Izinhlobo / i-esophageal / isiguli / i-child-esophageal-treatment-pdq

Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza We-Esophageal Cancer (®) –Patient Version

Imininingwane ejwayelekile Mayelana Nomdlavuza We-Esophageal Wezingane

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Umdlavuza we-Esophageal yisifo lapho amangqamuzana abulalayo (umdlavuza) akha izicubu zomzimba.

• Ukuba ne-reflux ye-gastroesophageal noma i-Barrett esophagus kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza we-esophageal.

• Izimpawu nezimpawu zomdlavuza wokuqwala zifaka phakathi inkinga yokugwinya kanye nokwehlisa isisindo.

• Izivivinyo ezihlola i-esophagus zisetshenziselwa ukusiza ukuthola umdlavuza we-esophageal.

• Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama).

Umdlavuza we-Esophageal yisifo lapho amangqamuzana abulalayo (umdlavuza) akha izicubu zomzimba.

I-esophagus yishubhu elingenalutho, elinemisipha elihambisa ukudla noketshezi kusuka emphinjeni kuya esiswini. Udonga lwe-esophagus lwenziwa izingqimba eziningana zezicubu, kufaka phakathi ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, imisipha nezicubu ezixhuma. Izimila eziningi zokuqunjelwa ezinganeni ziqala kumaseli amancane, ayizicaba agudla ingaphakathi le-esophagus (elibizwa nge-squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus) futhi asabalale aphumele kwezinye izingqimba njengoba likhula. Ezinye izicubu zokuqunjelwa ziqala ezingxenyeni ezifihla amafinyila we-esophagus (okuthiwa i-adenocarcinoma yesikhala).

Izicubu ze-Esophageal zingase zibe nobungozi (hhayi umdlavuza) noma zibe yingozi (umdlavuza).

I-esophagus nesisu kuyingxenye yesistimu ephezulu yamathumbu (wokugaya ukudla).

Ukuba ne-reflux ye-gastroesophageal noma i-Barrett esophagus kungandisa ingozi yomdlavuza we-esophageal.

Noma yini eyandisa amathuba akho okuthola isifo ibizwa ngokuthi ingozi. Ukuba nengcuphe akusho ukuthi uzothola umdlavuza; ukungabi nezici zobungozi akusho ukuthi ngeke uthole umdlavuza. Khuluma nodokotela wengane yakho uma ucabanga ukuthi ingane yakho ingaba sengcupheni.

Izici zobungozi zomdlavuza wokuqina zifaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuba ne-reflux ye-gastroesophageal.

• Ukuba ne-Barrett esophagus.

• Ukugwinya amakhemikhali, angahle ashise umqala.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zomdlavuza wokuqwala zifaka phakathi inkinga yokugwinya kanye nokwehlisa isisindo.

Lezi kanye nezinye izimpawu nezimpawu zingabangelwa umdlavuza wokuqopha noma ezinye izimo.

Buza kudokotela wengane yakho uma ingane yakho inokunye kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• Inkinga yokugwinya.

• Ukwehla kwesisindo.

• Ukubola nokukhwehlela.

• Ukugaya isisu nesilungulela.

• Ukuhlanza ngemichilo yegazi.

• Imivimbo yegazi esikhwehleleni (amafinyila akhwehlela aphuma emaphashini).

Izivivinyo ezihlola i-esophagus zisetshenziselwa ukusiza ukuthola umdlavuza we-esophageal.

Lezi zivivinyo nezinqubo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa:

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kanye nomlando wezempilo: Ukuhlolwa komzimba ukuhlola izimpawu ezijwayelekile zempilo, kufaka phakathi nokuhlola izimpawu zezifo, njengezigaxa noma yini enye ebonakala ingajwayelekile. Kuzothathwa nomlando wemikhuba yezempilo yesiguli kanye nokugula nokwelashwa kwangaphambilini.

• I-x-ray yesifuba: I-x-ray yezitho namathambo ngaphakathi kwesifuba. I-x-ray uhlobo lwesigongolo samandla esingangena emzimbeni nasefilimini, lwenze isithombe sezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-CT scan (i-CAT scan): Inqubo eyenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba, ezithathwe ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Izithombe zenziwa yikhompyutha exhunywe kumshini we-x-ray. Idayi ingajovwa emthanjeni noma igwinywe ukusiza izitho noma izicubu zivele kahle. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-computed tomography, i-computerized tomography, noma i-computer axial tomography.

• I-PET scan (i-positron emission tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana abulalayo omzimba emzimbeni. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni. Isithwebuli se-PET sizungeza umzimba futhi senze isithombe lapho i-glucose isetshenziswa khona emzimbeni. Amaseli amathumba amabi abonakala ekhanya esithombeni ngoba ayasebenza futhi athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

Ukuskena kwePositron emission tomography (PET). Ingane ilele phezu kwetafula elishibilika ngesithwebuli se-PET. Ukuphumula kwekhanda nomucu omhlophe kusiza ingane ukuba ilele inganyakazi. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni wengane, futhi isithwebuli senza isithombe sokuthi i-glucose isetshenziswa kuphi emzimbeni. Amaseli womdlavuza avela ngokugqamile esithombeni ngoba athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): Inqubo esebenzisa uzibuthe, amagagasi omsakazo, kanye nekhompyutha ukwenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yomhosha. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (i-NMRI).

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasound: Inqubo lapho amaza omsindo wamandla aphezulu (i-ultrasound) ehlaselwa izicubu zangaphakathi noma izitho bese enza ama-echoes. Ama-echoes akha isithombe sezicubu zomzimba esibizwa nge-sonogram. Isithombe singaphrintwa ukuze sibhekwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

• Ukugwinya kwe-Barium: Uchungechunge lwama-x-ray we-esophagus nesisu. Isiguli siphuza uketshezi oluqukethe i-barium (insimbi eyinsimbi emhlophe). Uketshezi kugqoka umphimbo nesisu, nama-x-ray ayathathwa. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi uchungechunge oluphezulu lwe-GI.

• I-Esophagoscopy: Inqubo yokubheka ngaphakathi kwe-esophagus ukuhlola izindawo ezingavamile. Kufakwa i-esophagoscope ngomlomo noma ngamakhala bese yehla ngomphimbo iye esqwini. I-esophagoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka. Kungaba futhi nethuluzi lokususa amasampula wezicubu, ahlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza. I-biopsy ivame ukwenziwa ngesikhathi se-esophagoscopy. Kwesinye isikhathi i-biopsy ikhombisa ushintsho ku-esophagus okungewona umdlavuza kepha kungaholela kumdlavuza.

• I-Bronchoscopy: Inqubo yokubheka ngaphakathi kwe-trachea nemigwaqo emikhulu yomoya emaphashini yezindawo ezingavamile. I-bronchoscope ifakwa ngamakhala noma emlonyeni ku-trachea nasemaphashini. I-bronchoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka. Kungaba futhi nethuluzi lokususa amasampula wezicubu, ahlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza.

• I-Thoracoscopy: Inqubo yokuhlinza ukubheka izitho ngaphakathi kwesifuba ukubheka izindawo ezingezona ezejwayelekile . Kusikwa (ukusika) phakathi kwezimbambo ezimbili bese kufakwa i-thoracoscope esifubeni. I-thoracoscope iyinsimbi encane, efana nethubhu enokukhanya nelensi yokubuka. Kungaba futhi nethuluzi lokususa amasampula wezicubu noma ama-lymph node, ahlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza. Kwesinye isikhathi le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukususa ingxenye yomhosha noma iphaphu.

Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama).

Isibikezelo sincike kulokhu okulandelayo:

• Uhlobo lomdlavuza we-esophageal (squamous cell noma i-adenocarcinoma).

• Ukuthi umdlavuza ususwe ngokuphelele yini ngokuhlinzwa.

• Ukuthi umdlavuza usanda kutholakala noma usuphindile (buyela emuva).

Umdlavuza we-Esophageal kunzima ukuwelapha ngoba imvamisa awukwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele ngokuhlinzwa.

Izigaba zeCancer Esophageal Cancer

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa lomdlavuza wezingane.

• Zintathu izindlela umdlavuza osakazeka ngayo emzimbeni.

• Umdlavuza ungasakazeka usuka lapho uqale khona kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokulinganisa lomdlavuza wezingane.

Inqubo esetshenziswayo ukuthola ukuthi umdlavuza ususabalele yini usuka endaweni yomzimba iya ezindaweni eziseduze noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ibizwa nge-staging. Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokubeka umdlavuza wokucinana kwengane. Imiphumela yezivivinyo nezinqubo ezenziwe ukuthola umdlavuza wokuqunjelwa usetshenziswa ekusizeni ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokwelashwa.

Kwesinye isikhathi umdlavuza we-esophageal uyabuya (ubuya) ngemuva kokwelashwa. Umdlavuza ungabuya ubuye emqaleni noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngemuva kokuthi welashwe.

Zintathu izindlela umdlavuza osakazeka ngayo emzimbeni.

Umdlavuza ungasakazeka ngezicubu, uhlelo lwe-lymph, kanye negazi:

• Izicubu. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokukhulela ezindaweni eziseduze.

• Uhlelo lweLymph. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokungena ohlelweni lwe-lymph. Umdlavuza udabula imithambo ye-lymph uye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

• Igazi. Umdlavuza usakazeka lapho uqale khona ngokungena egazini. Umdlavuza uhamba ngemithambo yegazi uye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Umdlavuza ungasakazeka usuka lapho uqale khona kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Lapho umdlavuza usakazekela kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-metastasis. Amaseli womdlavuza aqhamuka lapho aqale khona (isimila sokuqala) futhi ahamba ngohlelo lwe-lymph noma igazi.

• Uhlelo lweLymph. Umdlavuza ungena ohlelweni lwe-lymph, udabule emithanjeni ye-lymph, bese wenza isimila (isimila se-metastatic) kwenye ingxenye yomzimba.

• Igazi. Umdlavuza ungena egazini, udabule emithanjeni yegazi, bese wenza isimila (isimila se-metastatic) kwenye ingxenye yomzimba.

Isigaxa se-metastatic luhlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza njengesimila sokuqala. Isibonelo, uma umdlavuza we-esophageal usakazeka uye emaphashini, amangqamuzana omdlavuza asephashini empeleni angamaseli omdlavuza wokuqopha. Lesi sifo umdlavuza we-metastatic esophageal, hhayi umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Uhlolojikelele lwenketho yokwelashwa

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kwezingane ezinomdlavuza wokuqopha.
• Izingane ezinomdlavuza wokulimala komlomo kufanele zihlelelwe ukwelashwa kwazo yithimba lodokotela abangochwepheshe ekwelapheni umdlavuza wezingane.

• Izinhlobo ezintathu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

• Ukuhlinzwa

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

• Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa.

• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe

• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wokuqothuka kwengane kungadala imiphumela emibi.

• Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

• Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

• Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kwezingane ezinomdlavuza wokuqopha.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zijwayelekile (indlela esetshenziswa njengamanje), kanti ezinye ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa. Isivivinyo somtholampilo wokwelashwa isifundo socwaningo esihloselwe ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa kwamanje noma ukuthola ulwazi ngezindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zeziguli ezinomdlavuza. Lapho izivivinyo zokwelashwa zibonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okusha kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile, ukwelashwa okusha kungaba ukwelashwa okujwayelekile.

Ngoba umdlavuza ezinganeni uyivelakancane, ukubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo kufanele kubhekwe. Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zivulekele kuphela iziguli ezingakaqali ukwelashwa.

Izingane ezinomdlavuza wokulimala komlomo kufanele zihlelelwe ukwelashwa kwazo yithimba lodokotela abangochwepheshe ekwelapheni umdlavuza wezingane.

Ukwelashwa kuzobhekwa ngudokotela wezingane oncologist, udokotela ogxile ekwelapheni izingane ezinomdlavuza. Udokotela we-oncologist usebenza nabanye ochwepheshe bezempilo yezingane abangochwepheshe ekwelapheni izingane ezinomdlavuza futhi abagxile ezindaweni ezithile zemithi. Lokhu kungafaka ongoti abalandelayo nabanye:

• Udokotela wezingane.

• Udokotela ohlinzayo wezingane.

• I-radiation oncologist.

• Udokotela wezifo zengqondo.

• Umhlengikazi ongumhlengikazi.

• Usonhlala kahle.

• Uchwepheshe wokuvuselelwa.

• Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo.

• Ingcweti kwezempilo yengane.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka kwenziwa.

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusebenzisa amandla amakhulu ama-x-ray noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukuwagcina ekukhuleni. Emdlavuzeni wokuqunjelwa, isishubhu sepulasitiki noma sensimbi sidluliselwa ngomlomo singene nasemqaleni. Umshini ongaphandle komzimba unethuluzi elikhethekile elifakwa kushubhu ukuthumela imisebe ebheke emdlavuzeni.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy yindlela yokwelapha umdlavuza esebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuvimba ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, kungaba ngokubulala amaseli noma ngokuwavimba ekuhlukaniseni. Lapho i-chemotherapy ithathwa ngomlomo noma ifakwa emthanjeni noma emisipheni, izidakamizwa zingena egazini futhi zingafinyelela kumaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni wonke (systemic chemotherapy).

Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa.

Lesi sigaba esifingqiwe sichaza izindlela zokwelashwa ezicwaningwa ekuhlolweni kwemitholampilo. Kungenzeka kungasho yonke imishanguzo emisha efundwayo. Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-NCI.

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe uhlobo lokwelashwa olusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ezinye izinto ukuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Izindlela zokwelashwa ezihlosiwe zivame ukudala ukulimala okuncane kumaseli ajwayelekile kunokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kuyacutshungulwa ukwelashwa komdlavuza wokuqothuka kwengane ophindile (wabuya).

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wokuqothuka kwengane kungadala imiphumela emibi.

Ngemininingwane ngemiphumela emibi eqala ukwelashwa komdlavuza, bheka ikhasi lethu le-Side Effects.

Imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa komdlavuza eqala ngemuva kokwelashwa futhi iqhubeke izinyanga noma iminyaka ibizwa ngemiphumela ephuzile. Imiphumela yamuva yokwelashwa komdlavuza ingafaka:

• Izinkinga zomzimba, njengokuncipha komphimbo.

• Izinguquko zemizwa, imizwa, ukucabanga, ukufunda, noma inkumbulo.

• Umdlavuza wesibili (izinhlobo ezintsha zomdlavuza) noma ezinye izimo.

Eminye imiphumela yesikhashana ingalashwa noma ilawulwe. Kubalulekile ukukhuluma nodokotela bengane yakho ngemiphumela engaba khona sekwephuzile ebangelwe ukwelashwa okuthile. Bona isifinyezo se- ngemiphumela yamuva yokwelashwa komdlavuza wezingane ukuthola eminye imininingwane.

Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

Kwezinye iziguli, ukubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo kungaba yindlela engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa. Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyingxenye yenqubo yocwaningo lomdlavuza. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuyenziwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusha kuphephile futhi kuyasebenza yini noma kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile.

Eziningi zezindlela zokwelashwa ezijwayelekile zomdlavuza zisuselwa ekuhlolweni kokuqala komtholampilo. Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo zingathola ukwelashwa okujwayelekile noma zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukuthola ukwelashwa okusha.

Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa zisiza nokwenza ngcono indlela umdlavuza ozophathwa ngayo ngokuzayo. Noma izilingo zomtholampilo zingaholeli ekwelashweni okusha okusebenzayo, zivame ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile futhi zisize ukuqhubela phambili ucwaningo.

Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zifaka kuphela iziguli ezingakatholi ukwelashwa. Ezinye izilingo zivivinya ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinomdlavuza ongakabi ngcono. Kukhona nokuhlolwa komtholampilo okuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokunqanda umdlavuza ukuthi ungaphindi (ubuye) noma kunciphise imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa komdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe. Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo esekelwa yi-NCI ingatholakala ekhasini lewebhu le-NCI lokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo. Izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa ezinye izinhlangano zingatholakala kuwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Olunye uvivinyo olwenziwe ukuxilonga umdlavuza noma ukuthola isigaba somdlavuza lungaphindwa. Olunye uvivinyo luzophindwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi umuthi usebenza kanjani. Izinqumo mayelana nokuthi uqhubeke, ushintshe, noma umise ukwelashwa zingasuselwa emiphumeleni yalezi zivivinyo.

Ezinye zezivivinyo zizoqhubeka ukwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngemuva kokuphela kokwelashwa. Imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo ingakhombisa ukuthi ngabe isimo sengane yakho sishintshile noma uma umdlavuza ubuyile (buyela emuva). Lezi zivivinyo kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izivivinyo zokulandelela noma ukuhlolwa.

Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza We-Esophageal Wezingane

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza osanda kutholakala wokucinana ezinganeni kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukususa sonke noma ingxenye yesimila.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe okunikezwa ngepulasitiki noma ngeshubhu yensimbi efakwa emlonyeni kuya emqaleni.

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Ophindaphindiwe Wengane Yomdlavuza

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza ophindaphindiwe wokucinana ezinganeni kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo esihlola isampula lesimila sesiguli ukuthola izinguquko ezithile zofuzo. Uhlobo lokwelashwa okuqondisiwe oluzonikezwa isiguli kuncike ohlotsheni lokushintsha kofuzo.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Ngomdlavuza Wezingane Wokuqopha

Ngemininingwane engaphezulu evela ku-National Cancer Institute mayelana nomdlavuza wokuqopha, bheka okulandelayo:

• Ikhasi lasekhaya lomdlavuza we-Esophageal

• I-Computed Tomography (CT) Iskena Nomdlavuza

• Izindlela Zokwelapha Zomdlavuza

• Ukudla okunomsoco ekunakekeleni umdlavuza

Ngemininingwane eminingi yomdlavuza wezingane nezinye izinsiza zomdlavuza ezijwayelekile, bheka okulandelayo:

• Mayelana Nomdlavuza

• Umdlavuza Wezingane

• I-CureSearch ye-Cancer YezinganePhuma Ukuzikhulula

• Imiphumela Emuva Yokwelapha Yomdlavuza Wezingane

• Intsha kanye nabantu abadala abancane abaneCancer

• Izingane Ezinomdlavuza: Umhlahlandlela Wabazali

• Umdlavuza Ezinganeni Nasebusheni

• Isiteji

• Ukubhekana Nomdlavuza

• Imibuzo Ongayibuza Udokotela Wakho mayelana Nomdlavuza

• Kwabasindile Nabanakekeli

Mayelana Nesi Sifinyezo se-

Mayelana ne-

I-Physician Data Query () yi-National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) yemininingwane ephelele yomdlavuza. Idathabheyisi ye- iqukethe ukufingqwa kolwazi olushicilelwe lwakamuva ngokuvikela umdlavuza, ukuthola, ufuzo, ukwelashwa, ukunakekelwa okusekelayo, kanye nomuthi ohambisanayo neminye. Ukufingqa okuningi kuza ngezinhlobo ezimbili. Izinhlobo zezempilo zinemininingwane ebhalwe ngolimi lobuchwepheshe. Izinhlobo zesiguli zibhalwe ngolimi olulula ukuluqonda nolungebona ubuchwepheshe. Zombili izinguqulo zinolwazi lomdlavuza olunembile nolusesikhathini futhi izinhlobo eziningi ziyatholakala ngeSpanishi.

I- iyinsizakalo ye-NCI. I-NCI iyingxenye yeNational Institutes of Health (NIH). I-NIH iyisikhungo sikahulumeni wesifundazwe sokucwaninga ngemvelo. Ukufingqwa kwe- kusekelwe ekubuyekezweni okuzimele kwemibhalo yezokwelapha. Akuzona izitatimende zenqubomgomo ze-NCI noma i-NIH.

Inhloso yalesi Sifinyezo

Lesi sifinyezo solwazi lomdlavuza se- sinemininingwane yamanje mayelana nokwelashwa komdlavuza wokuqothuka kwezingane. Yenzelwe ukwazisa nokusiza iziguli, imindeni, nabanakekeli. Ayinikezi imihlahlandlela esemthethweni noma izincomo zokwenza izinqumo mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

Ababuyekezi nezibuyekezo

Amabhodi Wokuhlela abhala izifinyezo zolwazi lomdlavuza we- futhi azigcine zisesikhathini. Lawa maBhodi akhiwe ngochwepheshe bezokwelapha umdlavuza nezinye izinto ezihlobene nomdlavuza. Ukufingqwa kubuyekezwa njalo futhi kwenziwa izinguquko uma kunolwazi olusha. Idethi yesifinyezo ngasinye ("Kubuyekezwe") idethi yoshintsho lwakamuva kakhulu.

Imininingwane ekulesi sifinyezo sesiguli ithathwe enguqulweni yezempilo, ebuyekezwa njalo futhi ivuselelwe njengoba kudingeka, yiBhodi labahleli bezokwelashwa kwe-.

Imininingwane Yesivivinyo Somtholampilo

Isivivinyo somtholampilo yisifundo sokuphendula umbuzo wesayensi, njengokuthi ngabe ukwelashwa okukodwa kungcono yini kunokunye. Izilingo zisuselwa ezifundweni ezedlule nakulokho okufundiwe elebhu. Isivivinyo ngasinye siphendula imibuzo ethile yesayensi ukuze kutholakale izindlela ezintsha nezingcono zokusiza iziguli ezinomdlavuza. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo yokwelashwa, ulwazi luyaqoqwa ngemiphumela yokwelashwa okusha nokuthi kusebenza kanjani kahle. Uma ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kukhombisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okusha kungcono kunalokho okusetshenziswayo njengamanje, ukwelashwa okusha kungaba "okujwayelekile." Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo. Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zivulekele kuphela iziguli ezingakaqali ukwelashwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kungatholakala ku-inthanethi kuwebhusayithi ye-NCI. Ngeminye imininingwane, shayela iCancer Information Service (CIS), isikhungo sokuxhumana se-NCI, ku-1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

Imvume yokusebenzisa lesi sifinyezo

I- wuphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe. Okuqukethwe kwemibhalo ye- kungasetshenziswa ngokukhululeka njengombhalo. Ayikwazi ukubonwa njengesifinyezo solwazi lomdlavuza se-NCI ngaphandle kokuthi sonke isifinyezo sikhonjiswe futhi sibuyekezwa njalo. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzisi angavunyelwa ukuthi abhale umusho onjengokuthi “Isifinyezo solwazi lomdlavuza se-NCI sika-NCI mayelana nokuvinjelwa umdlavuza webele sichaza izingozi ngale ndlela elandelayo: [faka nengcaphuno yesifinyezo].”

Indlela enhle yokusho lesi sifinyezo se- yile:

Izithombe ezikulesi sifinyezo zisetshenziswa ngemvume yombhali, yomculi, kanye / noma yomshicileli ukuze zisetshenziswe kwizifinyezo ze- kuphela. Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa isithombe kusuka kusifinyezo se- futhi awusisebenzisi isifinyezo sonke, kufanele uthole imvume kumnikazi. Ayikwazi ukunikezwa yiNational Cancer Institute. Imininingwane yokusebenzisa izithombe ezikulesi sifinyezo, kanye nezinye izithombe eziningi ezihlobene nomdlavuza zingatholakala ku-Visuals Online. I-Visuals Online iqoqo lezithombe zesayensi ezingaphezu kuka-3,000.

Ukuzikhulula

Imininingwane ekulezi zifinyezo akufanele isetshenziselwe ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokubuyiselwa kwemali yomshuwalense. Imininingwane engaphezulu ngokutholakala komshuwalense iyatholakala kuCancer.gov ekhasini elithi Managing Cancer Care.

Xhumana nathi

Imininingwane engaphezulu ngokuxhumana nathi noma ukuthola usizo ngewebhusayithi yeCancer.gov ingatholakala ekhasini lethu Xhumana nathi ukuze uthole usizo. Imibuzo ingathunyelwa nakuCancer.gov nge-imeyili Ewebhusayithi yethu.

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