Izinhlobo / ubuchopho / isiguli / ukwelashwa kwabantu abadala-i-pdq

Ukwelashwa Kwe-Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment (®) –Patient Version

Imininingwane ejwayelekile Mayelana Nezimila Zesistimu Yabantu Abadala Ephakathi

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Isimila somuntu omdala esimaphakathi sezinzwa yisifo lapho amangqamuzana angajwayelekile akha izicubu zobuchopho kanye / noma umgogodla.

• Isimila esiqala kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba bese sisakazeka siye ebuchosheni sibizwa ngokuthi isimila sobuchopho obusabekayo.

• Ubuchopho bulawula imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yomzimba.

• Umgogodla uxhuma ubuchopho nezinzwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba.

• Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila zobuchopho nezomgogodla.

• Izimila ze-Astrocytic

• Izimila ze-Oligodendroglial

• Ama-Gliomas ahlanganisiwe

• Izicubu ze-Ependymal

• AmaMedulloblastomas

• Amaphaphu Aphineal Parenchymal

• Izimila Zesilisa

• Izidumbu ZaseGerm Cell

• I-Craniopharyngioma (iBanga I)

• Ukuba nama-syndromes athile wezakhi zofuzo kungandisa ubungozi besimila sesistimu yezinzwa.

• Ayaziwa imbangela yamathumba amaningi obuchopho nomgogodla wabantu abadala.

• Izimpawu nezimpawu zezimila zobuchopho zomuntu omdala nezomgogodla azifani kuwo wonke umuntu.

• Ukuhlolwa okuhlola ubuchopho nomgogodla kusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izicubu zobuchopho zabantu abadala nezomgogodla.

• I-biopsy nayo isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga isimila sobuchopho.

• Kwesinye isikhathi i-biopsy noma ukuhlinzwa akunakwenziwa.

• Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama) kanye nezinketho zokwelashwa.

Isimila somuntu omdala esimaphakathi sezinzwa yisifo lapho amangqamuzana angajwayelekile akha izicubu zobuchopho kanye / noma umgogodla.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezicubu zobuchopho nomgogodla. Izicubu zakheka ngokukhula okungajwayelekile kwamaseli futhi zingaqala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobuchopho noma umgogodla. Ngokubambisana, ubuchopho nomgogodla benza uhlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa (CNS).

Izicubu zingaba nobungozi (hhayi umdlavuza) noma zibe yingozi (umdlavuza):

• Izicubu zobuchopho kanye nomgogodla zikhula futhi zicindezele ezindaweni eziseduze zobuchopho. Zivame ukusabalala kwezinye izicubu futhi zingaphinde zibuye (zibuye).

• Izicubu zobuchopho ezimbi kanye nomgogodla kungenzeka zikhule ngokushesha futhi zisabalale ziye kwezinye izicubu zobuchopho.

Lapho isimila sikhula sibe noma sicindezela endaweni yobuchopho, singamisa leyo ngxenye yobuchopho ukuthi isebenze ngendlela okufanele isebenze ngayo. Kokubili izicubu zobuchopho ezinobungozi nezimbi zibanga izimpawu nezimpawu futhi zidinga ukwelashwa.

Izicubu zobuchopho nomgogodla zingenzeka kubantu abadala kanye nasezinganeni. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kwezingane kungahluka kunokwelashwa kwabantu abadala. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview ukuthola eminye imininingwane yokwelashwa kwezingane.)

Ngemininingwane nge-lymphoma eqala ebuchosheni, bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment.

Isimila esiqala kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba bese sisakazeka siye ebuchosheni sibizwa ngokuthi isimila sobuchopho obusabekayo.

Izimila eziqala ebuchosheni zibizwa ngokuthi izicubu eziyinhloko zobuchopho. Izicubu eziyinhloko zobuchopho zingasakazeka ziye kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho noma emgogodleni. Akuvamile ukusakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Imvamisa, izicubu ezitholakala ebuchosheni ziqale kwenye indawo emzimbeni futhi zasakazekela engxenyeni eyodwa noma eziningi zobuchopho. Lokhu kubizwa ngamathumba obuchopho be-metastatic (noma ama-metastases obuchopho). Izicubu zobuchopho ze-Metastatic zivame kakhulu kunezicubu eziyinhloko zobuchopho.

Kuze kube yingxenye yamathumba obuchopho be-metastatic avela kumdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezivame ukusabalala ebuchosheni zifaka:

• I-Melanoma.

• Umdlavuza webele.

• Umdlavuza wamakholoni.

• Umdlavuza wezinso.

• Umdlavuza weNasopharyngeal.

• Umdlavuza wesayithi eliyinhloko elingaziwa.

Umdlavuza ungasabalala uye kuma-leptomeninges (ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi olungaphakathi olumboze ubuchopho nomgogodla). Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Umdlavuza ovame ukusabalala kuma-leptomeninges ufaka:

• Umdlavuza webele.

• Umdlavuza wamaphaphu.

• Umdlavuza wegazi.

• I-Lymphoma.

Bona okulandelayo ukuthola eminye imininingwane evela ku- mayelana nomdlavuza ovame ukusabalala ebuchosheni noma entanjeni yomgogodla:

• Ukwelashwa Kwabantu Abadala I-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Ukwelashwa Kwe-Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Webele (Umuntu Omdala)

• I-Carcinoma Yokwelashwa Okungaziwa Okuyinhloko

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza WeColon

• Ikhasi Lasekhaya Leukemia

• Ukwelashwa Kwe-Melanoma

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza weNasopharyngeal (Umuntu Omdala)

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Wamaphaphu Ongeyona Emincane

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Wesifo Sezinso

• Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Wamangqamuzana Amancane

Ubuchopho bulawula imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yomzimba.

Ubuchopho bunezingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu:

I-cerebrum yingxenye enkulu yobuchopho. Kusekhanda eliphezulu. I-cerebrum ilawula ukucabanga, ukufunda, ukuxazulula izinkinga, imizwa, ukukhuluma, ukufunda, ukubhala nokunyakaza ngokuzithandela.

• I-cerebellum ingemuva engezansi kobuchopho (eduze nendawo maphakathi nekhanda). Ilawula ukunyakaza, ukulinganisela, nokuma komzimba.

• Isiqu sobuchopho sixhuma ubuchopho nentambo yomgogodla. Kusengxenyeni ephansi kakhulu yobuchopho (ngenhla nje ngemuva kwentamo). Ubuchopho

• Izilawuli zeziqu ziphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, nezinzwa nemisipha esetshenziselwa ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuhamba, ukukhuluma, nokudla.

I-anatomy yobuchopho ekhombisa i-cerebrum, i-ventricles (ene-cerebrospinal fluid ekhonjiswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), i-cerebellum, isiqu sobuchopho (ama-pons ne-medulla), nezinye izingxenye zobuchopho.

Umgogodla uxhuma ubuchopho nezinzwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba.

Intambo yomgogodla iyikholamu yezicubu zemizwa egijima ebuchosheni igudla phakathi nendawo emuva. Imbozwe izingqimba ezincanyana ezintathu zezicubu ezibizwa ngokuthi ulwelwesi. Lezi zingqimba zizungezwe ama-vertebrae (amathambo angemuva). Izinzwa zomgogodla zithwala imiyalezo phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba, njengomyalezo ovela ebuchosheni odala ukuthi imisipha inyakaze noma umyalezo osuka esikhunjeni uye ebuchosheni ukuzwa ukuthinta.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila zobuchopho nezomgogodla.

Izicubu zobuchopho nomgogodla ziqanjwa ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lwengqamuzana abakhe kulo nalapho kwaqala khona isimila ku-CNS. Ibanga lesimila lingasetshenziselwa ukutshela umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikhula kancane nezikhulayo zesimila. Amabanga wamathumba weWorld Health Organisation (WHO) asuselwa ekutheni amangqamuzana omdlavuza abukeka ngendlela engafanele kanjani ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isimila sikhule futhi sisabalale ngokushesha okungakanani.

Uhlelo Lokumiswa Kwe-Tumor Grading

• Ibanga I (ibanga eliphansi) - Amaseli wesimila abukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile ngaphansi kwemicroscope futhi akhula futhi asakazeke kancane kakhulu kunamaseli wesifo se-grade II, III, ne-IV. Zivame ukusabalala zibe izicubu eziseduze. Izicubu zobuchopho bebanga lokuqala zingelapheka uma zisuswe ngokuphelele ngokuhlinzwa.

• Ibanga II - Amaseli wesimila akhula futhi asakazeke kancane kakhulu kunamaseli wesifo se-grade III no-IV. Zingasakazeka zibe izicubu eziseduze futhi zingaphinde zibuye (zibuye). Ezinye izicubu zingaba isimila sebanga eliphakeme.

• Ibanga lesithathu - Amaseli wesimila abukeka ehluke kakhulu kumaseli avamile ngaphansi kwemicroscope futhi akhula ngokushesha okukhulu kunamaseli wesimila ebangeni lokuqala nelokuqala. Kungenzeka zisabalale zibe izicubu eziseduze.

• IBanga IV (ibanga eliphakeme) - Amaseli ezinwele awabukeki njengamaseli ajwayelekile ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu futhi akhula futhi asakazeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Kungaba khona izindawo zamangqamuzana afile ku-tumor. Izimila zebanga le-IV ngokuvamile azikwazi ukwelashwa.

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamathumba ayisisekelo zingakha ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni:

Izimila ze-Astrocytic

Isigaxa senkanyezi siqala kumaseli obuchopho obunjengezinkanyezi abizwa ngama-astrocyte, asiza ukugcina amangqamuzana ezinzwa ephilile. I-astrocyte uhlobo lweseli le-glial. Amaseli omzimba kwesinye isikhathi akha izimila ezibizwa ngama-gliomas. Izicubu ze-Astrocytic zifaka okulandelayo:

• I-Brain stem glioma (imvamisa ibanga eliphakeme): Amafomu e-brain stem glioma esiqwini sobuchopho, okuyingxenye yobuchopho exhunywe entanjeni yomgogodla. Imvamisa kuyisigaxa sebanga eliphakeme, esisakazeka kabanzi ngesiqu sobuchopho futhi kunzima ukuselapha. I-Brain stem gliomas ayivamile kubantu abadala. (Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

• I-Pineal astrocytic tumor (noma yiliphi ibanga): Amafomu we-pineal astrocytic amafomu ezicubu ezungeze i-pineal gland futhi angaba yiliphi ibanga. Indlala ye-pineal isitho esincane ebuchosheni esakha i-melatonin, i-hormone esiza ukulawula umjikelezo wokulala nokuvuka.

• I-Pilocytic astrocytoma (ibanga I): I-pilocytic astrocytoma ikhula kancane ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni. Kungaba ngesimo se-cyst futhi akuvamile ukusakazeka ezicutshini eziseduze. I-Pilocytic astrocytomas ingahle yelapheke.

• Ukusabalalisa i-astrocytoma (ibanga lesibili): I-astrocytoma ekhulayo ikhula kancane, kepha ivame ukusabalala ibe izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli ezinwele abukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile. Kwezinye izimo, i-astrocytoma ebhebhetheka ingalapheka. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-astrocytoma esezingeni eliphansi.

• I-Anaplastic astrocytoma (ibanga lesithathu): I-anaplastic astrocytoma ikhula ngokushesha futhi isakazeke izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli amathumba abukeka ehlukile kumaseli ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesimila ngokuvamile alulapheki. I-anaplastic astrocytoma ibizwa nangokuthi i-astrocytoma ebulalayo noma i-astrocytoma ephezulu.

• I-Glioblastoma (ibanga IV): I-glioblastoma iyakhula futhi isakazeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Amaseli ezimila abukeka ehluke kakhulu kumaseli ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesimila ngokuvamile alulapheki. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-glioblastoma multiforme.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Astrocytomas Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngama-astrocytomas ezinganeni.

Izimila ze-Oligodendroglial

Isigaxa se-oligodendroglial siqala kumaseli obuchopho abizwa ngama-oligodendrocyte, asiza ukugcina amangqamuzana ezinzwa ephilile. I-oligodendrocyte uhlobo lweseli le-glial. Ama-Oligodendrocyte kwesinye isikhathi akha izicubu ezibizwa ngama-oligodendrogliomas. Amabanga ama-oligodendroglial tumors afaka okulandelayo:

• I-Oligodendroglioma (ibanga lesibili): I-oligodendroglioma ikhula kancane, kepha ivame ukusabalala ibe izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli ezinwele abukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile. Kwezinye izimo, i-oligodendroglioma ingelashwa.

• I-Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (ibanga lesithathu): I-ollodendroglioma e-anaplastic ikhula ngokushesha futhi isabalale ibe izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli amathumba abukeka ehlukile kumaseli ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesimila ngokuvamile alulapheki.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Astrocytomas Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane mayelana nezicubu ze-oligodendroglial ezinganeni.

Ama-Gliomas ahlanganisiwe

I-glioma exubekile isimila sobuchopho esinezinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana wesimila kuwo - ama-oligodendrocyte nama-astrocyte. Lolu hlobo lwesimila esixubekile lubizwa nge-oligoastrocytoma.

• I-Oligoastrocytoma (ibanga lesibili): I-oligoastrocytoma iyisimila esikhula kancane. Amaseli ezinwele abukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile. Kwezinye izimo, i-oligoastrocytoma ingelashwa.

• I-Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (ibanga lesi-III): I-ollastastytytoma ene-aplastic ikhula ngokushesha futhi isabalale ibe izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli amathumba abukeka ehlukile kumaseli ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesimila lunokubikezela okubi kakhulu kune-oligoastrocytoma (ibanga II).

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Astrocytomas Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngama-gliomas ahlanganisiwe ezinganeni.

Izicubu ze-Ependymal

I-ependymal tumor ivame ukuqala kumaseli alayini izikhala ezigcwele uketshezi ebuchosheni nasezungeze umgogodla. I-ependymal tumor ingabizwa nangokuthi i-ependymoma. Amabanga we-ependymomas afaka okulandelayo:

• I-Ependymoma (ibanga I noma II): Ibanga I noma II ependymoma ikhula kancane futhi inamaseli abukeka njengamaseli ajwayelekile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zebanga I ependymoma - i-myxopapillary ependymoma ne-subependymoma. I-ependymoma yebanga lesibili ikhula ku-ventricle (isikhala esigcwele uketshezi ebuchosheni) nezindlela zayo zokuxhuma noma emgogodleni. Kwezinye izimo, ibanga I noma II ependymoma lingelashwa.

• I-Anaplastic ependymoma (ibanga lesithathu): I-anaplastic ependymoma ikhula ngokushesha futhi isakazeke izicubu eziseduze. Amaseli amathumba abukeka ehlukile kumaseli ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesimila luvame ukuba nesibikezelo esibi kakhulu kune-ependymoma yebanga I noma II.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Ependymoma Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane nge-ependymoma ezinganeni.

AmaMedulloblastomas

I-medulloblastoma wuhlobo lwesimila esibelethweni. Ama-medulloblastomas ajwayelekile ezinganeni noma kubantu abadala.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngama-medulloblastomas ezinganeni.

Amaphaphu Aphineal Parenchymal

Amafomu we-pineal parenchymal tumor kumaseli we-parenchymal noma ama-pineocyte, okungamaseli akha indlala enkulu ye-pineal. Lezi zicubu zihlukile kumathumba we-pineal astrocytic. Amabanga ezinhlungu ze-pagalymal tumors ahlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• I-Pineocytoma (ibanga lesibili): I-pineocytoma iyisigaxa esikhula kancane sikaphayini.

• I-Pineoblastoma (ibanga IV): I-pineoblastoma iyisimila esingavamile esingahle sisabalale.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane mayelana ne-pineal parenchymal tumors ezinganeni.

Izimila Zesilisa

Isimila samadoda, esibizwa nangokuthi i-meningioma, sakha kuma-meninges (izingqimba ezincanyana zezicubu ezihlanganisa ubuchopho nomgogodla). Ingakha kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zobuchopho noma amaseli omgogodla. I-Meningiomas ivame kakhulu kubantu abadala. Izinhlobo zamathumba we-meningeal zifaka okulandelayo:

• I-Meningioma (ibanga I): Ibanga I meningioma yilona hlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesimila se-meningeal. I-grade I meningioma iyisigaxa esikhula kancane. Yakha kaningi kuder dura. I-meningioma yebanga I ingalapheka uma isuswe ngokuphelele ngokuhlinzwa.

• I-Meningioma (ibanga II no-III): Lesi isimila esingajwayelekile se-meningeal. Ikhula ngokushesha futhi kungenzeka isabalale ngaphakathi kobuchopho nomgogodla. Isibikezelo sibi kakhulu kune-grade I meningioma ngoba isimila ngokuvamile asikwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele ngokuhlinzwa.

I-hemangiopericytoma ayisona isimila se-meningeal kepha iphathwa njenge-meningioma yebanga lesibili noma lesithathu. I-hemangiopericytoma ivame ukwakheka kokuhlala isikhathi eside. Isibikezelo sibi kakhulu kune-grade I meningioma ngoba isimila ngokuvamile asikwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele ngokuhlinzwa.

Izidumbu ZaseGerm Cell

Kwakheka isimila segciwane leseli kumaseli wegciwane, okungamaseli akhula abe yisidoda emadodeni noma e-ova (amaqanda) kwabesifazane. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila zamangqamuzana wegciwane. Lokhu kufaka ama-germinomas, ama-teratomas, ama-yolk sac carcinomas e-embryonal, kanye ne-choriocarcinomas. Izimila zamangqamuzana egciwane lesandulela ngculaza zingaba nobungozi noma zibe yingozi.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane mayelana nezicubu zesifo segciwane lengane ebuchosheni.

I-Craniopharyngioma (iBanga I)

I-craniopharyngioma iyisimila esingavamile esivame ukwenzeka maphakathi nobuchopho ngenhla nje kwendlala ye-pituitary (isitho esilingana nepea ezansi kobuchopho esilawula ezinye izindlala). I-Craniopharyngiomas ingakha kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zobuchopho noma amaseli omgogodla.

Bona isifinyezo se- ku-Childhood Craniopharyngioma Treatment ukuthola eminye imininingwane nge-craniopharyngioma ezinganeni.

Ukuba nama-syndromes athile wezakhi zofuzo kungandisa ubungozi besimila sesistimu yezinzwa.

Noma yini eyandisa amathuba akho okuthola isifo ibizwa ngokuthi ingozi. Ukuba nengcuphe akusho ukuthi uzothola umdlavuza; ukungabi nezici zobungozi akusho ukuthi ngeke uthole umdlavuza. Khuluma nodokotela wakho uma ucabanga ukuthi ungaba sengozini. Zimbalwa izici ezaziwayo eziyingozi zamathumba obuchopho. Izimo ezilandelayo zingakhuphula ubungozi bezinhlobo ezithile zamathumba obuchopho:

• Ukuvezwa ku-vinyl chloride kungakhuphula ubungozi be-glioma.

• Ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-Epstein-Barr, ukuba nengculaza (i-immunodeficiency syndrome), noma ukuthola ukufakelwa komzimba kungandisa ubungozi be-CNS lymphoma eyinhloko. (Bheka isifinyezo se- ku-Primary CNS Lymphoma ukuthola eminye imininingwane.)

• Ukuba nama-syndromes athile ezakhi zofuzo kungakhuphula izingcuphe zobuchopho:

• Uhlobo lwe-Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) noma 2 (NF2).

• Isifo se-von Hippel-Lindau.

• Isifo sokuqina kwemithambo (tuberous sclerosis).

• Isifo se-Li-Fraumeni.

• Uhlobo lwe-Turcot syndrome 1 noma 2.

• I-Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Ayaziwa imbangela yamathumba amaningi obuchopho nomgogodla wabantu abadala.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zezimila zobuchopho zomuntu omdala nezomgogodla azifani kuwo wonke umuntu.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zincike kokulandelayo:

• Lapho okuvela khona isimila ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni.

• Lokho okulawulwa yingxenye ethintekile yobuchopho.

• Usayizi wesimila.

Izimpawu nezimpawu zingabangelwa izicubu ze-CNS noma ezinye izimo, kufaka phakathi umdlavuza osakaze ebuchosheni. Buza nodokotela wakho uma unokunye kwalokhu okulandelayo:

Izimpawu zeBrain Tumor

• Ukuphathwa ikhanda ekuseni noma ikhanda elihamba ngemuva kokuhlanza.

• Ukuquleka.

• Izinkinga zokubona, zokuzwa nezokukhuluma.

• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla.

• Isicanucanu njalo nokuhlanza.

• Izinguquko kubuntu, imizwa, ikhono lokugxila, noma lokuziphatha.

• Ukulahlekelwa ibhalansi nenkinga yokuhamba.

• Ubuthakathaka.

• Ukulala okungavamile noma ushintsho ezingeni lomsebenzi.

Izimpawu Zokuvuvukala Komgogodla

• Ubuhlungu beqolo noma ubuhlungu obusakazeka ukusuka emuva buye ezingalweni noma emilenzeni.

• Ukushintsha kwemikhuba yamathumbu noma inkinga yokuchama.

• Ukuba buthakathaka noma ukuba ndikindiki ezingalweni noma emilenzeni.

• Unenkinga yokuhamba.

Ukuhlolwa okuhlola ubuchopho nomgogodla kusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izicubu zobuchopho zabantu abadala nezomgogodla.

Lezi zivivinyo nezinqubo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa:

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kanye nomlando: Ukuhlolwa komzimba ukuhlola izimpawu ezijwayelekile zempilo, kufaka phakathi nokuhlola izimpawu zezifo, njengezigaxa noma yini enye ebonakala ingajwayelekile. Kuzothathwa nomlando wemikhuba yezempilo yesiguli kanye nokugula nokwelashwa kwangaphambilini.

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Neurological: Uchungechunge lwemibuzo novivinyo lokuhlola ubuchopho, umgogodla nokusebenza kwe-nerve. Isivivinyo sihlola isimo somuntu somqondo, ukusebenzisana, kanye nekhono lokuhamba ngokujwayelekile, nokuthi izicubu, izinzwa, nokucabanga kusebenza kahle kangakanani. Lokhu kungabizwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-neuro noma ukuhlolwa kwe-neurologic.

• Ukuhlolwa kwensimu ebonakalayo: Isivivinyo sokubheka inkambu yombono womuntu (indawo ephelele lapho izinto zingabonakala khona). Lokhu kuhlolwa kukala umbono ophakathi nendawo (ukuthi umuntu angabona kangakanani lapho ebheka phambili ngqo) kanye nombono wangaphandle (ukuthi umuntu angabona kangakanani kuzo zonke ezinye izinkomba ngenkathi ebheke phambili ngqo). Noma ikuphi ukulahleka kombono kungaba uphawu lwesimila esilimele noma sicindezelwe ezingxenyeni zobuchopho ezithinta ukubona.

• Isivivinyo sesimila: Inqubo lapho kuhlolwe khona isampula legazi, umchamo, noma izicubu ukukala inani lezinto ezithile ezenziwe izitho zomzimba, izicubu, noma amaseli omzimba emzimbeni. Izinto ezithile zixhunyaniswe nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza lapho zitholakala emazingeni akhuphukile emzimbeni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yizimpawu zesimila. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa ukuxilonga isimila segciwane lesigciwane.

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Gene: Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri lapho kuhlaziywa amaseli noma izicubu ukubheka ushintsho kuzakhi zofuzo noma kuma-chromosomes. Lezi zinguquko zingaba wuphawu lokuthi umuntu unesifo noma isimo esithile noma usengozini yokuba nesifo esithile.

• I-CT scan (i-CAT scan): Inqubo eyenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezinemininingwane yezindawo ezingaphakathi komzimba, ezithathwe ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Izithombe zenziwa yikhompyutha exhunywe kumshini we-x-ray. Idayi ingajovwa emthanjeni noma igwinywe ukusiza izitho noma izicubu zivele kahle. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-computed tomography, i-computerized tomography, noma i-computer axial tomography.

Iskena se-computed tomography (CT) sobuchopho. Isiguli silele etafuleni elidlula ngesithwebuli se-CT, esithatha izithombe ze-x-ray zobuchopho.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging) ene-gadolinium: Inqubo esebenzisa uzibuthe, amagagasi omsakazo, nekhompyutha ukwenza uchungechunge lwezithombe eziningiliziwe zobuchopho nomgogodla. Into ebizwa ngokuthi i-gadolinium ijojowe emthanjeni. I-gadolinium iqoqa izungeze amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuze akhanye ngokugqamile esithombeni. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi i-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (i-NMRI). I-MRI ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izicubu emgogodleni. Kwesinye isikhathi inqubo ebizwa nge-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) yenziwa ngesikhathi sokuskena kwe-MRI. I-MRS isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izicubu, ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwazo kwamakhemikhali.

• Iskena se-SPECT (i-single photon emission computed tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana amabi esigaxa ebuchosheni. Inani elincane lezinto ezinemisebe efakwa emthanjeni noma lihogelwe ngamakhala. Njengoba le nto ihamba egazini, ikhamera izungeza ikhanda futhi ithathe izithombe zobuchopho. Ikhompiyutha isebenzisa izithombe ukwenza umfanekiso wobuso obuthathu (3-D). Kuzoba nokwanda kokugeleza kwegazi nomsebenzi omningi ezindaweni lapho kukhula amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lezi zindawo zizokhanya ngokugqamile esithombeni.

• I-PET scan (i-positron emission tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana abulalayo omzimba emzimbeni. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni. Isithwebuli se-PET sizungeza umzimba futhi senze isithombe lapho i-glucose isetshenziswa khona ebuchosheni. Amaseli amathumba amabi abonakala ekhanya esithombeni ngoba ayasebenza futhi athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile. I-PET isetshenziselwa ukutshela umehluko phakathi kwesimila sokuqala kanye nesimila esisakazekele ebuchosheni kusuka kwenye indawo emzimbeni.

Iskena se-PET (positron emission tomography). Isiguli silele etafuleni elihamba ngomshini we-PET. Ukuphumula kwekhanda nomucu omhlophe kusiza isiguli ukuba silele singanyakazi. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni wesiguli, futhi isithwebuli senza isithombe sokuthi i-glucose isetshenziswa kuphi emzimbeni. Amaseli womdlavuza avela ngokugqamile esithombeni ngoba athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

I-biopsy nayo isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga isimila sobuchopho.

Uma ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging kukhombisa ukuthi kungahle kube nesimila sobuchopho, i-biopsy ivame ukwenziwa. Olunye lwezinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-biopsies lungasetshenziswa:

• I-stereotactic biopsy: Lapho ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging kukhombisa ukuthi kungahle kube nesimila esijulile ebuchosheni endaweni enzima ukufinyelela kuyo, kungenziwa i-stereotactic brain biopsy. Lolu hlobo lwe-biopsy lusebenzisa ikhompyutha kanye nedivayisi yokuskena eyi-3-dimensional (3-D) ukuthola isimila nokuqondisa inaliti esetshenziselwe ukususa isicubu. Kusikwa imbobo encane ekhanda bese kubhobozwa imbobo encane ngogebhezi. Inaliti ye-biopsy ifakwa emgodini ukuze kususwe amaseli noma izicubu ukuze zibukwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ngudokotela wezifo ukuze ahlole izimpawu zomdlavuza.

• I-biopsy evulekile: Lapho ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging kukhombisa ukuthi kungahle kube nesimila esingasuswa ngokuhlinzwa, i-biopsy evulekile ingenziwa. Ingxenye yokhakhayi iyasuswa lapho kuhlinzwa okuthiwa i-craniotomy. Isampula lezicubu zobuchopho liyasuswa futhi libukwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ngudokotela wezifo. Uma kutholakala amangqamuzana omdlavuza, esinye noma sonke isimila singasuswa ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okufanayo. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa ukuthola izindawo ezungeze isimila ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kobuchopho okujwayelekile. Kukhona nezindlela zokuhlola ukusebenza kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa. Udokotela uzosebenzisa imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo ukususa isimila esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngomonakalo omncane kwezicubu ezijwayelekile ebuchosheni.

I-Craniotomy: Kuvulwa imbobo kugebhezi bese kukhishwa ucezu logebhezi ukukhombisa ingxenye yobuchopho.

I-pathologist ihlola isampula ye-biopsy ukuthola uhlobo nobubanzi besimila sobuchopho. Ibanga lesimila lincike ekutheni amangqamuzana wesimila abukeka kanjani ngaphansi kwemicroscope nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isimila sikhule futhi sisakazeke ngokushesha kangakanani.

Ukuhlolwa okulandelayo kungenziwa ezicutshini zesimila ezisusiwe:

• I-Immunohistochemistry: Isivivinyo selabhorethri esisebenzisa amasosha omzimba ukubheka ama-antigen (amakaki) athile kusampula yezicubu zesiguli. Amasosha omzimba avamise ukuhlanganiswa ne-enzyme noma udayi we-fluorescent. Ngemuva kokuthi ama-antibody abophele kwi-antigen ethile kusampula yezicubu, i-enzyme noma idayi iyasebenza, bese kuthi i-antigen ibonakale ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umdlavuza nokusiza ukutshela uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza kolunye uhlobo lomdlavuza.

• I-light and electron microscopy: Isivivinyo selabhorethri lapho amaseli esampula yezicubu abukwa khona ngaphansi kwama-microscopes avamile futhi anamandla aphezulu ukubheka ushintsho oluthile kumaseli.

• Ukuhlaziywa kwe-cytogenetic: Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri lapho ama-chromosomes amaseli esampula yezicubu zobuchopho abalwa khona futhi ahlolwe noma yiziphi izinguquko, ezinjengama-chromosomes aphukile, alahlekile, ahlelwe kabusha, noma amanye. Izinguquko kuma-chromosomes athile kungaba luphawu lomdlavuza. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-cytogenetic kusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umdlavuza, ukuhlela ukwelashwa, noma ukuthola ukuthi ukwelashwa kusebenza kahle kangakanani.

Kwesinye isikhathi i-biopsy noma ukuhlinzwa akunakwenziwa.

Kwezinye izicubu, i-biopsy noma ukuhlinzwa akukwazi ukwenziwa ngokuphepha ngenxa yalapho isimila sakhiwa khona ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni. Lezi zicubu zitholakala futhi zelashwa ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-imaging nezinye izinqubo.

Kwesinye isikhathi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-imaging nezinye izinqubo kukhombisa ukuthi isimila kungenzeka ukuthi sibe nobungozi futhi kwenziwe i-biopsy.

Izici ezithile zithinta ukubikezela (ithuba lokululama) kanye nezinketho zokwelashwa.

Isibikezelo (ithuba lokululama) kanye nezinketho zokwelashwa zezimila zobuchopho eziyinhloko kanye nomgogodla zincike kokulandelayo:

• Uhlobo nebanga lesimila.

• Lapho isimila sisengqondweni noma emgogodleni.

• Ukuthi isimila singasuswa yini ngokuhlinzwa.

• Kungabe amaseli omdlavuza ahlala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• Ukuthi kunezinguquko ezithile yini kuma-chromosomes.

• Ukuthi umdlavuza usanda kutholakala noma usuphindile (buyela emuva).

• Impilo ejwayelekile yesiguli.

Izinketho zokubikezela nokwelashwa kwezimila zemithambo yomgogodla nezomgogodla zincike kokulandelayo:

• Noma ngabe kunezimila ezingaphezu kwezimbili ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni.

• Lapho isimila sisengqondweni noma emgogodleni.

• Isimila siphendula kahle kanjani ekwelashweni.

• Ukuthi isimila sokuqala siyaqhubeka yini ukukhula noma ukusabalala.

Izigaba Zezidumbu Zesistimu Yabantu Abadala Ephakathi

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokubeka izigaxa zobuchopho bomuntu omdala nomgogodla.

• Ukuhlola izithombe kungaphindwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukusiza ukuhlela ukwelashwa okwengeziwe.

Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokubeka izigaxa zobuchopho bomuntu omdala nomgogodla.

Izinga noma ukusabalala komdlavuza kuvame ukuchazwa njengezigaba. Alukho uhlelo olujwayelekile lokubeka izigaxa zobuchopho nomgogodla. Izicubu zobuchopho eziqala ebuchosheni zingadlulela kwezinye izingxenye zobuchopho kanye nomgogodla, kepha kuyaqabukela zisabalalele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ukwelashwa kwezicubu eziyinhloko zobuchopho kanye nomgogodla kusekelwe kokulandelayo:

• Uhlobo lweseli lapho kuqala khona isimila.

• Lapho okwakheka khona isimila ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni.

• Inani lomdlavuza osele ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• Ibanga lesimila.

Ukwelashwa kwezimila ezisabalalele ebuchosheni kusuka kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba kususelwa enanini lamathumba ebuchosheni.

Ukuhlola izithombe kungaphindwa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukusiza ukuhlela ukwelashwa okwengeziwe.

Ezinye zezivivinyo nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwe ukuxilonga ubuchopho noma isimila somgogodla zingaphindaphindwa ngemuva kokwelashwa ukuthola ukuthi kusele isimila esingakanani.

Izicubu Zesistimu Yezinzwa Eziphindaphindayo Zabantu Abadala

Isimila esivele njalo sesistimu yezinzwa (CNS) yisimila esibuye sabuya (sibuya) ngemuva kokwelashwa. Izicubu ze-CNS zivame ukubuya, kwesinye isikhathi kube yiminyaka eminingi ngemuva kwesimila sokuqala. Isimila singaphinda sibuyele endaweni efanayo nesimila sokuqala noma kwezinye izingxenye zesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi.

Uhlolojikelele lwenketho yokwelashwa

AMAPHUZU ASEMQOKA

• Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kweziguli ezinobuchopho obudala kanye nezicubu zomgogodla.

• Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

• Ukuqapha okusebenzayo

• Ukuhlinzwa

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe

• Ukunakekelwa kokusekelwa kunikezwa ukunciphisa izinkinga ezibangelwa yisifo noma ukwelashwa kwaso.

• Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa.

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-Proton beam

• Ukwelashwa kwe-Biologic

• Ukwelashwa kwezicubu zesistimu yezinzwa zomuntu omdala kungadala imiphumela emibi.

• Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

• Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

• Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kweziguli ezinobuchopho obudala kanye nezicubu zomgogodla.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokwelashwa ziyatholakala ezigulini ezinobuchopho obudala kanye nezicubu zomgogodla. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zijwayelekile (indlela esetshenziswa njengamanje), kanti ezinye ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa. Isivivinyo somtholampilo wokwelashwa isifundo socwaningo esihloselwe ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa kwamanje noma ukuthola ulwazi ngezindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha zeziguli ezinomdlavuza. Lapho izivivinyo zokwelashwa zibonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okusha kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile, ukwelashwa okusha kungaba ukwelashwa okujwayelekile. Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo. Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zivulekele kuphela iziguli ezingakaqali ukwelashwa.

Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokwelashwa okujwayelekile zisetshenzisiwe:

Ukuqapha okusebenzayo

Ukuqapha okusebenzayo kusibhekisisa isimo sesiguli kepha kunganiki ukwelashwa ngaphandle kokuthi kube nezinguquko emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa ekhombisa ukuthi isimo siya ngokuya siba sibi. Ukuqapha okusebenzayo kungasetshenziselwa ukugwema noma ukubambezela isidingo sokwelashwa okufana nokwelashwa ngemisebe noma ukuhlinzwa, okungadala imiphumela emibi noma ezinye izinkinga. Ngesikhathi esisebenzayo, izivivinyo ezithile nokuhlolwa kwenziwa ngohlelo olujwayelekile. Ukusebenza kungasetshenziselwa izicubu ezikhula kancane kakhulu ezingabangeli izimpawu.

Ukuhlinzwa

Ukuhlinzwa kungasetshenziselwa ukuxilonga nokwelapha izicubu zobuchopho zabantu abadala nomgogodla. Ukususa izicubu zomzimba kusiza ukunciphisa ingcindezi yesimila ezingxenyeni eziseduze zobuchopho. Bona isigaba soMniningwane Jikelele walesi sifinyezo.

Ngemuva kokuthi udokotela awususe wonke umdlavuza ongabonakala ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, ezinye iziguli zinganikezwa i-chemotherapy noma i-radiation therapy ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ukubulala noma yimaphi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asele. Ukwelashwa okunikezwe ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuthi umdlavuza uzobuya, kubizwa ngokuthi yi-adjuvant therapy.

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe

Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusebenzisa amandla amakhulu ama-x-ray noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukuwagcina ekukhuleni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokwelashwa ngemisebe:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe kwangaphandle kusebenzisa umshini ongaphandle komzimba ukuthumela imisebe ebheke emdlavuzeni.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle yegongolo lobuchopho. Umshini usetshenziselwa ukukhomba imisebe ephezulu yamandla. Umshini ungazungeza isiguli, uhambise imisebe evela ezinhlangothini eziningi ezahlukene. Isifihla mesh sisiza ukugcina ikhanda lesiguli linganyakazi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Omaki abancane bakayinki bafakwa kumaskhi. Amaki oyinki asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa umshini wemisebe endaweni efanayo ngaphambi kokwelashwa ngakunye.

• Izindlela ezithile zokunikeza ukwelashwa ngemisebe kungasiza ukugcina imisebe ekulimaleni izicubu ezinempilo eziseduze. Lezi zinhlobo zokwelashwa ngemisebe zifaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe eguquguqukayo: Ukwelashwa kwemisebe eguquguqukayo kuwuhlobo lokwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle okusebenzisa ikhompyutha ukwenza isithombe esingu-3-dimensional (3-D) sesimila futhi kulolonge imishayo yemisebe ukuze ilingane nalesi sifo.

• Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-intension-modulated (IMRT): I-IMRT uhlobo lokwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle kwe-3-dimensional (3-D) esebenzisa ikhompyutha ukwenza izithombe zosayizi nokuma kwesimila. Imishayo emincane yemisebe yamandla ahlukene (amandla) ihloselwe isimila ezinhlangothini eziningi.

• Ama-radiosurgery e-stereotactic: Ama-radiosurgery e-stereotactic uhlobo lokwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle. Uhlaka lwekhanda oluqinile luxhunywe kugebhezi ukugcina ikhanda linganyakazi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngemisebe. Umshini uhlose isilinganiso esisodwa semisebe ngqo esikhunjeni. Le nqubo ayibandakanyi ukuhlinzwa. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-stereotaxic radiosurgery, i-radiosurgery, kanye nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe kwangaphakathi kusebenzisa into enemisebe eboshwe ngezinaliti, izimbewu, izintambo, noma ama-catheters abekwe ngqo noma eduze komdlavuza.

Indlela okunikezwa ngayo ukwelashwa ngemisebe kuya ngohlobo nebanga lesimila nokuthi likuphi ebuchosheni noma emgogodleni. Ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izicubu zesistimu yezinzwa yabantu abadala.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

I-Chemotherapy yindlela yokwelapha umdlavuza esebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuvimba ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza, kungaba ngokubulala amaseli noma ngokuwavimba ekuhlukaniseni. Lapho i-chemotherapy ithathwa ngomlomo noma ifakwa emthanjeni noma emisipheni, izidakamizwa zingena egazini futhi zingafinyelela kumaseli womdlavuza emzimbeni wonke (systemic chemotherapy). Lapho i-chemotherapy ifakwa ngqo ku-cerebrospinal fluid, isitho, noma umgodi womzimba njengesisu, izidakamizwa zithinta kakhulu amangqamuzana omdlavuza kulezo zindawo (i-chemotherapy yesifunda). Inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ukwelashwa kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ze-anticancer. Ukwelapha izicubu zobuchopho, isilondolozi esincibilikayo singasetshenziswa ukuletha umuthi olwa nomdlavuza ngqo endaweni yesimila sobuchopho ngemuva kokuthi isimila sisuswe ngokuhlinzwa. Indlela i-chemotherapy enikezwa ngayo incike ohlotsheni nasezingeni lesimila nokuthi likuphi ebuchosheni.

Imithi elwa nomdlavuza enikezwa ngomlomo noma emthanjeni ukwelapha izicubu zobuchopho nomgogodla ayikwazi ukweqa isithiyo segazi-lobuchopho bese ingena kuketshezi oluzungeze ubuchopho nomgogodla. Esikhundleni salokho, umuthi olwa nomdlavuza ufakwa esikhaleni esigcwele uketshezi ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza lapho. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-intrathecal chemotherapy.

Bheka Izidakamizwa Kuvunyelwe Izicubu Zobuchopho ukuthola eminye imininingwane.

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe

Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe uhlobo lokwelashwa olusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ezinye izinto ukukhomba nokuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza athile ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli ajwayelekile.

Ukwelashwa kwe-monoclonal antibody wuhlobo lokwelashwa okubhekiswe kulo olusebenzisa amasosha omzimba enziwe elebhu evela ohlotsheni olulodwa lwamaseli omzimba. La ma-antibody angakhomba izinto kumaseli womdlavuza noma ezintweni ezijwayelekile ezingasiza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukuthi akhule. Amasosha omzimba anamathela ezintweni futhi abulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza, avimbe ukukhula kwawo, noma awagcine ekusakazekeni. Ama-antibody e-monoclonal anikezwa ngokumnika. Zingasetshenziswa zodwa noma ukuphatha izidakamizwa, ubuthi, noma okokukhipha imisebe ngqo emangqamuzaneni omdlavuza.

I-Bevacizumab i-anti-monoclonal antibody ebopha iphrotheni ebizwa nge-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) futhi ingavimbela ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi emisha okudingeka ukuthi izicubu zikhule. I-Bevacizumab isetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-glioblastoma ephindaphindwayo.

Ezinye izinhlobo zemithi yokwelashwa ehlosiwe iyafundwa ngezicubu zomqondo zabantu abadala, kufaka phakathi i-tyrosine kinase inhibitors nama-VEGF inhibitors amasha.

Bheka Izidakamizwa Kuvunyelwe Izicubu Zobuchopho ukuthola eminye imininingwane.

Ukunakekelwa kokusekelwa kunikezwa ukunciphisa izinkinga ezibangelwa yisifo noma ukwelashwa kwaso.

Lokhu kwelashwa kulawula izinkinga noma imiphumela emibi ebangelwa yisifo noma ukwelashwa kwaso futhi ithuthukise izinga lempilo. Kwizicubu zobuchopho, ukunakekelwa okusekelayo kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa zokulawula ukuqubuka kanye nokwanda koketshezi noma ukuvuvukala ebuchosheni.

Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelashwa ziyahlolwa ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa.

Lesi sigaba sokufingqa sisho ukwelashwa okusha okufundwa ekuhlolweni kwemitholampilo, kepha kungahle kungasho yonke imishanguzo emisha efundwayo. Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-NCI.

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-Proton beam

Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-Proton beam uhlobo lwamandla amakhulu, ukwelashwa kwemisebe yangaphandle okusebenzisa imifudlana yama-proton (amancane, izingcezu zento ekhokhiswe kahle) ukwenza imisebe. Lolu hlobo lwemisebe lubulala amangqamuzana ezimila ngomonakalo omncane ezicutshini eziseduze. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza wekhanda, wentamo, nowomgogodla kanye nezitho ezifana nobuchopho, iso, amaphaphu kanye ne-prostate. Imisebe ye-Proton beam ihlukile emisebeni ye-x-ray.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Biologic

Ukwelashwa nge-Biologic ukwelashwa okusebenzisa amasosha omzimba esiguli ukulwa nomdlavuza. Izinto ezenziwe ngumzimba noma ezenziwe elabhoratri zisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa, ukuqondisa, noma ukubuyisa izivikelo zemvelo zomzimba kumdlavuza. Lolu hlobo lokwelashwa komdlavuza lubizwa nangokuthi i-biotherapy noma i-immunotherapy.

Ukwelashwa nge-Biologic kusacutshungulwa ukwelashwa kwezinye izinhlobo zamathumba obuchopho. Ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa kokugomela amaseli we-Dendritic.

• Ukwelashwa kwe-Gene.

Ukwelashwa kwezicubu zesistimu yezinzwa zomuntu omdala kungadala imiphumela emibi.

Ngemininingwane ngemiphumela engemihle ebangelwe ukwelashwa komdlavuza, bheka ikhasi lethu le-Side Effects.

Iziguli zingafuna ukucabanga ngokubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo.

Kwezinye iziguli, ukubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo kungaba yindlela engcono kakhulu yokwelashwa. Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyingxenye yenqubo yocwaningo lomdlavuza. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuyenziwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusha kuphephile futhi kuyasebenza yini noma kungcono kunokwelashwa okujwayelekile.

Eziningi zezindlela zokwelashwa ezijwayelekile zomdlavuza zisuselwa ekuhlolweni kokuqala komtholampilo. Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo zingathola ukwelashwa okujwayelekile noma zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukuthola ukwelashwa okusha.

Iziguli ezibamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa zisiza nokwenza ngcono indlela umdlavuza ozophathwa ngayo ngokuzayo. Noma izilingo zomtholampilo zingaholeli ekwelashweni okusha okusebenzayo, zivame ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile futhi zisize ukuqhubela phambili ucwaningo.

Iziguli zingangena ezivivinyweni zokwelashwa ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, noma ngemuva kokuqala ukwelashwa kwazo komdlavuza.

Ezinye izivivinyo zokwelashwa zifaka kuphela iziguli ezingakatholi ukwelashwa. Ezinye izilingo zivivinya ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinomdlavuza ongakabi ngcono. Kukhona nokuhlolwa komtholampilo okuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokunqanda umdlavuza ukuthi ungaphindi (ubuye) noma kunciphise imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa komdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kuyenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe. Imininingwane mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo esekelwa yi-NCI ingatholakala ekhasini lewebhu le-NCI lokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo. Izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa ezinye izinhlangano zingatholakala kuwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Ukuhlolwa kokulandelela kungadingeka.

Olunye uvivinyo olwenziwe ukuxilonga umdlavuza noma ukuthola isigaba somdlavuza lungaphindwa. Olunye uvivinyo luzophindwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi umuthi usebenza kanjani. Izinqumo mayelana nokuthi uqhubeke, ushintshe, noma umise ukwelashwa zingasuselwa emiphumeleni yalezi zivivinyo.

Ezinye zezivivinyo zizoqhubeka ukwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngemuva kokuphela kokwelashwa. Imiphumela yalezi zivivinyo ingakhombisa ukuthi ngabe isimo sakho sishintshile noma uma umdlavuza ubuyile (buyela emuva). Lezi zivivinyo kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izivivinyo zokulandelela noma ukuhlolwa.

Lezi zivivinyo nezinqubo ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukubheka ukuthi ngabe isimila ebuchosheni sesibuyile ngemuva kokwelashwa:

• Iskena se-SPECT (i-single photon emission computed tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana amabi esigaxa ebuchosheni. Inani elincane lezinto ezinemisebe efakwa emthanjeni noma lihogelwe ngamakhala. Njengoba le nto ihamba egazini, ikhamera izungeza ikhanda futhi ithathe izithombe zobuchopho. Ikhompiyutha isebenzisa izithombe ukwenza umfanekiso wobuso obuthathu (3-D). Kuzoba nokwanda kokugeleza kwegazi nomsebenzi omningi ezindaweni lapho kukhula amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lezi zindawo zizokhanya ngokugqamile esithombeni.

• I-PET scan (i-positron emission tomography scan): Inqubo yokuthola amangqamuzana abulalayo omzimba emzimbeni. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni. Isithwebuli se-PET sizungeza umzimba futhi senze isithombe lapho i-glucose isetshenziswa khona ebuchosheni. Amaseli amathumba amabi abonakala ekhanya esithombeni ngoba ayasebenza futhi athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

Iskena se-PET (positron emission tomography). Isiguli silele etafuleni elihamba ngomshini we-PET. Ukuphumula kwekhanda nomucu omhlophe kusiza isiguli ukuba silele singanyakazi. Inani elincane le-glucose enemisebe (ushukela) lifakwa emthanjeni wesiguli, futhi isithwebuli senza isithombe sokuthi i-glucose isetshenziswa kuphi emzimbeni. Amaseli womdlavuza avela ngokugqamile esithombeni ngoba athatha i-glucose eningi kunamaseli avamile.

Izinketho zokwelashwa ngohlobo lwe-Primary Adult Brain Tumor

Kulesi Sigaba

• Izimila ze-Astrocytic

• AmaBrain Stem Gliomas

• Izimila Zase-Pineal Astrocytic

• Ama-Astrocytomas ePilocytic

• Ukusabalalisa ama-Astrocytomas

• I-Anaplastic Astrocytomas

• I-Glioblastomas

• Izimila ze-Oligodendroglial

• Ama-Gliomas ahlanganisiwe

• Izicubu ze-Ependymal

• AmaMedulloblastomas

• Amaphaphu Aphineal Parenchymal

• Izimila Zesilisa

• Izidumbu ZaseGerm Cell

• I-Craniopharyngiomas

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Izimila ze-Astrocytic

AmaBrain Stem Gliomas

Ukwelashwa kwe-stem stem yegliomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izimila Zase-Pineal Astrocytic

Ukwelashwa kwezimila ze-pineal astrocytic kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe. Ngezicubu ezisezingeni eliphakeme, i-chemotherapy nayo inganikezwa.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ama-Astrocytomas ePilocytic

Ukwelashwa kwama-pilocytic astrocytomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kunganikezwa uma isimila sihlala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ukusabalalisa ama-Astrocytomas

Ukwelashwa kwama-astrocytomas asakazekayo kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukuhlinzwa kwalandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

I-Anaplastic Astrocytomas

Ukwelashwa kwe-anaplastic astrocytomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe. I-Chemotherapy nayo inganikezwa.

• Ukuhlinzwa nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy esifakwa ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelapha okusha okungezwe ekwelashweni okujwayelekile.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

I-Glioblastomas

Ukwelashwa kwe-glioblastomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa okulandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okunikezwa ngasikhathi sinye, kulandelwe ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kuphela.

• Ukuhlinzwa kulandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• I-Chemotherapy efakwa ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okunikezwa ngasikhathi sinye.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelapha okusha okungezwe ekwelashweni okujwayelekile.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izimila ze-Oligodendroglial

Ukwelashwa kwama-oligodendrogliomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kwemithi yokwelashwa ngemisebe. I-Chemotherapy inganikezwa ngemuva kokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ukwelashwa kwe-anaplastic oligodendroglioma kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa okulandelwa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nge-chemotherapy noma ngaphandle kwayo.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelapha okusha okungezwe ekwelashweni okujwayelekile.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Ama-Gliomas ahlanganisiwe

Ukwelashwa kwama-gliomas ahlanganisiwe kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe. Ngezinye izikhathi kunikezwa i-chemotherapy.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izicubu ze-Ependymal

Ukwelashwa kwebanga I kanye ne-grade II ependymomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kunganikezwa uma isimila sihlala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

Ukwelashwa kwebanga lesithathu le-ependymoma ye-anaplastic kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

AmaMedulloblastomas

Ukwelashwa kwe-medulloblastomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokwelashwa ngemisebe ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo se-chemotherapy esingezwe ekuhlinzweni nasekwelashweni ngemisebe ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Amaphaphu Aphineal Parenchymal

Ukwelashwa kwezithumba zephayinal parenchymal kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Okwe-pineocytomas, ukuhlinzwa nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Okwe-pineoblastomas, ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngemisebe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izimila Zesilisa

Ukwelashwa kwebanga I meningiomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Iyasebenza ngamathumba angenazo izimpawu noma izimpawu.

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila. Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kunganikezwa uma isimila sihlala ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.

• I-radiosurgery ye-stereotactic yamathumba angaphansi kwamasentimitha ama-3.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe yamathumba angenakususwa ngokuhlinzwa.

Ukwelashwa kwama-meningiomas ebanga lesibili no-III kanye ne-hemangiopericytomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa nokuhlinzwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izidumbu ZaseGerm Cell

Akukho ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwezigciwane zeseli segciwane (i-germinoma, i-embryonal carcinoma, i-choriocarcinoma, ne-teratoma). Ukwelashwa kuya ngokuthi amangqamuzana ezimila abukeka kanjani ngaphansi kwemicroscope, izimpawu zesimila, lapho isimila sisengqondweni, nokuthi singasuswa yini ngokuhlinzwa.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

I-Craniopharyngiomas

Ukwelashwa kwe-craniopharyngiomas kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukususa ngokuphelele isimila.

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila ngangokunokwenzeka, kulandelwe ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izinketho Zokwelapha Izicubu Zomgogodla Wabantu Abadala Abadala

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwezicubu zomgogodla kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelapha okusha.

Izinketho Zokwelapha Izilonda Zesistimu Yabantu Abadala Abaphindayo

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Akukho ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwezicubu zesistimu yezinzwa eziphindaphindayo (CNS). Ukwelashwa kuya ngesimo sesiguli, imiphumela emibi elindelekile yokwelashwa, lapho isimila sikhona ku-CNS, nokuthi ngabe isimila singasuswa ngokuhlinzwa. Ukwelashwa kungafaka okulandelayo:

• I-Chemotherapy efakwa ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa

.

• I-Chemotherapy ngemithi engasetshenziswanga ukwelapha isimila sokuqala.

• Ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe kwe-glioblastoma ephindaphindwayo.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe.

• Ukuhlinzwa ukukhipha isimila.

• Isivivinyo somtholampilo sokwelapha okusha.

Sebenzisa ukusesha kwethu kokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuthola izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezisekelwa yi-NCI ezamukela iziguli. Ungasesha izivivinyo ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lomdlavuza, iminyaka yesiguli, nalapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo. Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo iyatholakala.

Izinketho zokwelashwa zeMetastatic Adult Brain Tumors

Ngemininingwane mayelana nokwelashwa okubalwe ngezansi, bheka isigaba se-Treatment Option Overview section.

Ukwelashwa kwesimila esisodwa kuya kwesine esisabalalele ebuchosheni kusuka kwenye ingxenye yomzimba kungafaka okulandelayo:

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ebuchosheni bonke ngokuhlinzwa noma ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe ebuchosheni bonke nge-radiosurgery noma ngaphandle kwe-stereotactic.

• Ama-radiosurgery we-stereotactic.

• I-Chemotherapy, uma isimila esiyinhloko siphendula imishanguzo yokulwa nomdlavuza. Ingahlanganiswa nokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ukwelashwa kwezimila ezisakazekele kuma-leptomeninges kungafaka okulandelayo:

• I-Chemotherapy (i-systemic kanye / noma i-intrathecal). Ukwelashwa ngemisebe nakho kunganikezwa.

• Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo.

Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

To Learn More About Adult Central Nervous System Tumors

For more information from the National Cancer Institute about adult central nervous system tumors, see the following:

• Brain Cancer Home Page

• Drugs Approved for Brain Tumors

• NCI-CONNECT (Comprehensive Oncology Network Evaluating Rare CNS Tumors)

For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:

• About Cancer

• Staging

• Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer

• Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer

• Coping with Cancer

• Imibuzo Ongayibuza Udokotela Wakho mayelana Nomdlavuza

• Kwabasindile Nabanakekeli