku-sinus maxillary, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Uma umdlavuza uku-sinmo ethmoid, ukwelashwa imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye / noma ukuhlinzwa.

• Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-sphenoid, ukwelashwa kuyefana nomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal, imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

• Uma umdlavuza usemgodini wamakhala, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ngokuguqula ama-papillomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ama-melanomas nama-sarcomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzekwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nangokhemotherapy.

• Kuma-granulomas aphakathi nendawo, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Uma umdlavuza usemhubeni wamakhala, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Stage II Paranasal Sinus neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesigaba II se-paranasal sinus kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla kuncike lapho umdlavuza utholakala khona ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala:

• Uma umdlavuza uku-sinus maxillary, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe ephezulu ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• Uma umdlavuza uku-sinmo ethmoid, ukwelashwa imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye / noma ukuhlinzwa.

• Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-sphenoid, ukwelashwa kuyefana nomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal, imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nge-chemotherapy noma ngaphandle kwayo. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

• Uma umdlavuza usemgodini wamakhala, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ngokuguqula ama-papillomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ama-melanomas nama-sarcomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzekwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nangokhemotherapy.

• Kuma-granulomas aphakathi nendawo, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Uma umdlavuza usemhubeni wamakhala, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Stage III Paranasal Sinus neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesigaba sesithathu se-paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla kuncike lapho umdlavuza utholakala khona ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala.

Uma umdlavuza uku-sinus maxillary, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ephezulu ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelashwa kwemisebe ehlukanisiwe ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-ethmoid, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kulandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-sphenoid, ukwelashwa kuyefana nomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal, imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nge-chemotherapy noma ngaphandle kwayo. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

Uma umdlavuza usemgodini wamakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

Ngokuguqula ama-papillomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ama-melanomas nama-sarcomas, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Kuma-granulomas aphakathi nendawo, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Uma umdlavuza usesitendeni samakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe kwangaphakathi noma ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Stage IV Paranasal Sinus neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesigaba IV se-paranasal sinus nomdlavuza womgogodla kuncike lapho umdlavuza utholakala khona ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala.

Uma umdlavuza uku-sinus maxillary, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ephezulu noma ngokuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelashwa kwemisebe ehlukanisiwe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy kanye ne-radiation therapy.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-ethmoid, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy kanye ne-radiation therapy.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-sphenoid, ukwelashwa kuyefana nomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal, imvamisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nge-chemotherapy noma ngaphandle kwayo. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

Uma umdlavuza usemgodini wamakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokuhlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

Ngokuguqula ama-papillomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ama-melanomas nama-sarcomas, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Kuma-granulomas aphakathi nendawo, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Uma umdlavuza usesitendeni samakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe kwangaphakathi noma ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma okunye ukwelashwa komdlavuza.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy kanye ne-radiation therapy.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Ophindayo We-Paranasal kanye Nomdlavuza weNasal Cavity

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesifo esihlala njalo se-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgogodla kuncike lapho umdlavuza utholakala khona ezonweni ze-paranasal nasemgodini wamakhala.

Uma umdlavuza uku-sinus maxillary, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kulandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe kulandelwa ukuhlinzwa.

• I-Chemotherapy njengokwelashwa okunciphisayo ukukhulula izimpawu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-ethmoid, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• I-Chemotherapy njengokwelashwa okunciphisayo ukukhulula izimpawu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy.

Uma umdlavuza usesonweni se-sphenoid, ukwelashwa kuyefana nomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal futhi kungafaka ukwelashwa ngemisebe nge-chemotherapy noma ngaphandle kwayo. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

Uma umdlavuza usemgodini wamakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• I-Chemotherapy njengokwelashwa okunciphisayo ukukhulula izimpawu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy.

Ngokuguqula ama-papillomas, ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ama-melanomas nama-sarcomas, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa.

• I-Chemotherapy njengokwelashwa okunciphisayo ukukhulula izimpawu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

Kuma-granulomas aphakathi nendawo, ukwelashwa imvamisa kuyindlela yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Uma umdlavuza usesitendeni samakhala, ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa kanye / noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• I-Chemotherapy njengokwelashwa okunciphisayo ukukhulula izimpawu nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukufunda Kabanzi NgeParanasal Sinus kanye Nomdlavuza weNasal Cavity

Ngemininingwane engaphezulu evela ku-National Cancer Institute mayelana nesinanas i-paranasal kanye nomdlavuza womgodi wamakhala, bheka okulandelayo:

• Ikhasi Lasekhaya Lomdlavuza Wekhanda Nentamo

• Izinkinga zomlomo zeChemotherapy kanye neNhloko / Intamo Yemisebe

• Izidakamizwa zivunyelwe i-Head and Neck Cancer

• Umdlavuza Wekhanda Nentamo

• Ugwayi (uhlanganisa usizo ngokuyeka)

Ngemininingwane ejwayelekile yomdlavuza nezinye izinsiza ezivela ku-National Cancer Institute, bheka okulandelayo:

• Mayelana Nomdlavuza

• Isiteji

• I-Chemotherapy kanye Nawe: Ukusekelwa Kwabantu Abanomdlavuza

• Ukwelashwa Kwemisebe Nawe: Ukusekelwa Kwabantu Abanomdlavuza

• Ukubhekana Nomdlavuza

• Imibuzo Ongayibuza Udokotela Wakho mayelana Nomdlavuza

• Kwabasindile Nabanakekeli