Types/breast/patient/child-breast-treatment-pdq

Inguqulelo yoNyango loMhlaza webele yaBantwana

Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga noMhlaza webele loMntwana

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Umhlaza wamabele sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicubu zesifuba.

• Uninzi lwamathumba ebele kubantwana zii-fibroadenomas (hayi umhlaza).

• Ukunyanga ngemitha ebeleni okanye esifubeni ukunyanga umhlaza ongaphambili kunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza webele.

• Iimpawu zomhlaza wamabele zibandakanya iqhuma okanye ukuqina ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nebele.

• Uvavanyo oluvavanya ibele lusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa (ukufumana) kunye nokufumanisa umhlaza webele.

Umhlaza wamabele sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicubu zesifuba.

Isifuba senziwe ngamanqatha kunye nemibhobho. Isifuba ngasinye sinamacandelo ali-15 ukuya kwangama-20 abizwa ngokuba ngamalobes. I-lobe nganye inamacandelo amaninzi amancinci abizwa ngokuba zii-lobules. IiLobules ziphelela kwiibhalbhu ezincinci ezinokwenza ubisi. I-lobes, i-lobules, kunye ne-bulbs zidibene neetyhubhu ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yimibhobho.

Umhlaza webele unokwenzeka kwizicubu zamabele zabantwana abangamadoda nabasetyhini.

Umhlaza webele ngowona mhlaza uxhaphakileyo kubantu basetyhini abaneminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-39 ubudala; kodwa ngaphantsi kwe-5% yazo zonke iintlobo zomhlaza webele zenzeka kubantu basetyhini kweli qela leminyaka. Umhlaza wamabele kubantu ababhinqileyo abaneminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-39 unamandla ngakumbi kwaye kunzima ukunyanga kunabafazi abadala. Unyango lwabasetyhini abancinci nabadala luyafana. Izigulana ezincinci ezinomhlaza wamabele zinokufumana ingcebiso ngemfuzo (ingxoxo kunye noochwephesha oqeqeshiweyo malunga nezifo ezizuzwe njengelifa) kunye nokuvavanywa kwee-syndromes zomhlaza wosapho. Kananjalo, iziphumo ezinokubakho zonyango kunyango kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.

Uninzi lwamathumba ebele kubantwana zii-fibroadenomas (hayi umhlaza).

I-Fibroadenomas zizifo ezinobungozi. Rare, ezi tumors ziba zii-phyllode tumors ezinkulu (umhlaza) kwaye ziqale ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba i-tumor enobungozi iqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, i-biopsy (FNA) biopsy okanye i-biopsy ekhethekileyo iya kwenziwa. Izicubu ezisuswe ngexesha le-biopsy ziya kujongwa phantsi kwemicroscope ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukujonga imiqondiso yomhlaza.

Ukunyanga ngemitha ebeleni okanye esifubeni ukunyanga umhlaza ongaphambili kunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza webele.

Nantoni na eyandisa amathuba akho okufumana isifo ibizwa ngokuba yingozi. Ukuba nomngcipheko akuthethi ukuba uza kuba nomhlaza; ukungabinamngcipheko oko akuthethi ukuba awuzukufumana umhlaza. Thetha nogqirha wakho ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho usengozini yomhlaza webele.

Imingcipheko yomhlaza webele kubantwana, abakwishumi elivisayo nakubantu abadala abancinci ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango oludlulileyo kunye nonyango lwemitha ebeleni okanye esifubeni somnye umhlaza, njengeHodgkin lymphoma.

• Ukuba nembali yobuqu yohlobo lomhlaza onokuthi usasazeke ebeleni, njenge-leukemia, i-rhabdomyosarcoma, ithambo le-sarcoma elithambileyo, okanye i-lymphoma.

• Imbali yosapho yomhlaza webele kumama, utata, udade, okanye umntakwabo.

• Utshintsho olwenziwe kwilifa le-BRCA1 okanye i-BRCA2 okanye kwezinye iintlobo zofuzo ezonyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wamabele.

Iimpawu zomhlaza wamabele zibandakanya iqhuma okanye ukuqina ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nebele.

Ezi kunye nezinye iimpawu kunye neempawu zinokubangelwa ngumhlaza webele okanye ngezinye iimeko.

Jonga kugqirha womntwana wakho ukuba umntwana wakho unayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Isigaxa okanye ukuqina ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane nebele okanye kwindawo engaphantsi.

• Utshintsho kubukhulu okanye imilo yebele.

• Ukuntywila okanye ukuntywila kulusu lwebele.

• Ingono yajika yangena ebeleni.

• Ulwelo, ngaphandle kobisi lwebele, olusuka kwiingono, kubandakanya igazi.

• Isikhumba esibomvu, esibomvu, okanye esidumbileyo esifubeni, kwingono, okanye kwi-areola (indawo emnyama yesikhumba ejikeleze ingono).

• Izidumbu ebeleni ezibonakala ngathi lulusu lweorenji, olubizwa ngokuba yipeau d'orange.

Uvavanyo oluvavanya ibele lusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa (ukufumana) kunye nokufumanisa umhlaza webele.

Ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo kunye neenkqubo zinokusetyenziswa:

• Uvavanyo lomzimba kunye nembali yezempilo: Uvavanyo lomzimba ukukhangela iimpawu zempilo ngokubanzi, kubandakanya nokujonga iimpawu zesifo, ezinje ngamaqhuma okanye nayiphi na into ebonakala ingaqhelekanga. Imbali yemikhwa yempilo yesigulana kunye nezifo zangaphambili kunye nonyango ziya kuthathwa.

• Uviwo lwebele lwezonyango (i-CBE): Uvavanyo lwebele ngugqirha okanye yingcali yezempilo. Ugqirha uzakuva ngononophelo ibele naphantsi kwengalo ngamaqhuma okanye nayiphi na into ebonakala ingaqhelekanga.

• Isisombululo: X-reyi yebele. Xa unyango lomnye umhlaza lubandakanya unyango lwe-radiation esifubeni okanye esifubeni, kubalulekile ukuba ne-mammogram kunye ne-MRI yebele ukujonga umhlaza webele. Ezi kufuneka zenziwe ukuqala kwiminyaka engama-25, okanye iminyaka elishumi emva kokugqiba unyango lwe-radiation, nokuba yeyiphi na kamva.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): Inkqubo esebenzisa umazibuthe, amaza erediyo kunye nekhompyuter ukwenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zawo omabini amabele. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yimifanekiso yenyukliya yokujonga umfanekiso (i-NMRI).

• Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasound: Inkqubo apho amaza esandi aphembelela amandla aphezulu (i-ultrasound) akhutshelwa ngaphandle kwizicubu zangaphakathi okanye kwizitho zokwenza i-echoes. Iingqungquthela zenza umfanekiso wezicubu zomzimba ezibizwa ngokuba yi-sonogram. Umfanekiso unokuprintwa ukuze ujongwe kamva.

• Ukuskena i-PET (positron emission tomography scan) Inkqubo yokufumana iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi emzimbeni. Inani elincinci leswekile ene-radioactive (iswekile) itofelwe emthanjeni. Iskena se-PET sijikeleza ujikeleze umzimba kwaye senze umfanekiso wendawo esetyenziswa kuyo iswekile emzimbeni. Iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi zibonakala ziqaqambile emfanekisweni kuba ziyasebenza kwaye zithatha iswekile eninzi kuneseli eziqhelekileyo.

Ukuskena i-Positron emission tomography (PET). Umntwana ulele phezu kwetafile etyibilika kwisikena sePET. Ukuphumla kwentloko kunye nomtya omhlophe kunceda umntwana ukuba alale. Inani elincinci leswekile ene-radioactive (iswekile) itofwe emthanjeni womntwana, kwaye iskena senza umfanekiso apho iswekile isetyenziswa khona emzimbeni. Iiseli zomhlaza zibonakala ziqaqambile emfanekisweni kuba zithatha iswekile eninzi kuneseli eziqhelekileyo.

• Izifundo ze-chemistry yegazi: Inkqubo apho kuvavanywa khona isampulu yegazi ukulinganisa izixa zezinto ezithile ezikhutshelwe egazini ngamalungu kunye nezicubu zomzimba. Inani elingaqhelekanga (eliphezulu okanye elisezantsi kunesiqhelo) lwento elinokuba ngumqondiso wesifo.

• I-x-ray yesifuba: IX-reyi yamalungu namathambo ngaphakathi kwesifuba. IX-reyi luhlobo lwe-beam yamandla enokuhamba emzimbeni nakwifilimu, yenza umfanekiso weendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• Biopsy: Ukususwa kweeseli okanye izicwili ukuze zijongwe ngemicroscope ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukujonga imiqondiso yomhlaza.

Amanqanaba oMhlaza webele waBantwana

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Akukho nkqubo yokubeka kwinqanaba lomhlaza webele wabantwana.

• Zintathu iindlela zomhlaza osasazeka emzimbeni.

• Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Akukho nkqubo yokubeka kwinqanaba lomhlaza webele wabantwana.

Inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba umhlaza usasazekile ukusuka ebeleni uye kwiindawo ezikufuphi okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba kuthiwa yi-staging. Akukho nkqubo ikumgangatho wokubeka umhlaza wamabele ebuntwaneni. Iziphumo zovavanyo kunye neenkqubo ezenziweyo zokufumanisa umhlaza wamabele zisetyenziselwa ukunceda ekuthatheni izigqibo ngonyango.

Zintathu iindlela zomhlaza osasazeka emzimbeni.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ngezicubu, inkqubo ye-lymph, kunye negazi:

• Izicubu. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokukhula waya kwiindawo ezikufuphi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo ye-lymph ukuya kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena egazini. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo yegazi uye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Xa umhlaza usasazeka kwelinye ilungu lomzimba, ubizwa ngokuba yi-metastasis. Iiseli zomhlaza ziyaphuma apho ziqale khona (ithumba lokuqala) kwaye zihamba ngenkqubo ye-lymph okanye igazi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza ungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph, uhamba kwiinqanawa ze-lymph, kwaye wenze i-tumor (i-metastatic tumor) kwenye indawo yomzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza ungena egazini, uhambe kwimithambo yegazi, kwaye wenze ithumba (metastatic tumor) kwelinye ilungu lomzimba.

I-tumor ye-metastatic yinto efanayo yomhlaza njenge-tumor yokuqala. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaza wamabele usasazeka uye emathanjeni, iiseli zomhlaza ezisethanjeni ziiseli zomhlaza wamabele. Esi sifo ngumhlaza webele we-metastatic, hayi umhlaza wethambo.

Umhlaza webele ophindaphindiweyo

Umhlaza wamabele ophindaphindiweyo ngumhlaza oye waphinda (wabuya) emva kokuba unyangiwe. Umhlaza ungabuya ebeleni okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Unyango ngoKhetho lonyango

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo abanomhlaza wamabele.

• Abantwana kunye nolutsha olunomhlaza wamabele kufuneka ukuba unyango lwabo lucwangciswe liqela loogqirha abaziingcali kunyango lomhlaza wabantwana.

• Zimbini iintlobo zonyango olusemgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa izilonda zamabele ezinobungozi:

• Ukulinda ulindile

• Ugqirha

• Iindidi ezimbini zonyango olusetyenziswayo zisetyenziselwa umhlaza wamabele:

• Ugqirha

• Unyango ngemitha

• Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Unyango ekujoliswe kulo

• Unyango lomhlaza webele wabantwana lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

• Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

• Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo abanomhlaza wamabele.

Olunye unyango lusemgangathweni (unyango olusetyenziswayo ngoku), kwaye olunye luvavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango luphononongo olwenzelwe ukunceda ukuphucula unyango lwangoku okanye ukufumana ulwazi kunyango olutsha kwizigulana ezinomhlaza. Xa uvavanyo lwezonyango lubonisa ukuba unyango olutsha lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo, unyango olutsha kunokuba lunyango olusemgangathweni.

Kuba umhlaza ebantwaneni unqabile, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango luvuleleke kuphela kwizigulana ezingaluqalanga unyango.

Abantwana kunye nolutsha olunomhlaza wamabele kufuneka ukuba unyango lwabo lucwangciswe liqela loogqirha abaziingcali kunyango lomhlaza wabantwana.

Unyango luya kujongwa yi-oncologist yabantwana, ugqirha ogxile ekunyangeni abantwana abanomhlaza. I-oncologist yabantwana isebenza nabanye abaqeqeshi bezempilo yabantwana abaziingcali ekunyangeni abantwana abanomhlaza kwaye abagxile kwiindawo ezithile zamayeza. Oku kunokubandakanya ezi ngcali zilandelayo kunye nabanye:

• Ugqirha wabantwana.

• Ugqirha wabantwana.

• Imitha ye-oncologist.

• Ugqirha wezifo.

• Ingcali yomongikazi wabantwana.

• Unontlalontle.

• Ingcali yokuvuselela.

• Ingcali yeengqondo.

• Ingcali kubomi bomntwana.

Zimbini iintlobo zonyango olusemgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa izilonda zamabele ezinobungozi:

Ukulinda ulindile

Ukuhlala ulindile kubeka esweni imeko yesigulana ngaphandle kokunikezela ngonyango de kuvele iimpawu okanye utshintsho. Izilonda zesifuba seBenign zinganyamalala ngaphandle konyango.

Ugqirha

Utyando lwenziwa ukususa ithumba, kodwa hayi ibele lonke.

Iindidi ezimbini zonyango olusetyenziswayo zisetyenziselwa umhlaza wamabele:

Ugqirha

Utyando lwenziwa ukususa umhlaza, kodwa hayi ibele lonke.

Unyango ngemitha

Unyango ngemitha lunyango olusebenzisa amandla e-x-reyi okanye ezinye iintlobo zemitha yokubulala iiseli zomhlaza okanye ukuzigcina zikhula. Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha lusebenzisa umatshini ngaphandle komzimba ukuthumela imitha kumhlaza.

Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Eli candelo lesishwankathelo lichaza unyango olufundwayo kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Isenokungakhankanyi lonke unyango olutsha olufundwayo. Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeNCI.

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo luhlobo lonyango olusebenzisa iziyobisi okanye ezinye izinto ukuhlasela iiseli zomhlaza. Unyango ekujoliswe kulo lubangela ukwenzakala okuncinci kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo kunonyango lwechemotherapy okanye unyango ngemitha.

Unyango ekujoliswe kulo lisafundelwa unyango lomhlaza webele wabantwana ophindaphindiweyo (ubuyile).

Unyango lomhlaza webele wabantwana lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ngolwazi malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziqala ngexesha lonyango lomhlaza, jonga iphepha lethu Iziphumo ezingalunganga.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kunyango lomhlaza eziqala emva konyango kwaye ziqhubeke iinyanga okanye iminyaka zibizwa ngokuba ziziphumo ezifike kade. Iziphumo zokunyanga komhlaza zingabandakanya:

• Iingxaki zomzimba.

• Utshintsho kwiimvakalelo, iimvakalelo, ukucinga, ukufunda, okanye inkumbulo.

• Umhlaza wesibini (iintlobo ezintsha zomhlaza) okanye ezinye iimeko.

Ezinye iziphumo ezinokufika emva kwexesha zinokunyangwa okanye zilawulwe. Kubalulekile ukuba uthethe noogqirha bomntwana wakho malunga neziphumo ezinokubakho emva kwexesha ezibangelwa lunyango oluthile. Jonga isishwankathelo se- malunga neZiphumo eziMva zaNyango zoMhlaza woMntwana ngolwazi oluthe kratya.

Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Kwezinye izigulana, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi kunokuba lolona khetho lonyango lufanelekileyo. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyinxalenye yenkqubo yophando ngomhlaza. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba unyango lomhlaza olutsha lukhuselekile kwaye luyasebenza okanye lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo.

Uninzi lonyango oluqhelekileyo lwanamhlanje lomhlaza lusekwe kuvavanyo lweklinikhi lwangaphambili. Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zingafumana unyango olusemgangathweni okanye zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukufumana unyango olutsha.

Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zikwanceda ukuphucula indlela umhlaza oza kunyangwa ngayo kwixa elizayo. Nokuba uvavanyo lwezonyango alukhokeleli kunyango olusebenzayo, bahlala bephendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo kwaye bancedisa ukuqhubela phambili uphando.

Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango lubandakanya kuphela izigulana ezingekafumani unyango. Olunye uvavanyo lokuvavanywa kunyango kwizigulana ezinomhlaza ongakhange ubengcono. Kukwakho nezilingo zeklinikhi ezivavanya iindlela ezintsha zokumisa umhlaza ekubuyeleni (ekubuyeni) okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango lomhlaza.

Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe. Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi oluxhaswe yi-NCI lunokufumaneka kwiphepha lewebhu le-NCI. Uvavanyo lwezonyango oluxhaswa yiminye imibutho lunokufumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ezenziweyo ukufumanisa umhlaza okanye ukufumanisa inqanaba lomhlaza zinokuphindwa. Olunye uvavanyo luya kuphindwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba lusebenza njani unyango. Izigqibo malunga nokuqhubeka, ukutshintsha, okanye ukuyeka unyango zinokusekwa kwiziphumo zolu vavanyo.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ziya kuqhubeka ukwenziwa amaxesha ngamaxesha emva kokuba unyango luphelile. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo zingabonisa ukuba imeko yomntwana wakho itshintshile okanye ukuba umhlaza ubuye wabuya (buyela). Olu vavanyo ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo olulandelayo okanye ukuhlolwa.

Unyango lweeBellign Breast Tumors

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loPhononongo lweNdlela yokuNyanga.

Unyango lwezihlunu zesifuba esibi ebantwaneni kunokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ukulinda ulindile. Ezi tumors zingaphela ngaphandle konyango.

• Utyando lokususa ithumba.

Unyango lweCancer yeBele yaBantwana

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loPhononongo lweNdlela yokuNyanga.

Unyango lomhlaza webele ebantwaneni unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Utyando lokususa ithumba, kodwa hayi ibele lonke. Unyango ngemitha lunokunikwa.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Unyango lweCancer yeBele yaBantwana eQhelekileyo

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lomhlaza webele ophindaphindiweyo ebantwaneni unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi olujonga isampulu yethumba lesigulana kutshintsho oluthile kwimfuza. Uhlobo lonyango ekujoliswe kulo oluya kunikwa isigulana luxhomekeke kuhlobo lotshintsho lwemfuza.

Jonga isishwankathelo se- soNyango lweCancer lweBele (lwaBadala) ngolwazi oluthe kratya kunyango lwabakwishumi elivisayo nakubantu abadala abancinci abanomhlaza wamabele.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga noMhlaza weSifuba seBele

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya kwiZiko loMhlaza weSizwe malunga nomhlaza webele, jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Umhlaza webele iphepha lasekhaya

• Iithagethi zoMhlaza ezijolise kuko

• Utshintsho lwe-BRCA: Umngcipheko woMhlaza kunye novavanyo lweMfuzo

• Uvavanyo lweMfuzo kwii-Syndromes eziSebenzayo zoMhlaza

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya lomhlaza wabantwana kunye nezinye izixhobo zomhlaza ngokubanzi, jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Malunga noMhlaza

• Umhlaza wabantwana

• Unyango lokuKhangela uMhlaza waBantwanaPhuma kwiNgcazelo yokuzihlangula

• Iziphumo zokugqibela zonyango lweCancer yoMntwana

• Abafikisayo kunye naBantu abaDala abaDala abanomhlaza

• Abantwana abanomhlaza: Isikhokelo sabazali

• Umhlaza kuBantwana nakwishumi elivisayo

• Ukuqokelela

• Ukujamelana noMhlaza

• Imibuzo yokubuza ugqirha wakho malunga neCancer

• Abasindileyo kunye nabaNonopheli