Types/anal/patient/anal-treatment-pdq

Unyango lweCancer Cancer (®) -Patient Version

Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga noMhlaza weSibeleko

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Umhlaza womhlaza sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicwili zendlela.

• Ukosulelwa yipapillomavirus yabantu (HPV) kwandisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wangasemva.

• Iimpawu zomhlaza ezimpundu zibandakanya ukopha kwi-anus okanye kwi-rectum okanye kwiqhuma elikufuphi.

• Uvavanyo oluvavanya i-rectum kunye ne-anus zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa (ukufumana) kunye nokufumanisa isifo somhlaza.

• Izinto ezithile zichaphazela ukuxela kwangaphambili (ithuba lokufumana kwakhona) kunye nokhetho lonyango.

Umhlaza womhlaza sisifo apho iiseli ezibi (zomhlaza) zeeseli zenzeka kwizicwili zendlela.

I-anus kukuphela kwethumbu elikhulu, ngaphantsi kwe-rectum, apho isitulo (inkunkuma eqinileyo) ishiya umzimba. I-anus yenziwa ngokuyinxalenye ukusuka kulusu lwangaphandle lomzimba kwaye ngokuyinxenye ukusuka emathunjini. Izihlunu ezibini ezifana neziringi, ezibizwa ngokuba yimisipha ye-sphincter, vula kwaye uvale ukuvulwa kwe-anal uyeke isitulo sidlule emzimbeni. Umsele wamanzi, oyinxalenye ye-anus phakathi kwe-rectum kunye nokuvulwa kwe-anal, malunga ne-intshi eziyi-1-1½ ubude.

Inkqubo yokwetyisa esezantsi, ebonisa ikholoni kunye namanye amalungu.

Ulusu olujikeleze umphandle we-anus lubizwa ngokuba yindawo yeperianal. Amathumba akule ndawo zizidumba zolusu, hayi umhlaza wangasemva.

Ukosulelwa yipapillomavirus yabantu (HPV) kwandisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wangasemva.

Imiba yomngcipheko ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ukosulelwa yipapillomavirus yabantu (HPV).

• Ukuba namaqabane amaninzi owabelana nawo ngesondo.

• Ukuba neentlobano zesini ezamkelekileyo (ngesondo ezimpundu).

• Ukuba mdala kuneminyaka engama-50.

• Rhoqo ububomvu bendunu, ukudumba, kunye nobukrakra.

• Ukuba nefistula yangasemva (ukuvuleka okungaqhelekanga).

• Ukutshaya imidiza.

Iimpawu zomhlaza ezimpundu zibandakanya ukopha kwi-anus okanye kwi-rectum okanye kwiqhuma elikufuphi.

Ezi kunye nezinye iimpawu kunye neempawu zinokubangelwa ngumhlaza wamva okanye ezinye iimeko. Jonga ugqirha wakho ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukopha kwi-anus okanye kwi-rectum.

• Ubuhlungu okanye uxinzelelo kwindawo ejikeleze i-anus.

• Ukurhawuzelelwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwi-anus.

• Isigaxa esikufutshane nomqala.

• Utshintsho kwimikhwa yamathumbu.

Uvavanyo oluvavanya i-rectum kunye ne-anus zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa (ukufumana) kunye nokufumanisa isifo somhlaza.

Ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo kunye neenkqubo zinokusetyenziswa:

• Uvavanyo lomzimba kunye nembali: Uvavanyo lomzimba ukukhangela iimpawu zempilo ngokubanzi, kubandakanya nokujonga iimpawu zesifo, ezinje ngamaqhuma okanye nayiphi na into ebonakala ingaqhelekanga. Imbali yemikhwa yempilo yesigulana kunye nezifo zangaphambili kunye nonyango ziya kuthathwa.

• Uviwo lwe-rectal rectal (DRE): Uvavanyo lwe-anus kunye ne-rectum. Ugqirha okanye umongikazi ufaka i-lubricated, iiglavu ngomnwe kwindawo esezantsi ye-rectum ukuva amaqhuma okanye nantoni na ebonakala ingaqhelekanga.

Uvavanyo lweedigital rectal (DRE). Ugqirha ufaka iigloves, igrisi egalelwe i-rectum kwaye uve i-rectum, i-anus, kunye neprostate (emadodeni) ukukhangela nantoni na engaqhelekanga.

• I-Anoscopy: Uvavanyo lwe-anus kunye ne-rectum esezantsi kusetyenziswa ityhubhu emfutshane, ekhanyisiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-anoscope.

• Iproctoscopy: Inkqubo yokujonga ngaphakathi kwi-rectum kunye ne-anus ukujonga iindawo ezingaqhelekanga, usebenzisa iproctoscope. Iproctoscope sisixhobo esibhityileyo, esifana netyhubhu esinesibane kunye neelensi zokujonga ngaphakathi kwe-rectum kunye ne-anus. Inokuba nesixhobo sokususa iisampulu zethishu, ezijongwa phantsi kwemicroscope kwimpawu zomhlaza.

• I-Endo-anal okanye i-endorectal ultrasound: Inkqubo apho kufakwa khona i-ultrasound transducer (iprobe) kwi-anus okanye kwi-rectum kwaye isetyenziselwa ukubethelela amaza esandi aphezulu (i-ultrasound) kwizicubu zangaphakathi okanye kwizitho kunye nokwenza i-echoes. Iingqungquthela zenza umfanekiso wezicubu zomzimba ezibizwa ngokuba yi-sonogram.

• Biopsy: Ukususwa kweeseli okanye izicwili ukuze zijongwe ngemicroscope ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukujonga imiqondiso yomhlaza. Ukuba indawo engaqhelekanga ibonakala ngexesha le-anoscopy, i-biopsy ingenziwa ngelo xesha.

Izinto ezithile zichaphazela ukuxela kwangaphambili (ithuba lokufumana kwakhona) kunye nokhetho lonyango.

Ukuxela kwangaphambili (ithuba lokuchacha) kuxhomekeke koku kulandelayo:

• Ubungakanani bethumba.

• Apho ithumba likumngxuma khona.

• Nokuba umhlaza unwenwele kwii-lymph node.

Ukhetho lonyango luxhomekeke koku kulandelayo:

• Inqanaba lomhlaza.

• Apho ithumba likumngxuma khona.

• Nokuba ngaba isigulana sinentsholongwane kaGawulayo (i-HIV).

• Nokuba umhlaza uhlala emva konyango lokuqala okanye ubuyile kwakhona.

Amanqanaba oMhlaza woMhlaza

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Emva kokuba kufunyenwe isifo somhlaza wangasemva, kuvavanyo kuyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zisasazekile ngaphakathi kwe-anus okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Zintathu iindlela umhlaza onwenwa ngayo emzimbeni.

• Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• La manqanaba alandelayo asetyenziselwa umhlaza wangasemva:

• Inqanaba 0

• Inqanaba I

• Inqanaba II

• Inqanaba III

• Inqanaba IV

Emva kokuba kufunyenwe isifo somhlaza wangasemva, kuvavanyo kuyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zisasazekile ngaphakathi kwe-anus okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba umhlaza usasazekile ngaphakathi kwe-anus okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba kuthiwa yi-staging. Ulwazi oluqokelelwe kwinkqubo yokubeka inqanaba lesifo. Kubalulekile ukwazi inqanaba ukuze ucwangcise unyango. Ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo zinokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokubeka esiteji:

• Ukuskena i-CT (ukuskena i-CAT): Inkqubo eyenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zeendawo ezingaphakathi emzimbeni, ezinje ngesisu okanye isifuba, esithathwe kwiimbombo ezahlukeneyo. Imifanekiso yenziwe yikhompyuter edityaniswe kumatshini we-x-ray. Idayi inokufakwa ngaphakathi emthanjeni okanye iginywe ukunceda amalungu okanye izicwili zibonise ngokucacileyo. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-computed tomography, ikhompyuter ye-tomography, okanye ikhompyuter ye-axial tomography. Ngomhlaza womhlaza, uvavanyo lwe-CT lwesisu kunye nesisu sinokwenziwa.

• I-x-ray yesifuba: IX-reyi yamalungu namathambo ngaphakathi kwesifuba. IX-reyi luhlobo lwe-beam yamandla enokuhamba emzimbeni nakwifilimu, yenza umfanekiso weendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba.

• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): Inkqubo esebenzisa umazibuthe, amaza erediyo kunye nekhompyuter ukwenza uthotho lwemifanekiso eneenkcukacha zeendawo ezingaphakathi komzimba. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yimifanekiso yenyukliya yokujonga umfanekiso (i-NMRI).

• Ukuskena i-PET (positron emission tomography scan) Inkqubo yokufumana iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi emzimbeni. Inani elincinci leswekile ene-radioactive (iswekile) itofelwe emthanjeni. Iskena se-PET sijikeleza ujikeleze umzimba kwaye senze umfanekiso wendawo esetyenziswa kuyo iswekile emzimbeni. Iiseli zethumba ezinobungozi zibonakala ziqaqambile emfanekisweni kuba ziyasebenza kwaye zithatha iswekile eninzi kuneseli eziqhelekileyo.

• Uvavanyo lwePelvic: Uvavanyo lwelungu lobufazi, umlomo wesibeleko, isibeleko, iityhubhu zesibeleko, ii-ovari, kunye neethanga. I-speculum ifakwe kwilungu lobufazi kwaye ugqirha okanye umongikazi ujonga kwilungu lobufazi kunye nomlomo wesibeleko ngeempawu zesifo. Uvavanyo lomlomo womlomo wesibeleko luqhele ukwenziwa. Ugqirha okanye umongikazi ukwengeza into enye okanye emibini ethanjisiweyo, iminwe egotyiweyo yesandla esinye kwilungu lobufazi aze abeke esinye isandla phezu kwesisu esisezantsi ukuva ubungakanani, imilo, kunye nokuma kwesibeleko kunye namaqanda. Ugqirha okanye umongikazi ukwangenisa umnwe othanjisiweyo, ofakwe iglavu kwi-rectum ukuze uve amaqhuma okanye iindawo ezingaqhelekanga.

Uvavanyo lwePelvic. Ugqirha okanye umongikazi ufaka i-lubricated, iiglavu zeminwe yesandla esinye kwilungu lobufazi kwaye ucinezela emazantsi esisu ngesinye isandla. Oku kwenzelwa ukuziva ubungakanani, imilo, kunye nokuma kwesibeleko kunye namaqanda. Ilungu lobufazi, umlomo wesibeleko, imibhobho yesibeleko, kunye nomqolo nawo ayajongwa.

Zintathu iindlela umhlaza onwenwa ngayo emzimbeni.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ngezicubu, inkqubo ye-lymph, kunye negazi:

• Izicubu. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokukhula waya kwiindawo ezikufuphi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo ye-lymph ukuya kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza usasazeka ukusuka apho waqala ngokungena egazini. Umhlaza uhamba ngemithambo yegazi uye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Umhlaza unokusasazeka ukusuka apho waqala khona kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Xa umhlaza usasazeka kwelinye ilungu lomzimba, ubizwa ngokuba yi-metastasis. Iiseli zomhlaza ziyaphuma apho ziqale khona (ithumba lokuqala) kwaye zihamba ngenkqubo ye-lymph okanye igazi.

• Inkqubo yeLymph. Umhlaza ungena kwinkqubo ye-lymph, uhamba kwiinqanawa ze-lymph, kwaye wenze i-tumor (i-metastatic tumor) kwenye indawo yomzimba.

• Igazi. Umhlaza ungena egazini, uhambe kwimithambo yegazi, kwaye wenze ithumba (metastatic tumor) kwelinye ilungu lomzimba.

I-tumor ye-metastatic yinto efanayo yomhlaza njenge-tumor yokuqala. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaza wangasemva usasazeka emiphungeni, iiseli zomhlaza emiphungeni ziyiseli zomhlaza wangasemva. Esi sifo ngumhlaza we-metastatic cancer, hayi umhlaza wemiphunga.

La manqanaba alandelayo asetyenziselwa umhlaza wangasemva:

Inqanaba 0

Kwinqanaba le-0, iiseli ezingaqhelekanga zifumaneka kwi-mucosa (ungaphakathi ngaphakathi) we-anus. Ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zinokuba ngumhlaza kwaye zisasazeke kwizicubu eziqhelekileyo ezikufutshane. Isigaba 0 sikwabizwa ngokuba kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).

Ubungakanani beethumba zihlala zilinganiswa ngeesentimitha (cm) okanye ii-intshi. Ukutya okuqhelekileyo okunokusetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubungakanani bethumba nge-cm kubandakanya: ipea (1 cm), ipeanut (2 cm), umdiliya (3 cm), i-walnut (4 cm), ikalika (5 cm okanye 2) I-intshi), iqanda (i-6 cm), ipesika (i-7 cm), kunye ne-grapefruit (i-10 cm okanye ii-intshi ezine).

Inqanaba I

Kwinqanaba I, umhlaza wenziwe kwaye ithumba liziisentimitha ezi-2 okanye zincinci.

Inqanaba II

Isigaba II somhlaza wangasemva wahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba IIA kunye ne-IIB.

• Kwinqanaba IIA, ithumba likhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-2 kodwa alikho likhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-5.

• Kwinqanaba le-IIB, ithumba likhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-5.

Inqanaba III

Isigaba III somhlaza wangasemva wahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba IIIA, IIIB, kunye IIIC.

• Kwinqanaba le-IIIA, ithumba liziisentimitha ezi-5 okanye lincinci kwaye lisasazeke kwii-lymph node kufutshane ne-anus okanye groin.

• Kwinqanaba le-IIIB, ithumba nabuphi na ubungakanani kwaye buye lwasasazeka nakwizitho ezikufuphi, ezinjengobufazi, urethra, okanye isinyi. Umhlaza awusasazekanga kwii-lymph node.

• Kwinqanaba IIIC, ithumba nabuphi na ubungakanani kwaye inokuba isasazeke nakwizitho ezikufuphi. Umhlaza usasazeke kwii-lymph node kufutshane ne-anus okanye groin.

Inqanaba IV

Kwinqanaba IV, ithumba nabuphi na ubungakanani. Umhlaza usenokusasazeka kwii-lymph node okanye kwizitho ezikufuphi kwaye uye wanwenwela nakwezinye iindawo zomzimba, ezinjengesibindi okanye imiphunga.

Umhlaza woMhlaza ophindaphindiweyo

Umhlaza ophuma rhoqo ngumhlaza ophindaphindiweyo (ubuye) emva kokuba unyangiwe. Umhlaza ungabuyela kwi-anus okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Unyango ngoKhetho lonyango

IINGONGOMA EZIPHAMBILI

• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kwizigulana ezinomhlaza wangasemva.

• Zintathu iintlobo zonyango olusetyenziswayo:

• Unyango ngemitha

• Unyango ngamayeza

• Ugqirha

• Ukuba nentsholongwane yokungasebenzi komzimba kunokuchaphazela unyango lomhlaza wangasemva.

• Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Radiosensitizers

• Unyango lomhlaza wangasemva lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

• Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

• Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

• Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kwizigulana ezinomhlaza wangasemva.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zonyango ziyafumaneka kwizigulana ezinomhlaza wangasemva. Olunye unyango lusemgangathweni (unyango olusetyenziswayo ngoku), kwaye olunye luvavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango luphononongo olwenzelwe ukunceda ukuphucula unyango lwangoku okanye ukufumana ulwazi kunyango olutsha kwizigulana ezinomhlaza. Xa uvavanyo lwezonyango lubonisa ukuba unyango olutsha lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo, unyango olutsha kunokuba lunyango olusemgangathweni. Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango luvuleleke kuphela kwizigulana ezingaluqalanga unyango.

Zintathu iintlobo zonyango olusetyenziswayo:

Unyango ngemitha

Unyango ngemitha lunyango olusebenzisa amandla e-x-reyi okanye ezinye iintlobo zemitha yokubulala iiseli zomhlaza okanye ukuzigcina zikhula. Zimbini iintlobo zonyango lwe-radiation:

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha lusebenzisa umatshini ngaphandle komzimba ukuthumela imitha kumhlaza.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha lusebenzisa into enemitha ye-radio etywinwe kwiinaliti, iimbewu, iingcingo, okanye iicatheters ezibekwe ngqo okanye kufutshane nomhlaza.

Indlela unyango lwe-radiation olunikezelwa ngayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza ophathwayo. Unyango lwangaphandle kunye nolwangaphakathi lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza wangasemva.

Unyango ngamayeza

I-Chemotherapy yonyango lomhlaza olusebenzisa iziyobisi ukunqanda ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza, nokuba kungokubulala iiseli okanye kukumisa iiseli zahlule. Xa i-chemotherapy ithathwa ngomlomo okanye ifakwe kwi-vein okanye kwimisipha, amachiza angena kwigazi kwaye anokufikelela kwiiseli zomhlaza kuwo wonke umzimba (systemic chemotherapy). Xa i-chemotherapy ibekwa ngqo kwi-cerebrospinal fluid, ilungu, okanye indawo yomzimba efana nesisu, iziyobisi zichaphazela kakhulu iiseli zomhlaza kwezo ndawo (chemotherapy yengingqi). Indlela i-chemotherapy enikezelwa ngayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza ophathwayo.

Ugqirha

• Ukuthengiswa kwakhona kwendawo: Inkqubo yokuhlinzwa apho i-tumor inqunywe kwi-anus kunye nezinye izicubu eziphilileyo. Ukuthengiswa kwendawo kwakhona kunokusetyenziswa ukuba umhlaza umncinci kwaye awusasazekanga. Le nkqubo inokugcina izihlunu ze-sphincter ukuze isiguli sikwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kwamathumbu. Izidumba ezakha indawo esezantsi kwi-anus zihlala zisuswa ngokuthengiswa kwendawo.

• Isisombululo se-Abdominoperineal resection: Inkqubo yoqhaqho apho i-anus, i-rectum, kunye nenxalenye ye-sigmoid colon isuswe ngokusikwa kwisisu. Ugqirha uthunga ukuphela kwethumbu kwindawo evulekileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stoma, eyenziwe kumphezulu wesisu ukuze inkunkuma yomzimba iqokelelwe kwingxowa enokulahlwa ngaphandle komzimba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yicolostomy. Iimpawu ze-lymph ezinomdlavuza nazo zingasuswa ngexesha lo msebenzi.

Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwekholoni kunye necolostomy. Inxalenye yekolon equkethe umhlaza kunye nezicubu ezikufutshane ezisempilweni ziyasuswa, i-stoma iyenziwa, kunye nengxowa ye-colostomy iqhotyoshelwe kwi-stoma.

Ukuba nentsholongwane yokungasebenzi komzimba kunokuchaphazela unyango lomhlaza wangasemva.

Unyango lomhlaza lunokuphinda lonakalise amajoni omzimba asele ebuthathaka kwizigulana ezinentsholongwane kaGawulayo (i-HIV). Ngesi sizathu, izigulana ezinomhlaza wamva kunye ne-HIV zihlala ziphathwa ngamayeza asezantsi amachiza e-anticancer kunye ne-radiation kunezigulana ezingenayo i-HIV.

Iindidi ezintsha zonyango ziyavavanywa kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Eli candelo lesishwankathelo lichaza unyango olufundwayo kuvavanyo lweklinikhi. Isenokungakhankanyi lonke unyango olutsha olufundwayo. Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeNCI.

Radiosensitizers

IiRadiosensitizers ngamachiza enza ukuba iiseli zethumba zibuthathaka ngakumbi kunyango lwemitha. Ukudibanisa unyango lwemitha kunye neeradiosensitizers kunokubulala iiseli ezininzi zethumba.

Unyango lomhlaza wangasemva lunokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ngolwazi malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibangelwa lunyango lomhlaza, jonga iphepha lethu Iziphumo ezingalunganga.

Izigulana zinokufuna ukucinga ngokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Kwezinye izigulana, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi kunokuba lolona khetho lonyango lufanelekileyo. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyinxalenye yenkqubo yophando ngomhlaza. Uvavanyo lwezonyango luyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba unyango lomhlaza olutsha lukhuselekile kwaye luyasebenza okanye lungcono kunonyango oluqhelekileyo.

Uninzi lonyango oluqhelekileyo lwanamhlanje lomhlaza lusekwe kuvavanyo lweklinikhi lwangaphambili. Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zingafumana unyango olusemgangathweni okanye zibe phakathi kwabokuqala ukufumana unyango olutsha.

Izigulana ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lweklinikhi zikwanceda ukuphucula indlela umhlaza oza kunyangwa ngayo kwixa elizayo. Nokuba uvavanyo lwezonyango alukhokeleli kunyango olusebenzayo, bahlala bephendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo kwaye bancedisa ukuqhubela phambili uphando.

Izigulana zinokungena kuvavanyo lweklinikhi ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kokuqala unyango lomhlaza.

Olunye uvavanyo lwezonyango lubandakanya kuphela izigulana ezingekafumani unyango. Olunye uvavanyo lokuvavanywa kunyango kwizigulana ezinomhlaza ongakhange ubengcono. Kukwakho nezilingo zeklinikhi ezivavanya iindlela ezintsha zokumisa umhlaza ekubuyeleni (ekubuyeni) okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango lomhlaza.

Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zelizwe. Ulwazi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi oluxhaswe yi-NCI lunokufumaneka kwiphepha lewebhu le-NCI. Uvavanyo lwezonyango oluxhaswa yiminye imibutho lunokufumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeClinicalTrials.gov.

Iimvavanyo zokulandelela zisenokufuneka.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ezenziweyo ukufumanisa umhlaza okanye ukufumanisa inqanaba lomhlaza zinokuphindwa. Olunye uvavanyo luya kuphindwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba lusebenza njani unyango. Izigqibo malunga nokuqhubeka, ukutshintsha, okanye ukuyeka unyango zinokusekwa kwiziphumo zolu vavanyo.

Ezinye zeemvavanyo ziya kuqhubeka ukwenziwa amaxesha ngamaxesha emva kokuba unyango luphelile. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo zingabonisa ukuba imeko yakho itshintshile okanye ukuba umhlaza ubuyile (buyela). Olu vavanyo ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo olulandelayo okanye ukuhlolwa.

Ukhetho lonyango ngeSigaba

Kweli Candelo

• Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

• Inqanaba I Umhlaza woMhlaza

• Inqanaba II Umhlaza woMhlaza

• Isigaba IIIA soMhlaza

• Inqanaba IIIB Umhlaza wohlalutyo

• Inqanaba IV Umhlaza woMhlaza

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Inqanaba 0 (iCarcinoma kwiSitu)

Unyango lwenqanaba 0 ihlala ithengiswa kwakhona.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Inqanaba I Umhlaza woMhlaza

Unyango lwenqanaba lomhlaza wangasemva ungabandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ukuthengiswa kwakhona kwendawo.

• Unyango lwe-radiation lwangaphandle kunye okanye ngaphandle kwonyango. Ukuba umhlaza uhlala emva konyango, unyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha lunokunikwa ukunqanda imfuno ye-colostomy esisigxina.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha.

• I-resection ye-Abdominoperineal resection, ukuba umhlaza uhlala okanye ubuye emva konyango kunyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha yomhlaza oluhlala emva konyango kunyango lwe-radiation engaphandle.

Izigulana ezinonyango olugcina izihlunu ze-sphincter zinokufumana iimviwo zokulandelela rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-3 kwiminyaka emi-2 yokuqala, kubandakanya iimviwo ezihamba nge-endoscopy kunye ne-biopsy, njengoko kufuneka.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Inqanaba II Umhlaza woMhlaza

Unyango lwesigaba sesibini somhlaza wangasemva unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ukuthengiswa kwakhona kwendawo.

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha ngemichiza. Ukuba umhlaza uhlala emva konyango, unyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha lunokunikwa ukunqanda imfuno ye-colostomy esisigxina.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha.

• I-resection ye-Abdominoperineal resection, ukuba umhlaza uhlala okanye ubuye emva konyango kunyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lweendlela ezintsha zonyango.

Izigulana ezinonyango olugcina izihlunu ze-sphincter zinokufumana iimviwo zokulandelela rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-3 kwiminyaka emi-2 yokuqala, kubandakanya iimviwo ezihamba nge-endoscopy kunye ne-biopsy, njengoko kufuneka.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Isigaba IIIA soMhlaza

Unyango lweNqanaba IIIA lomhlaza wangasemva unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha ngemichiza. Ukuba umhlaza uhlala emva konyango, unyango lwe-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha lunokunikwa ukunqanda imfuno ye-colostomy esisigxina.

• Unyango lwangaphakathi lwemitha.

• I-resection ye-Abdominoperineal resection, ukuba umhlaza uhlala okanye ubuye emva konyango nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lweendlela ezintsha zonyango.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Inqanaba lesibini le-IIIB yoNyango loMhlaza oNyangayo kwinqanaba lesibini lomhlaza wamanqanaba unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

Unyango lwangaphandle lwemitha ngemichiza. Ukuthengiswa kwakhona kwasekhaya okanye isisu sokuhlinzwa kwesisu, ukuba umhlaza uhlala okanye ubuye emva konyango nge-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha. Iimpawu ze-lymph nazo zingasuswa. Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lweendlela ezintsha zonyango. Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Inqanaba IV Umhlaza woMhlaza

Unyango lwe-IV yomhlaza womhlaza ungabandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Ugqirha njengonyango lokunyanga ukukhupha iimpawu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi.

• Unyango ngemitha njengonyango lokuthomalalisa.

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation njengonyango lokunyanga.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi lweendlela ezintsha zonyango.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Ukhetho kunyango loMhlaza oHlaziyiweyo

Ngolwazi malunga nonyango oludweliswe ngezantsi, jonga kwiCandelo loKhetho ngokujonga uKhetho.

Unyango lomhlaza ophindaphindiweyo womhlaza unokubandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy, yokuphindaphinda emva kotyando.

• Ugqirha, lokuphindaphinda emva konyango lwemitha kunye / okanye ikhemotherapy.

• Uvavanyo lweklinikhi yonyango ngemitha kunye ne-chemotherapy kunye / okanye ii-radiosensitizers.

Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwethu lweklinikhi ukufumana ulingo lweklinikhi oluxhaswayo lwekliniki olwamkela izigulana. Unokukhangela izilingo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lomhlaza, ubudala besigulana, kwaye nokuba zenziwa phi izilingo. Ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga novavanyo lweklinikhi luyafumaneka.

Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga noMhlaza woMhlaza

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya kwiZiko leSizwe loMhlaza malunga nomhlaza wangasemva, bona oku kulandelayo:

• Iphepha Lasekhaya Lomhlaza

• Icuba (kubandakanya uncedo ngokuyeka)

• Iintsholongwane zePapilloma kunye neCancer

Ngolwazi lomhlaza ngokubanzi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezivela kwiNational Cancer Institute, jonga oku kulandelayo:

• Malunga noMhlaza

• Ukuqokelela

• I-Chemotherapy kunye nawe: Inkxaso yabantu abanomdlavuza

• Unyango ngemitha kunye nawe: Inkxaso yabantu abanomhlaza

• Ukujamelana noMhlaza

• Imibuzo yokubuza ugqirha wakho malunga neCancer

• Abasindileyo kunye nabaNonopheli