Iindidi / intloko-nentamo / isigulana / umntu omdala / unyango lwe-paranasal-sinus-pdq

IParanasal Sinus kunye noNyango lweCancerity Cancer (yabantu abadala)

Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga neParanasal Sinus kunye neNasal Cavity Cancer

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• I-Paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza womlomo wesisu sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicubu zesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity.

• Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kwi-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity zinokuba zibi.

• Ukuvezwa kwimichiza ethile okanye uthuli kwindawo yokusebenza kungonyusa umngcipheko wesono se-paranasal kunye nomhlaza womqala.

• Iimpawu kunye neempawu zesinas paranasal kunye nesifo somhlaza wamazinyo kubandakanya iingxaki zesono kunye neempumlo zeempumlo.

• Uvavanyo oluvavanya i-sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa isifo se-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer.

• Izinto ezithile zichaphazela ukuxela kwangaphambili (ithuba lokufumana kwakhona) kunye nokhetho lonyango.

I-Paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza womlomo wesisu sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicubu zesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity.

Izono zeParanasal

"IParanasal" ithetha kufutshane nempumlo. Ipara sinuses zizikhewu, zizaliswe ngumoya emathanjeni ajikeleze impumlo. Izono zifakwe iiseli ezenza i-mucus, egcina ngaphakathi kwempumlo ukuba ingomi xa uphefumla.

I-Anatomy yesono se-paranasal (izithuba phakathi kwamathambo ajikeleze impumlo).

Kukho iindawo ezininzi zeparaes ezixelwe emva kwamathambo abangqongileyo:

• Izono zangaphambili zingaphakathi kwebunzi elingaphantsi kwempumlo.

• Ii-sinus maxillary zisezidleleni kumacala omabini empumlo.

• Izono ze-ethmoid zisecaleni kwempumlo ephezulu, phakathi kwamehlo.

• Izono zesphenoid zisemva kwempumlo, kumbindi wokakayi.

Impumlo yempumlo

Impumlo ivula kwisikhala sempumlo, esahlulwe sangamacandelo amabini empumlo. Umoya uhamba ngezi ndawo xa uphefumla. Umngxuma wempumlo ulala ngaphezu kwethambo elenza uphahla lomlomo lize lijike ngasemva ukuze lijoyine umqala. Indawo engaphakathi nje kwempumlo ibizwa ngokuba yivaranda yempumlo. Indawo encinci yeeseli ezikhethekileyo eluphahleni lwendlu nganye yempumlo ithumela imiqondiso kwingqondo ukuze inike umbono wevumba.

Kunye nezono ze-paranasal kunye ne-nasal filter filter kunye nokufudumeza umoya, kwaye uyenze ifume phambi kokuba iye emiphungeni. Ukuhamba komoya ngezono kunye nezinye iinxalenye zenkqubo yokuphefumla kunceda ukwenza izandi zokuthetha.

I-Paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza womlomo womlomo luhlobo lwentloko kunye nomhlaza wentamo.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kwi-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity zinokuba zibi.

Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza wesisu se-squamous cell carcinoma. Olu hlobo lweefom zomhlaza kwiiseli ezincinci, ezithe tyaba ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity.

Ezinye iintlobo zesinas paranasal kunye nomhlaza womlomo womlomo zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• I-Melanomas: Umhlaza oqala kwiiseli ezibizwa ngokuba yimelanocytes, iiseli ezinika ulusu umbala wendalo.

• I-Sarcomas: Umhlaza oqala kwimisipha okanye kwizicwili ezinxibelelanayo.

• Ukuguqula iipapillomas: Izidumbu zeBenign ezenza ngaphakathi kwempumlo. Inani elincinci lolu tshintsho lube ngumhlaza.

• I-midline granulomas: Umhlaza wezihlunu kumbindi wobuso.

Ukuvezwa kwimichiza ethile okanye uthuli kwindawo yokusebenza kungonyusa umngcipheko wesono se-paranasal kunye nomhlaza womqala.

Nantoni na eyandisa amathuba akho okufumana isifo ibizwa ngokuba yingozi. Ukuba nomngcipheko akuthethi ukuba uza kuba nomhlaza; ukungabinamngcipheko oko akuthethi ukuba awuzukufumana umhlaza. Thetha nogqirha wakho ukuba ucinga ukuba usengozini. Imiba yomngcipheko wesono se-paranasal kunye nomhlaza wesisu womlomo kubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ukuvezwa kwimichiza ethile okanye uthuli, njengokufumaneka kule misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Ukwenza ifanitshala.

• Umsebenzi wamaplanga.

• Ngokhuni (ukuchwela).

• Ukwenza izihlangu.

• Isinyithi-nesingxobo.

• Umgubo wokugaya okanye umsebenzi wokubhaka.

• Ukosulelwa yipapillomavirus yabantu (HPV).

• Ukuba yindoda kwaye ungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40.

• Ukutshaya.

Iimpawu kunye neempawu zesinas paranasal kunye nesifo somhlaza wamazinyo kubandakanya iingxaki zesono kunye neempumlo zeempumlo.

Ezi kunye neminye imiqondiso kunye neempawu zinokubangelwa sisono se-paranasal kunye nomhlaza womngxunya womhono okanye ezinye iimeko. Kungangabikho mpawu okanye zimpawu kumanqanaba okuqala. Iimpawu kunye neempawu zinokubonakala njengoko ithumba likhula. Jonga ugqirha wakho ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Izono ezivalelweyo ezingacacanga, okanye uxinzelelo lwesono.

• Intloko okanye iintlungu kwiindawo zesono.

• Impumlo evuzayo.

• Iimpumlo.

• Isigaqa okanye isilonda esingapholiyo empumlweni.

• Isigaxa ebusweni okanye eluphahleni lomlomo.

• Ubudenge okanye ukurhawuzelela ebusweni.

• Ukudumba okanye enye ingxaki ngamehlo, njengokubona kabini okanye amehlo akhombe kwicala elahlukileyo.

• Ubuhlungu kumazinyo aphezulu, amazinyo akhululekile, okanye amazinyo emboleko angasahlali kakuhle.

• Intlungu okanye uxinzelelo endlebeni.

Uvavanyo oluvavanya i-sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa isifo se-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer.

Ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo kunye neenkqubo zinokusetyenziswa:

• Uvavanyo lomzimba kunye nembali yezempilo: Uvavanyo lomzimba ukukhangela iimpawu zempilo ngokubanzi, kubandakanya nokujonga iimpawu zesifo, ezinje ngamaqhuma okanye nayiphi na into ebonakala ingaqhelekanga. Imbali yemikhwa yempilo yesigulana kunye nezifo zangaphambili kunye nonyango ziya kuthathwa.

• Uvavanyo lomzimba lwempumlo, ubuso, nentamo: Uvavanyo apho ugqirha ejonga empumlweni ngesipili esincinci, esiphatha ixesha elide ukukhangela iindawo ezingaqhelekanga kwaye ujonge ubuso nentamo kwizigaqa okanye i-lymph node ezidumbileyo.

• IX-reyi yentloko nentamo: IX-reyi luhlobo lombane wamandla onokuthi uhambe emzimbeni nakwifilimu, wenze umfanekiso weendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): Inkqubo esebenzisa umazibuthe, amaza erediyo kunye nekhompyuter ukwenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zeendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yimifanekiso yenyukliya yokujonga umfanekiso (i-NMRI).

• Ukuskena i-CT (ukuskena i-CAT): Inkqubo eyenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zeendawo ezingaphakathi emzimbeni, ezithathwe kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo. Imifanekiso yenziwe yikhompyuter edityaniswe kumatshini we-x-ray. Idayi inokufakwa ngaphakathi emthanjeni okanye iginywe ukunceda amalungu okanye izicwili zibonise ngokucacileyo. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-computed tomography, ikhompyuter ye-tomography, okanye ikhompyuter ye-axial tomography.

• Biopsy: Ukususwa kweeseli okanye izicwili ukuze zijongwe ngemicroscope ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukujonga imiqondiso yomhlaza. Zintathu iintlobo zebhayoloji:

• Fine-inaliti aspiration (FNA) biopsy: Ukususwa kwethishu okanye ulwelo kusetyenziswa inaliti encinci.

• Incinci ye-biopsy: Ukususwa kwenxalenye yendawo yethishu engabonakali njengeqhelekileyo.

• I-biopsy ekhethekileyo: Ukususwa kwendawo yonke yezicubu ezingabonakali ziqhelekileyo.

• I-Nasoscopy: Inkqubo yokujonga ngaphakathi kwempumlo kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga. I-nasoscope ifakwe kwimpumlo. I-nasoscope sisixhobo esibhityileyo, esifana netyhubhu esinokukhanya kunye nelensi yokujonga. Isixhobo esikhethekileyo kwi-nasoscope sinokusetyenziselwa ukususa iisampulu zethishu. Iisampulu zezicubu zijongwa phantsi kwemicroscope ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukujonga imiqondiso yomhlaza.

• I-Laryngoscopy: Inkqubo apho ugqirha akhangela khona ilarynx (ibhokisi yelizwi) ngesipili okanye i-laryngoscope ukukhangela iindawo ezingaqhelekanga. I-laryngoscope sisixhobo esibhityileyo, esifana netyhubhu esinokukhanya kunye nelensi yokujonga ngaphakathi komqala kunye nebhokisi yelizwi. Inokuba nesixhobo sokususa iisampulu zethishu, ezijongwa phantsi kwemicroscope kwimpawu zomhlaza.

Izinto ezithile zichaphazela ukuxela kwangaphambili (ithuba lokufumana kwakhona) kunye nokhetho lonyango.

Ukuxela kwangaphambili kunye nokhetho lonyango luxhomekeke koku kulandelayo:

• Apho ithumba likwisono leparanasal okanye kwisisu sempumlo nokuba sinwenwe.

• Ubungakanani bethumba.

• Uhlobo lomhlaza.

• Iminyaka yesigulana kunye nempilo ngokubanzi.

• Nokuba umhlaza sele ufumanekile okanye ubuyile kwakhona (buyela).

I-Paranasal sinus kunye neekhala zomhlaza zempumlo zihlala zisasazeka ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwaye kunzima ukuzinyanga. Emva konyango, ixesha lokulandela rhoqo kunye nokulandela ngononophelo kubalulekile kuba kukho umngcipheko owandileyo wokuphuhlisa uhlobo lwesibini lomhlaza entloko okanye entanyeni.

Amanqanaba eParanasal Sinus kunye neCansal Cavity Cancer

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Emva kokufunyaniswa kwesono kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer, kuvavanywa ukwenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zisasazekile ngaphakathi kwesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Zintathu iindlela umhlaza onwenwa ngayo emzimbeni.

• Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Akukho nkqubo yokumisela isemgangathweni yomhlaza wesphenoid kunye nezono zangaphambili.

• La manqanaba alandelayo asetyenziselwa umhlaza wesono:

• Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

• Inqanaba I

• Inqanaba II

• Inqanaba III

• Inqanaba IV

• La manyathelo alandelayo asetyenziselwa isisu kunye nomhlaza wesifo somhlaza we-ethmoid:

• Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

• Inqanaba I

• Inqanaba II

• Inqanaba III

• Inqanaba IV

• Emva kotyando, inqanaba lomhlaza linokutshintsha kwaye unyango oluninzi luyafuneka.

Emva kokufunyaniswa kwesono kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer, kuvavanywa ukwenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zisasazekile ngaphakathi kwesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba umhlaza usasazekile ngaphakathi kwesono se-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba kuthiwa yi-staging. Ulwazi oluqokelelwe kwinkqubo yokubeka inqanaba lesifo. Kubalulekile ukwazi inqanaba ukuze ucwangcise unyango. Ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo kunye neenkqubo zinokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokubeka esiteji:

• I-Endoscopy: Inkqubo yokujonga amalungu kunye nezicubu ngaphakathi komzimba ukukhangela iindawo ezingaqhelekanga. I-endoscope ifakwe ngokuvula emzimbeni, njengempumlo okanye umlomo. I-endoscope sisixhobo esibhityileyo, esifana netyhubhu esinokukhanya kunye nelensi yokujonga. Inokuba nesixhobo sokususa iisampulu zethishu okanye i-lymph node, ezijongwa phantsi kwemicroscope kwimpawu zesifo.

• Ukuskena i-CT (ukuskena i-CAT): Inkqubo eyenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zeendawo ezingaphakathi emzimbeni, ezithathwe kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo. Imifanekiso yenziwe yikhompyuter edityaniswe kumatshini we-x-ray. Idayi inokufakwa ngaphakathi emthanjeni okanye iginywe ukunceda amalungu okanye izicwili zibonise ngokucacileyo. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-computed tomography, ikhompyuter ye-tomography, okanye ikhompyuter ye-axial tomography.

• I-x-ray yesifuba: IX-reyi yamalungu namathambo ngaphakathi kwesifuba. IX-reyi luhlobo lwe-beam yamandla enokuhamba emzimbeni nakwifilimu, yenza umfanekiso weendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging) enegadolinium: Inkqubo esebenzisa umazibuthe, amaza erediyo kunye nekhompyuter ukwenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha yeendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba. Ngamanye amaxesha into ebizwa ngokuba yi-gadolinium itofelwa emthanjeni. I-gadolinium iqokelela malunga neeseli zomhlaza ukuze zibonakale zikhanya emfanekisweni. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yimifanekiso yenyukliya yokujonga umfanekiso (i-NMRI).

• Ukuskena i-PET (positron emission tomography scan) Inkqubo yokufumana iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi emzimbeni. Inani elincinci leswekile ene-radioactive (iswekile) itofelwe emthanjeni. Iskena se-PET sijikeleza ujikeleze umzimba kwaye senze umfanekiso wendawo esetyenziswa kuyo iswekile emzimbeni. Iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi zibonakala ziqaqambile emfanekisweni kuba ziyasebenza kwaye zithatha iswekile eninzi kuneseli eziqhelekileyo.

• Ukuskena amathambo: Inkqubo yokujonga ukuba ngaba kukho iiseli ezahlula ngokukhawuleza, ezinje ngeeseli zomhlaza, emathanjeni. Inani elincinci kakhulu lezinto ezisasazeka ngemitha lifakwa emthanjeni kwaye lihamba ngokuhamba kwegazi. Izinto ezinemitha eqhumayo ziqokelela emathanjeni anomhlaza kwaye zifunyenwe siskena.

Zintathu iindlela umhlaza onwenwa ngayo emzimbeni.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ngezicubu, inkqubo ye-lymph, kunye negazi:

• Izicubu. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokukhula waya kwiindawo ezikufuphi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo ye-lymph ukuya kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena egazini. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo yegazi uye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Xa umhlaza usasazeka kwelinye ilungu lomzimba, ubizwa ngokuba yi-metastasis. Iiseli zomhlaza ziyaphuma apho ziqale khona (ithumba lokuqala) kwaye zihamba ngenkqubo ye-lymph okanye igazi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza ungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph, uhamba kwiinqanawa ze-lymph, kwaye wenze i-tumor (i-metastatic tumor) kwenye indawo yomzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza ungena egazini, uhambe kwimithambo yegazi, kwaye wenze ithumba (metastatic tumor) kwelinye ilungu lomzimba.

I-tumor ye-metastatic yinto efanayo yomhlaza njenge-tumor yokuqala. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaza wamazinyo womnwe usasazeka ukuya emiphungeni, iiseli zomhlaza emiphungeni ziyiseli yomhlaza wamazinyo. Esi sifo sisifo somhlaza wemiphunga, hayi umhlaza wemiphunga.

Akukho nkqubo yokumisela isemgangathweni yomhlaza wesphenoid kunye nezono zangaphambili.

Isiteji esichazwe ngezantsi se-maxillary kunye ne-ethmoid sinuses kunye ne-nasal cavity isetyenziselwa kuphela kwizigulana ezingenazo i-lymph node entanyeni ezikhutshiweyo kwaye zajonga iimpawu zomhlaza

Ubungakanani beethumba zihlala zilinganiswa ngeesentimitha (cm) okanye ii-intshi. Ukutya okuqhelekileyo okunokusetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubungakanani bethumba nge-cm kubandakanya: ipea (1 cm), ipeanut (2 cm), umdiliya (3 cm), i-walnut (4 cm), ikalika (5 cm okanye 2) I-intshi), iqanda (i-6 cm), ipesika (i-7 cm), kunye ne-grapefruit (i-10 cm okanye ii-intshi ezine).

La manqanaba alandelayo asetyenziselwa umhlaza wesono:

Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

Kwinqanaba le-0, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zifumaneka kwiimbumba ezinomqolo wesinus maxillary. Ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zinokuba ngumhlaza kwaye zisasazeke kwizicubu eziqhelekileyo ezikufutshane. Inqanaba 0 likwabizwa ngokuba yi-carcinoma in situ.

Inqanaba I

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, umhlaza ubunjwe kwiimbumba ezinamaqatha esono.

Inqanaba II

Kwinqanaba lesibini, umhlaza usasazekile waya ethanjeni ejikeleze i-sinus maxillary, kubandakanya nophahla lomlomo kunye nempumlo, kodwa hayi kwithambo emva kwesono se-maxillary okanye kwinxalenye yethambo le-sphenoid emva komhlathi ongasentla.

Inqanaba III

Kwinqanaba le-III, umhlaza usasazeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ithambo emva kwesono se-maxillary.

• Izicubu phantsi kolusu.

• Inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Indawo engemva kwethambo lesidlele.

• Isono se-ethmoid.

okanye

Umhlaza ufumaneka kwi-sinus maxillary kwaye unokusasazeka kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Amathambo ajikeleze i-sinus maxillary, kubandakanya nophahla lomlomo kunye nempumlo.

• Izicubu phantsi kolusu.

• Inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Indawo engemva kwethambo lesidlele.

• Isono se-ethmoid.

Umhlaza ukwasasazekile kwi-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza, kwaye i-lymph node yi-3 cm okanye encinci.

Inqanaba IV

Inqanaba IV lahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba e-IVA, IVB, kunye ne-IVC.

Inqanaba le-IVA

Kwinqanaba le-IVA, umhlaza usasazeke kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Iliso.

• Ulusu lwesidlele.

• Inxalenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngasemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• Indawo esemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

• I-sphenoid okanye i-sinus zangaphambili.

Umhlaza usenokusasazeka kwi-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza, kwaye i-lymph node ziisentimitha ezi-3 okanye ezincinci.

okanye

Umhlaza ufumaneka kwi-sinus maxillary kwaye unokusasazeka kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Amathambo ajikeleze i-sinus maxillary, kubandakanya nophahla lomlomo kunye nempumlo.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

• Izicubu phantsi kolusu.

• Ulusu lwesidlele.

• Iliso, inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo, okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Indawo engemva kwethambo lesidlele.

• Inxalenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngasemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• Indawo esemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• I-ethmoid, i-sphenoid, okanye i-sinus zangaphambili.

Umhlaza uye wanwenwela koku kulandelayo:

• i-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza kunye ne-lymph node inkulu kuneesentimitha ezi-3 kodwa ingabi ngaphezu kweesentimitha ezi-6; okanye

• ngaphezulu kwe-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza kunye nee-lymph node azikho ngaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-6; okanye

• Izidumbu ezikwelinye icala lentamo njengomhlaza okanye kumacala omabini entamo, kwaye ii-lymph node azikho ngaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-6.

Inqanaba IVB

Kwinqanaba le-IVB, umhlaza usasazeke kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Indawo esemva kweliso.

• Ingqondo.

• Iindawo eziphakathi kolukakayi.

• Imithambo-luvo eqala kwingqondo kwaye iye ebusweni, entanyeni, nakwezinye iindawo zobuchopho (i-cranial nerves).

• Inxalenye ephezulu yomqala emva kwempumlo.

• Isiseko sokhakhayi kufutshane nentambo yomqolo.

Umhlaza usenokusasazeka kwi-lymph node enye okanye nangaphezulu kuwo nawuphi na ubungakanani, naphi na entanyeni.

okanye

Umhlaza unokufunyanwa naphi na ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane ne-sinus maxillary. Umhlaza usasazeke kwi-lymph node enkulu kuneesentimitha ezi-6 okanye usasazeke kwisigqubuthelo sangaphandle se-lymph node kwizicwili ezikufutshane.

Inqanaba IVC

Kwinqanaba le-IVC, umhlaza unokufunyanwa naphi na okanye kufutshane nesono se-maxillary, usenokuthi usasazeke kwii-lymph node, kwaye usasazeke kwizitho ezikude nesono se-maxillary, njengemiphunga.

La manyathelo alandelayo asetyenziselwa isisu kunye nomhlaza wesifo somhlaza we-ethmoid:

Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

Kwinqanaba le-0, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zifumaneka kwiimbumba ezinamathele kwimbambo yempumlo okanye kwi-ethmoid sinus. Ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zinokuba ngumhlaza kwaye zisasazeke kwizicubu eziqhelekileyo ezikufutshane. Inqanaba 0 likwabizwa ngokuba yi-carcinoma in situ.

Inqanaba I

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, umhlaza ubunjwe kwaye ufumaneka kwindawo enye kuphela kwempumlo yempumlo okanye i-ethmoid sinus kwaye inokuthi isasazeke ithambo.

Inqanaba II

Kwinqanaba lesibini, umhlaza ufumaneka kwiindawo ezimbini nokuba zezempumlo okanye i-ethmoid sinus ezikufutshane, okanye umhlaza usasazeke waya kwindawo esecaleni kwezono. Umhlaza usenokwenwenwa ube lithambo.

Inqanaba III

Kwinqanaba le-III, umhlaza usasazeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Isinus enkulu.

• Uphahla lomlomo.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

okanye

Umhlaza ufumaneka kwimpumlo yempumlo okanye kwi-ethmoid sinus kwaye unokuthi usasazeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Isinus enkulu.

• Uphahla lomlomo.

• Ithambo phakathi kwamehlo.

Umhlaza ukwasasazekile kwi-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza, kwaye i-lymph node yi-3 cm okanye encinci.

Inqanaba IV

Inqanaba IV lahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba e-IVA, IVB, kunye ne-IVC.

Inqanaba le-IVA

Kwinqanaba le-IVA, umhlaza usasazeke kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Iliso.

• Ulusu lwempumlo okanye isidlele.

• Amacandelo angaphambili okhakhayi.

• Inxalenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngasemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• I-sphenoid okanye i-sinus zangaphambili.

Umhlaza usenokusasazeka kwi-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza, kwaye i-lymph node ziisentimitha ezi-3 okanye ezincinci.

okanye

Umhlaza ufumaneka kwimpumlo yempumlo okanye kwi-ethmoid sinus kwaye unokuthi usasazeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Iliso, inxalenye yesokethi yamehlo ecaleni kwempumlo, okanye ezantsi kwesokethi yamehlo.

• Ulusu lwempumlo okanye isidlele.

• Amacandelo angaphambili okhakhayi.

• Inxalenye yethambo le-sphenoid ngasemva komhlathi ongasentla.

• I-sphenoid okanye i-sinus zangaphambili.

Umhlaza uye wanwenwela koku kulandelayo:

• i-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza kunye ne-lymph node inkulu kuneesentimitha ezi-3 kodwa ingabi ngaphezu kweesentimitha ezi-6; okanye

• ngaphezulu kwe-lymph node enye kwicala elifanayo lentamo njengomhlaza kunye nee-lymph node azikho ngaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-6; okanye

• Izidumbu ezikwelinye icala lentamo njengomhlaza okanye kumacala omabini entamo, kwaye ii-lymph node azikho ngaphezulu kweesentimitha ezi-6.

Inqanaba IVB

Kwinqanaba le-IVB, umhlaza usasazeke kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:

• Indawo esemva kweliso.

• Ingqondo.

• Iindawo eziphakathi kolukakayi.

• Imithambo-luvo eqala kwingqondo kwaye iye ebusweni, entanyeni, nakwezinye iindawo zobuchopho (i-cranial nerves).

• Inxalenye ephezulu yomqala emva kwempumlo.

• Isiseko sokhakhayi kufutshane nentambo yomqolo.

Umhlaza usenokusasazeka kwi-lymph node enye okanye nangaphezulu kuwo nawuphi na ubungakanani, naphi na entanyeni.

okanye

Umhlaza unokufunyanwa naphi na ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nomkhala wempumlo kunye ne-ethmoid sinus. Umhlaza usasazeke kwi-lymph node enkulu kuneesentimitha ezi-6 okanye usasazeke kwisigqubuthelo sangaphandle se-lymph node kwizicwili ezikufutshane.

Inqanaba IVC

Kwinqanaba le-IVC, umhlaza ungafunyanwa naphi na ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nesisu se-nasal kunye ne-ethmoid sinus, inokuthi isasazeke kwii-lymph node, kwaye isasazeke nakwizitho ezikude nomngxuma wempumlo kunye nesono se-ethmoid, njengemiphunga.

Emva kotyando, inqanaba lomhlaza linokutshintsha kwaye unyango oluninzi luyafuneka.

Ukuba umhlaza ususwe ngotyando, ugqirha wezonyango uya kuvavanya isampulu yethishu yomhlaza phantsi kwemicroscope. Ngamanye amaxesha, uphononongo lwezifo lukhokelela kutshintsho kwinqanaba lomhlaza kwaye unyango oluninzi luyafuneka emva kotyando.

Isifo seParanasal Sinus kunye noMhlaza weNasal Cavity

Umhlaza ophindaphindiweyo we-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer ngumhlaza obuye wabuya (ubuya) emva kokuba unyangiwe. Umhlaza ungabuyela kwisono se-paranasal kunye nakumqolo wempumlo okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Unyango ngoKhetho lonyango

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kwizigulana ezinesifo somhlaza kunye nomhlaza womqala.

• Izigulana ezine-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer kufuneka unyango lwazo lucwangciswe liqela loogqirha abanobuchule bokunyanga umhlaza wentloko nentamo.

• Zintathu iintlobo zonyango olusetyenziswayo:

• Ugqirha

• Unyango ngemitha

• Unyango ngamayeza

• Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Unyango lwe-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer inokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

• Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

• Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kwizigulana ezinesifo somhlaza kunye nomhlaza womqala.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zonyango ziyafumaneka kwizigulana ezinesinanas paranasal kunye nomhlaza womqala. Olunye unyango lusemgangathweni (unyango olusetyenziswayo ngoku), kwaye olunye luvavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango luphononongo olwenzelwe ukunceda ukuphucula unyango lwangoku okanye ukufumana ulwazi kunyango olutsha kwizigulana ezinomhlaza. Xa uvavanyo lwezonyango lubonisa ukuba unyango olutsha lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo, unyango olutsha kunokuba lunyango olusemgangathweni. Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango luvuleleke kuphela kwizigulana ezingaluqalanga unyango.

Izigulana ezine-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer kufuneka unyango lwazo lucwangciswe liqela loogqirha abanobuchule bokunyanga umhlaza wentloko nentamo.

Unyango luya kujongwa ngugqirha oncologist, ugqirha ogxile ekunyangeni abantu abanomhlaza. Ugqirha wezonyango oncologist usebenza nabanye oogqirha abaziingcali ekunyangeni abaguli abanomhlaza entloko nasentanyeni kwaye begxile kwiindawo ezithile zamayeza kunye nokuvuselelwa. Izigulana ezine-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer zinokufuna uncedo olukhethekileyo ekuhlengahlengiseni iingxaki zokuphefumla okanye ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zomhlaza kunye nonyango lwayo. Ukuba inani elikhulu lezihlunu okanye ithambo elijikeleze i-paranasal sinus okanye i-nasal cavity ithathwa, utyando lweplastiki lunokwenziwa ukulungisa okanye ukwakha kwakhona indawo. Iqela lonyango linokubandakanya ezi ngcali zilandelayo:

• Imitha ye-oncologist.

• Ingcali yonyango.

• Ugqirha womlomo okanye ugqirha wentloko kunye nentamo.

• Ugqirha weplastiki.

• Ugqirha wamazinyo.

• Isondlo.

• Intetho kunye nolwimi lwezifo.

• Ingcali yokuvuselela.

Zintathu iintlobo zonyango olusetyenziswayo:

Ugqirha

Utyando (ukususa umhlaza ekusebenzeni) lunyango oluqhelekileyo kuwo onke amabakala esanas paranasal kunye nomhlaza womqala. Ugqirha angawususa umhlaza kunye nezinye izihlunu ezisempilweni kunye nethambo elijikeleze umhlaza. Ukuba umhlaza usasazekile, ugqirha unokususa ii-lymph node kunye nezinye izicubu entanyeni.

Emva kokuba ugqirha ewususile wonke umhlaza onokubonakala ngexesha lotyando, ezinye izigulana zinokunikwa ichemotherapy okanye unyango lweradiation emva kotyando lokubulala naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza ezisele. Unyango olunikezwe emva kotyando, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba umhlaza ubuye kwakhona, lubizwa ngokuba lunyango oluncedisayo.

Unyango ngemitha

Unyango ngemitha lunyango olusebenzisa amandla e-x-reyi okanye ezinye iintlobo zemitha yokubulala iiseli zomhlaza okanye ukuzigcina zikhula. Zimbini iintlobo zonyango lwe-radiation:

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha lusebenzisa umatshini ngaphandle komzimba ukuthumela imitha kumhlaza. Idosi iyonke yonyango ngemitha ngamanye amaxesha yahlulwe yangamanani amancinci, alinganayo alawulwa kwisithuba seentsuku ezininzi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba liqhekeza.

Unyango lwe-radiation lwangaphandle lwentloko nentamo. Umatshini usetyenziselwa ukujolisa kwimitha ephezulu yamandla kumhlaza. Umatshini unokujikeleza ujikeleze isigulana, ahambise imitha evela kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo ukubonelela ngonyango oluhambisanayo. Imaski yemaski inceda ukugcina intloko nentamo yesigulana ekuhambeni kwonyango. Iimpawu ezincinci ze-inki zibekwa kwimaski. Amanqaku e-inki asetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umatshini we-radiation kwindawo efanayo phambi konyango ngalunye.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha lusebenzisa into enemitha ye-radio etywinwe kwiinaliti, iimbewu, iingcingo, okanye iicatheters ezibekwe ngqo okanye kufutshane nomhlaza.

Indlela unyango lwe-radiation olunikezelwa ngayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza ophathwayo. Unyango lwangaphandle kunye nolwangaphakathi lwasetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza womqala.

Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha kwi-thyroid okanye i-pituitary gland inokutshintsha indlela esebenza ngayo i-thyroid gland. Amanqanaba ehomoni yegazi anokuvavanywa ngaphambi nasemva konyango.

Unyango ngamayeza

I-Chemotherapy yonyango lomhlaza olusebenzisa iziyobisi ukunqanda ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza, nokuba zibulale iiseli okanye uziyekise ekwahlukaneni. Xa i-chemotherapy ithathwa ngomlomo okanye ifakwe kwi-vein okanye kwimisipha, amachiza angena kwigazi kwaye anokufikelela kwiiseli zomhlaza kuwo wonke umzimba (systemic chemotherapy). Xa i-chemotherapy ibekwa ngqo kwi-cerebrospinal fluid, ilungu, okanye indawo yomzimba efana nesisu, iziyobisi zichaphazela kakhulu iiseli zomhlaza kwezo ndawo (chemotherapy yengingqi). Umdibaniso wekhemotherapy yonyango olusebenzisa ngaphezulu kwesiyobisi esinye somhlaza.

Indlela i-chemotherapy enikezelwa ngayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza ophathwayo.

Jonga iziyobisi ezivunyiweyo kwiNtloko kunye neCancer Neck ngolwazi oluthe kratya. (Isono seParanasal kunye nomhlaza womlomo womlomo luhlobo lomhlaza wentloko nentamo.)

Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi . Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeNCI.

Unyango lwe-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cancer cancer inokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ngolwazi malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibangelwa lunyango lomhlaza, jonga iphepha lethu Iziphumo ezingalunganga.

Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Kwezinye izigulana, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi kunokuba lolona khetho lonyango lufanelekileyo. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyinxalenye yenkqubo yophando ngomhlaza. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba unyango lomhlaza olutsha lukhuselekile kwaye luyasebenza okanye lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo.

Uninzi lonyango oluqhelekileyo lwanamhlanje lomhlaza lusekwe kuvavanyo lweklinikhi lwangaphambili. Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zingafumana unyango olusemgangathweni okanye zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukufumana unyango olutsha.

Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zikwanceda ukuphucula indlela umhlaza oza kunyangwa ngayo kwixa elizayo. Nokuba uvavanyo lwezonyango alukhokeleli kunyango olusebenzayo, bahlala bephendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo kwaye bancedisa ukuqhubela phambili uphando.

Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango lubandakanya kuphela izigulana ezingekafumani unyango. Olunye uvavanyo lokuvavanywa kunyango kwizigulana ezinomhlaza ongakhange ubengcono. Kukwakho nezilingo zeklinikhi ezivavanya iindlela ezintsha zokumisa umhlaza ekubuyeleni (ekubuyeni) okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango lomhlaza.

Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe. Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi oluxhaswe yi-NCI lunokufumaneka kwiphepha lewebhu le-NCI. Uvavanyo lwezonyango oluxhaswa yiminye imibutho lunokufumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ezenziweyo ukufumanisa umhlaza okanye ukufumanisa inqanaba lomhlaza zinokuphindwa. Olunye uvavanyo luya kuphindwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba lusebenza njani unyango. Izigqibo malunga nokuqhubeka, ukutshintsha, okanye ukuyeka unyango zinokusekwa kwiziphumo zolu vavanyo.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ziya kuqhubeka ukwenziwa amaxesha ngamaxesha emva kokuba unyango luphelile. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo zingabonisa ukuba imeko yakho itshintshile okanye ukuba umhlaza ubuyile (buyela). Olu vavanyo ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo olulandelayo okanye ukuhlolwa.

Unyango lweNqanaba I Iparanasal Sinus kunye neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lwenqanaba I-paranasal sinus kunye nomhlaza womqala womlomo kuxhomekeke apho umhlaza ufumaneka khona kwiisono ze-paranasal kunye ne-nasal cavity:

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono esikhulu, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwisimo se-ethmoid, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation kunye / okanye utyando.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono se-sphenoid, unyango luyafana nolomhlaza wesifo somhlaza, ngesiqhelo unyango lwe-radiation. (Jonga isishwankathelo se kunyango lweNasopharyngeal Cancer (yabantu abadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya.)

• Ukuba umhlaza usempumlweni, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• Ukuguqula papillomas, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

• Kwii-melanomas kunye ne-sarcomas, unyango luhlala luhlinzwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy.

• Kwii-granulomas ezisezantsi, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwivarous yempumlo, unyango luhlala lutyandwa okanye unyango lwemitha.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Unyango lweSigaba II seParanasal Sinus kunye neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lwenqanaba II le-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer ixhomekeke apho umhlaza ufumaneka khona kwi-paranasal sinuses kunye ne-nasal cavity:

• Ukuba umhlaza uku-sinus maxillary, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation ephezulu ngaphambi okanye emva kotyando.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwisimo se-ethmoid, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation kunye / okanye utyando.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono se-sphenoid, unyango luyafana nolomhlaza wesifo se-nasopharyngeal, ngesiqhelo unyango lwe-radiation kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-chemotherapy. (Jonga isishwankathelo se kunyango lweNasopharyngeal Cancer (yabantu abadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya.)

• Ukuba umhlaza usempumlweni, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• Ukuguqula papillomas, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

• Kwii-melanomas kunye ne-sarcomas, unyango luhlala luhlinzwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy.

• Kwii-granulomas ezisezantsi, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation.

• Ukuba umhlaza ukwivarous yempumlo, unyango luhlala lutyandwa okanye unyango lwemitha.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Unyango lweSigaba III seParanasal Sinus kunye neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lwesigaba sesithathu se-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer ixhomekeke apho umhlaza ufumaneka khona kwi-paranasal sinuses kunye nasal cavity.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono esikhulu, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwedosi ephezulu ngaphambi okanye emva kotyando.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango oluqhekezayo lwemitha ngaphambi okanye emva kotyando.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisimo se-ethmoid, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando olulandelwa lunyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono se-sphenoid, unyango luyafana nolomhlaza wesifo se-nasopharyngeal, ngesiqhelo unyango lwe-radiation kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-chemotherapy. (Jonga isishwankathelo se kunyango lweNasopharyngeal Cancer (yabantu abadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya.)

Ukuba umhlaza usempumlweni, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

Ukuguqula papillomas, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

I-melanomas kunye ne-sarcomas, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ugqirha.

• Unyango ngemitha.

• Utyando, unyango ngemitha, kunye nekhemotherapy.

Kwii-granulomas ezisezantsi, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwivaranda yempumlo, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha kunye / okanye unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha kunye okanye ngaphandle kotyando.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Unyango lweSigaba IV seParanasal Sinus kunye neCansal Cavity Cancer

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lwesigaba IV se-paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer ixhomekeke apho umhlaza ufumaneka khona kwi-paranasal sinuses kunye nasal nasal cavity.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono esikhulu, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwedosi ephezulu kunye notyando okanye ngaphandle kotyando.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango oluqhekezayo lwemitha.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisimo se-ethmoid, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango ngemitha ngaphambi okanye emva kotyando.

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono se-sphenoid, unyango luyafana nolomhlaza wesifo se-nasopharyngeal, ngesiqhelo unyango lwe-radiation kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-chemotherapy. (Jonga isishwankathelo se kunyango lweNasopharyngeal Cancer (yabantu abadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya.)

Ukuba umhlaza usempumlweni, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lokudityaniswa kwekhemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

Ukuguqula papillomas, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

I-melanomas kunye ne-sarcomas, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ugqirha.

• Unyango ngemitha.

• Unyango ngamayeza.

Kwii-granulomas ezisezantsi, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwivaranda yempumlo, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha kunye / okanye unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha kunye okanye ngaphandle kotyando.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy ngaphambi kotyando okanye unyango ngemitha.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy emva kotyando okanye olunye unyango lomhlaza.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Unyango lweCaranasal Sinus kunye neCancer Nasal Cavity

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lwe-sinus paranasal sinus kunye ne-nasal cavity cancer ixhomekeke apho umhlaza ufumaneka khona kwi-paranasal sinuses kunye nasal nasal cavity.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono esikhulu, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando olulandelwa lunyango ngemitha.

• Unyango ngemitha lulandelwa lutyando.

• I-Chemotherapy njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lwe-chemotherapy.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisimo se-ethmoid, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• I-Chemotherapy njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lwe-chemotherapy.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwisono se-sphenoid, unyango luyafana nolomhlaza we-nasopharyngeal kwaye lunokubandakanya unyango lwe-radiation kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-chemotherapy. (Jonga isishwankathelo se kunyango lweNasopharyngeal Cancer (yabantu abadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya.)

Ukuba umhlaza usempumlweni, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• I-Chemotherapy njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lwe-chemotherapy.

Ukuguqula papillomas, unyango luhlala lutyandwa kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango lwemitha.

I-melanomas kunye ne-sarcomas, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ugqirha.

• I-Chemotherapy njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

Kwii-granulomas ezisezantsi, unyango luhlala lunyango lwe-radiation.

Ukuba umhlaza ukwivaranda yempumlo, unyango lunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando kunye / okanye unyango lwemitha.

• I-Chemotherapy njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lwe-chemotherapy.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Ukufunda ngakumbi ngeParanasal Sinus kunye neNasal Cavity Cancer

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya kwiZiko leSizwe loMhlaza malunga nesono somhlaza kunye nomhlaza womqala, jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Ikhasi lasekhaya leNtloko kunye neCancer Neck

• Iingxaki zomlomo zeChemotherapy kunye neNtloko / iNtsholongwane yeNtsholongwane

• Iziyobisi ezivunyiweyo kwiNtloko kunye noMhlaza weNtamo

• Umhlaza weNtloko kunye neNtamo

• Icuba (kubandakanya uncedo ngokuyeka)

Ngolwazi lomhlaza ngokubanzi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezivela kwiNational Cancer Institute, jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Malunga noMhlaza

• Ukuqokelela

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nawe: Inkxaso yabantu abanomdlavuza

• Unyango ngemitha kunye nawe: Inkxaso yabantu abanomhlaza

• Ukujamelana noMhlaza

• Imibuzo yokubuza ugqirha wakho malunga neCancer

• Abasindileyo kunye nabaNonopheli