Mhando / hudiki-kanzira / murwere / asina kujairika-kanzira-hudiki-pdq

Asingazivikanwe Kenza dzeVana Kurapa (?)

General Ruzivo Nezve Unusual Cancers yeUdiki

PFUNGWA DZINOKOSHA

• Makondani asina kujairika ehudiki makenza anowanzoonekwa muvana.

• Bvunzo dzinoshandiswa kuona (tsvaga), kuongorora, uye danho risina kujairika gomarara rehudiki.

• Pane nzira nhatu dzinopararira negomarara mumuviri.

• Gomarara rinogona kutapukira kubva kwarakatanga kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Makondani asina kujairika ehudiki makenza anowanzoonekwa muvana.

Kenza muvana nevechiri kuyaruka ishoma. Kubva 1975, huwandu hwezviitiko zvitsva zvekenza yehucheche hwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubva 1975, huwandu hwevakafa kubva pagomarara revacheche hwadzikira neinopfuura hafu.

Kenza dzisina kujairika dzinokurukurwa muchidimbu ichi hadziwanzoitika zvekuti zvipatara zvevana zvakawanda zvinogona kunge zvichiona mashoma pane mamwe marudzi mumakore akati wandei. Nekuti kenza dzisina kujairika hazviwanzoitika, hapana ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pekuti kurapwa kunoshanda zvakanyanya. Kurapa kwemwana kunowanzoenderana nezvakadzidziswa kubva pakurapa vamwe vana. Dzimwe nguva, ruzivo runowanikwa chete kubva kumishumo yekuongororwa, kurapwa, uye kuteedzerwa kwemwana mumwe kana boka diki revana vakapihwa mhando imwechete yekurapwa.

Makenza mazhinji akasiyana akafukidzwa muchidimbu ichi. Dzakarongedzwa nekwavanowanikwa mumuviri.

Bvunzo dzinoshandiswa kuona (tsvaga), kuongorora, uye danho risina kujairika gomarara rehudiki.

Miedzo inoitwa kuti uone, kuongorora, uye gomarara rekwere. Iyo bvunzo inoshandiswa inoenderana nerudzi rwecancer. Mushure mekunge cancer yaonekwa, kuongororwa kunoitwa kuti uone kana gomarara maseru rapararira kubva kwakatangira gomarara kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. Maitiro anoshandiswa kutsvaga kana gomarara maseru apararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri inonzi staging. Ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa kubva munzira yekugadzwa rinotara danho rechirwere. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive nhanho kuitira kuronga kwakanyanya kurapwa.

Iyi inotevera bvunzo uye maitiro anogona kushandiswa kuona, kuongorora, uye danho gomarara:

• Kuongorora kwemuviri uye nhoroondo yehutano: Kuongororwa kwemuviri kutarisa zviratidzo zvehutano, kusanganisira kuongorora zviratidzo zvehosha, zvakadai semapundu kana chero chinhu chinoratidzika sechisina kujairika. Nhoroondo yemaitiro ehutano hwemurwere uye kurwara kwakapfuura uye kurapwa kuchatorwawo.

• Ropa kemesitiri zvidzidzo: Maitiro umo muyedzo weropa unoongororwa kuyera huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa muropa nenhengo uye nyama munyama. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chakakwirira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) chiyero chechinhu chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chechirwere.

• X-ray: X-ray imhando yesimba remagetsi rinogona kupfuura nemuviri uye kupinda mufirimu.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Maitiro anoita akateedzana emifananidzo yakajeka yenzvimbo dziri mukati memuviri, inotorwa kubva kumakona akasiyana. Mifananidzo yacho inogadzirwa nekombuta yakabatana neiyo x-ray muchina. Iyi nzira inonziwo computed tomography, computerized tomography, kana komputa axial tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) scan yemudumbu. Mwana akarara patafura inotsvedza kuburikidza neCT scanner, iyo inotora mifananidzo ye x-ray yemukati medumbu.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Iyo nzira yekuwana yakaipa malonda maseru mumuviri. Chishoma che radioactive glucose (shuga) inoiswa mutsinga. Iyo PET scanner inotenderera yakatenderedza muviri uye inogadzira mufananidzo wepo glucose iri kushandiswa mumuviri. Malignant tumarara maseru anoratidza kupenya mumufananidzo nekuti anoshanda uye anotora glucose yakawanda kupfuura zvinoita maseru akajairwa.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Mwana akarara patafura inotsvedza nepena scanner yePET. Musoro zororo uye tambo chena zvinobatsira mwana kunyepa zvakanyarara. Chishoma che radioactive glucose (shuga) inoiswa mutsinga yemwana, uye scanner inogadzira mufananidzo wekuti glucose irikushandiswa sei mumuviri. Cancer maseru anoratidza kupenya mumufananidzo nekuti anotora yakawanda glucose kupfuura zvakajairwa maseru.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Maitiro anoshandisa magineti uye masaisai redhiyo kugadzira akateedzana emifananidzo yakajeka yenzvimbo dziri mukati memuviri. Mifananidzo yacho inogadzirwa nekombuta. Iyi nzira inonziwo nyukireya magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) yedumbu. Mwana akarara patafura inotsvedza ichipinda muMRI scanner, inotora mifananidzo yemukati memuviri. Iyo padhi padumbu remwana inobatsira kujekesa mifananidzo.

• Ultrasound bvunzo: Maitiro umo ma-high-energy ruzha mafungu (ultrasound) anodonhedzwa kubva mukati memukati nyama kana nhengo uye anoita maungira. Maungira anoumba mufananidzo wemuviri munyama unonzi sonogram. Mufananidzo wacho unogona kudhindwa kuti utariswe gare gare.

Abdominal ultrasound. Ultrasound transducer yakabatana nekombuta inosvinwa yakanangana neganda remudumbu. Iyo transducer inovhuvhuta masaisai ezwi kubva mukati memukati uye matishu kuti aite maungira anoita iyo sonogram (komputa mufananidzo).

• Endoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa nhengo uye zvinyama mukati memuviri kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Endoscope inoiswa kuburikidza nekacheka (kucheka) paganda kana kuvhura mumuviri, senge muromo kana rectum. Endoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa tishu kana lymph node sampuli, dzinoongororwa pasi pe microscope kuti dzive nezviratidzo zvehosha.

Kumusoro endoscopy. Chubhu tete, ine mwenje inoiswa kuburikidza nemuromo kutsvaga nzvimbo dzisina kujairika mudumbu, mudumbu, uye chikamu chekutanga chemukati mudumbu.

• Bone scan: Maitiro ekutarisa kana paine nekukurumidza kupatsanura masero, senge kenza maseru, mupfupa. Chinhu chidiki kwazvo che radioactive chakabayiwa mutsinga uye chinofamba neropa. Iyo radioactive zvinhu inounganidza mumapfupa nekenza uye inoonekwa ne scanner.

Bone scan. Chinhu chidiki che radioactive chakabayiwa mutsinga yemwana uye chinofamba kuburikidza neropa. Iyo radioactive zvinhu inounganidza mumapfupa. Sezvo mwana akarara patafura inotsvedza pasi pe scanner, izvo zvine radioactive zvinoonekwa uye mifananidzo inogadzirwa pakombuta.

• Biopsy: Kubviswa kwemasero kana zvinyama kuitira kuti vagone kutariswa pasi pe microscope nachiremba wekutarisa zviratidzo zvecancer. Kune akawanda marudzi akasiyana ebiopsy maitiro. Mhando dzakajairika dzinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Fine-sindano aspiration (FNA) biopsy: Kubviswa kwetissue kana fluid kushandisa tsono yakatetepa.

• Core biopsy: Kubviswa kwetishu uchishandisa tsono yakafara.

• Incisional biopsy: Kubviswa kwechikamu chebundu kana sampuro yetishu isingaite kunge yakajairika.

• Excisional biopsy: Kubviswa kwebundu rese kana nzvimbo yetishu isingatarise seyakajairika.

Pane nzira nhatu dzinopararira negomarara mumuviri.

Kenza inogona kupararira kuburikidza nematinji, iyo lymph system, uye neropa:

• Tishu. Kenza inopararira kubva kwayakatanga nekukura ichipinda munzvimbo dziri pedyo.

• Lymph maitiro. Kenza inopararira kubva kwayakatanga nekupinda muiyo lymph system. Kenza inofamba nemumidziyo yema lymph ichienda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

• Ropa. Kenza inopararira kubva payakatanga nekupinda muropa. Kenza inofamba nemidzi yeropa ichienda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Gomarara rinogona kutapukira kubva kwarakatanga kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Kana kenza ikapararira kune chimwe chikamu chemuviri, inonzi metastasis. Cancer maseru anotsemuka kubva kwaakatanga (iro bundu rekutanga) uye achifamba kuburikidza neye lymph system kana ropa.

• Lymph maitiro. Gomarara rinopinda mu "lymph system", rinofamba nemumidziyo ye "lymph", uye rinogadzira bundu (metastatic tumor) mune chimwe chikamu chemuviri.

• Ropa. Kenza inopinda muropa, inofamba nemutsinga dzeropa, yoita bundu (metastatic tumor) mune chimwe chikamu chemuviri.

Iyo metastatic bundu irwo rudzi rwecancer seyakanyanya bundu. Semuenzaniso, kana gomarara rekenza richipararira kuenda kumapapu, masero emukenza ari mumapapu ndiwo masero ekenza yetachiona. Hosha iyi metastatic cancer cancer, kwete yemapapu cancer.

Kufa kwegomarara kwakawanda kunokonzerwa kana kenza ichibva pabundu rekutanga uye ichipararira ichienda kune dzimwe nyama uye nhengo. Izvi zvinonzi cancer yemastastatic. Iyi animation inoratidza mafambiro egomarara kubva panzvimbo yemuviri mavakatanga kuumbika kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Kurapa Sarudzo Kuongorora

PFUNGWA DZINOKOSHA

• Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa kwevana vane cancer isina kujairika.

• Vana vane gomarara risina kujairika vanofanirwa kurapwa kurapwa nechikwata chevanoona nezvehutano avo vari nyanzvi pakurapa gomarara muvana.

• Mhando mipfumbamwe yekurapa kwakajairika inoshandiswa:

• Kuvhiya

• Radiation kurapa

• Chemotherapy

• Yakakwira-dose chemotherapy ine autologous stem maseru kununura

• Hormone kurapa

• Immunotherapy

• Kurinda kumirira

• Targeted kurapwa

• Kubatanidza

• Mhando nyowani dzekurapa dziri kuyedzwa mumakiriniki ekuedzwa.

• Gene kurapa

• Varwere vangangoda kufunga nezve kutora chikamu mukutora kiriniki.

• Varwere vanogona kupinda mumakiriniki miedzo vasati, panguva, kana mushure mekutanga kwavo kenza kurapwa.

• Yekutevera-bvunzo inogona kudikanwa.

• Kurapa kwekenza isina kujairika yehudiki kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa kwevana vane cancer isina kujairika.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa dzinowanikwa kune vana vane gomarara. Mamwe marapirwo akajairwa (iko kurapwa kwazvino kwashandiswa), uye kumwe kuedzwa mumakiriniki ekuedzwa A kurapwa kiriniki kuyedzwa chidzidzo chekutsvaga chakaitirwa kubatsira kuvandudza marapirwo azvino kana kuwana ruzivo marapirwo matsva evarwere vane gomarara. Kana kiriniki miedzo ikaratidza kuti kurapwa kutsva kuri nani pane kwese kurapwa, kurapwa kutsva kunogona kuve kwakajairwa kurapwa.

Nekuti kenza muvana isingawanzo, kutora chikamu mukutongwa kwekiriniki kunofanirwa kutariswa. Mimwe miedzo yekiriniki yakavhurwa chete kune varwere vasina kutanga kurapwa.

Vana vane gomarara risina kujairika vanofanirwa kurapwa kurapwa nechikwata chevanoona nezvehutano avo vari nyanzvi pakurapa gomarara muvana.

Kurapa kunozoonekwa nachiremba wevana oncologist, chiremba ane hunyanzvi hwekurapa vana vane gomarara. Vanachiremba oncologist vanoshanda nevamwe vana vanopa hutano vezvehutano avo vari nyanzvi pakurapa vana vane gomarara uye vanoziva mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemishonga. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira vanachiremba vanotevera:

• Chiremba wevana.

• Chiremba wechiremba wechiremba.

• Chiremba wehematologist.

• Radiation oncologist.

• Mukoti wechiremba nyanzvi.

• Rehabilitation nyanzvi.

• Endocrinologist.

• Wezvemagariro.

• Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa.

Mhando mipfumbamwe yekurapa kwakajairika inoshandiswa:

Kuvhiya

Kuvhiya inzira inoshandiswa kutsvaga kana gomarara riripo, kubvisa gomarara mumuviri, kana kugadzirisa chikamu chemuviri. Kuvhiya kunogonesa kunoitwa kugadzirisa zviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nekenza. Kuvhiya kunonziwo oparesheni.

Mushure mekunge chiremba abvisa kenza yese inoonekwa panguva yekuvhiyiwa, vamwe varwere vanogona kupihwa chemotherapy kana radiation radiation mushure mekuvhiyiwa kuuraya chero gomarara maseru akasara. Mushonga wakapihwa mushure mekuvhiyiwa, kudzikisa njodzi yekuti gomarara richadzoka, inonzi adjuvant therapy.

Radiation kurapa

Radiation kurapa chirwere chekenza chinoshandisa simba rakawanda x-rays kana mamwe marudzi emwaranzi kuuraya cancer maseru kana kuachengetedza kuti asakura. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dze radiation radiation:

• External radiation therapy inoshandisa muchina uri kunze kwemuviri kutumira radiation kune kenza.

Proton beam radiation radiation ndeye mhando yeakakwira-simba, ekunze radiation kurapwa. Mushini wekurapa nemwaranzi unovavarira nzizi dzemapurotoni (zvidiki, zvisingaonekwe, zvine mutsindo) mumasero ekenza kuvauraya. Rudzi urwu rwekurapa rwunokonzeresa kukuvara kudiki kune hutano huri padyo

• Yemukati radiation kurapwa inoshandisa chinhu chine mwenje chinojowa mumuviri kana chakanamwa mune tsono, mhodzi, waya, kana makateti anoiswa akananga mukati kana padyo nekenza.

• 131I-MIBG (radioactive iodine) kurapa imhando yemukati marapi ekurapa anoshandiswa kurapa pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma. Iodine ine radioactive inopihwa nekumisirwa. Inopinda muropa uye inounganidza mune mamwe marudzi emota maseru, ichivauraya nemwaranzi inopihwa.

Iyo nzira iyo radiation radiation inopihwa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwegomarara riri kurapwa.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy mushonga wekenza unoshandisa mishonga kumisa kukura kwemasero ekenza, kungave nekuuraya maseru kana nekuamisa iwo kubva pakupatsanuka. Kana chemotherapy ikatorwa nemuromo kana kujowa mutsinga kana mhasuru, mishonga inopinda muropa uye inogona kukanganisa maseru ekenza mumuviri wese (systemic chemotherapy). Kana chemotherapy ikaiswa yakanangana necerebrospinal fluid, mhango yemuviri senge dumbu, kana nhengo, mishonga inonyanya kubata masero ekenza munzvimbo idzodzo. Kusanganiswa chemotherapy kurapwa kunoshandisa anopfuura imwe anticancer mushonga. Nzira iyo chemotherapy inopihwa inoenderana nerudzi uye nhanho yekenza iri kurapwa.

Yakakwira-dose chemotherapy ine autologous stem maseru kununura

Yakakwira madosi ekemotherapy anopiwa kuuraya cancer maseru. Masero ane hutano, kusanganisira masero anogadzira ropa, anoparadzwa nekenza kurapwa. Stem cell kununura kurapwa kutsiva masero anogadzira ropa. Masero emashizha (masero eropa asina kusimba) anobviswa muropa kana mwongo wemapfupa emurwere uye akaomeswa nechando uye akachengetwa. Mushure mekunge murwere apedza chemotherapy, maseru akachengetwa anonyungudutswa uye ndokudzoserwa kumurwere kuburikidza nekumukiswa. Aya akadzikiswa maseru emadzinde anokura kuita (uye kudzoreredza) masero eropa emuviri.

Hormone kurapa

Hormone kurapwa kurapa kenza inobvisa mahormone kana ichivhara maitiro avo uye inomisa maseru ekenza kubva mukukura. Mahormone zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nematenhere mumuviri uye zvinoyerera kuburikidza neropa. Mamwe mahormone anogona kukonzera mamwe cancer kuti ikure. Kana bvunzo dzichiratidza kuti maseru egomarara ane nzvimbo dzinogona kubatirira mahormone (receptors), zvinodhaka, kuvhiyiwa, kana kurapwa nemwaranzi kunoshandiswa kudzikisa kugadzirwa kwehormone kana kuvharidzira kushanda. Hormone kurapa nemishonga inonzi corticosteroids inogona kushandiswa kurapa thymoma kana thymic carcinoma.

Hormone therapy ine somatostatin analogue (octreotide kana lanreotide) inogona kushandiswa kurapa mamota aneuroendocrine akapararira kana asingakwanise kubviswa nekuvhiya. Octreotide inogona zvakare kushandiswa kurapa thymoma iyo isingapindure kune kumwe kurapwa. Iyi kurapwa inomisa mamwe mahormone kubva mukugadzirwa neuroendocrine bundu. Octreotide kana lanreotide ndiwo somatostatin analogue anoiswa mukati meganda kana mumhasuru. Dzimwe nguva zvishoma zvishoma zvine radioactive zvinosungirirwa pamushonga uye nemwaranzi inouraya gomarara maseru. Izvi zvinonzi peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy kurapwa kunoshandisa immune system yemurwere kurwisa gomarara. Zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemuviri kana kugadzirwa murabhoritari zvinoshandiswa kusimudzira, kunongedza, kana kudzorera kudzivirira kwemuviri kurwisa kenza. Rudzi rwekurapa kenza urwu rwunonziwo biotherapy kana biologic therapy.

• Interferon: Interferon inokanganisa kupatsanurwa kwemasero ekenza uye inogona kudzikira bundu kukura. Inoshandiswa kurapa nasopharyngeal cancer uye papillomatosis.

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -yakanyanya cytotoxic T-lymphocyte: Masero machena eropa (T-lymphocyte) anorapwa murabhoritari ine Epstein-Barr hutachiona uye ndokuzopihwa kumurwere kuti asimbise immune system uye kurwisa gomarara. EBV-yakatarwa cytotoxic T-lymphocytes iri kuongororwa kurapa kenza nasopharyngeal.

• Vaccine therapy: Mushonga wekenza unoshandisa chinhu kana boka rezvinhu kukurudzira immune system kuti iwane iro bundu uye riuraye. Kurapa kwekudzivirira kunoshandiswa kurapa papillomatosis.

• Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Dzimwe mhando dzemasero ekudzivirira muviri, senge T maseru, uye mamwe maseru emukenza ane mamwe mapuroteni, anonzi ekuongorora mapuroteni, pamusoro pavo anochengetedza mhinduro dzemumuviri. Kana masero ekenza aine huwandu hwakawanda hweaya mapuroteni, haazorwiswa nekuuraiwa nemaT seli. Immune checkpoint inhibitors inovhara mapuroteni aya uye kugona kwemasero eT kuuraya maseru ekenza kunowedzerwa.

Kune maviri marudzi e immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:

• CTLA-4 ipuroteni iri pamusoro peT maseru ayo anobatsira kuchengetedza mhinduro dzemumuviri. CTLA-4 painobatirira kune imwe protein inonzi B7 pane kenza kenza, inomisa iyo T cell kuuraya kenza kenza. CTLA-4 inhibitors inonamira kuCTLA-4 uye inobvumira iwo maseru eT kuuraya maseru ekenza Ipilimumab rudzi rweCTLA-4 inhibitor. Ipilimumab inogona kutaridzirwa kurapwa kweiyo yakanyanya njodzi melanoma iyo yakabviswa zvachose panguva yekuvhiyiwa. Ipilimumab inoshandiswawo ne nivolumab kurapa vamwe vana vane kenza yakajeka.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor. Checkpoint mapuroteni, akadai seB7-1 / B7-2 pane antigen-anouya maseru (APC) uye CTLA-4 pane T maseru, anobatsira kuchengetedza mhinduro dzemumuviri. Kana iyo T-cell receptor (TCR) inosunga kune antigen uye makuru histocompatibility complex (MHC) mapuroteni paAPC uye CD28 inosunga kuna B7-1 / B7-2 paAPC, iyo T cell inogona kumisikidzwa. Nekudaro, kusunga kweB7-1 / B7-2 kusvika CTLA-4 kunoita kuti maT cell ari munzvimbo isingashande saka havakwanise kuuraya maseru emota mumuviri (kuruboshwe pani). Kuvhara kusunga kweB7-1 / B7-2 kusvika CTLA-4 ine immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-CTLA-4 antibody) inobvumira iwo maseru eT kuti ave anoshanda uye kuuraya tumarara maseru (kurudyi pani).

• PD-1 ipuroteni iri pamusoro peT maseru ayo anobatsira kuchengetedza mhinduro dzemumuviri. Kana PD-1 yakanamatira kune imwe protein inonzi PDL-1 pane kenza kenza, inomisa iyo T cell kuuraya kenza kenza. PD-1 inhibitors inonamira kuPDL-1 uye inobvumira iwo maseru eT kuuraya maseru ekenza. Nivolumab rudzi rwePD-1 inhibitor. Nivolumab inoshandiswa ne ipilimumab kurapa vamwe vana vane cancer yakajeka. Pembrolizumab uye nivolumab zvinoshandiswa kurapa melanoma yakapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Nivolumab uye pembrolizumab vari kuongororwa mukurapa melanoma yevana nevechiri kuyaruka. Kurapa nemishonga iyi miviri kwave kuchinyanya kuongororwa kuvanhu vakuru.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor. Checkpoint mapuroteni, akadai sePD-L1 pane maseru emota uye PD-1 pane T maseru, anobatsira kuchengetedza mhinduro dzemumuviri. Iko kusungwa kwePD-L1 kusvika PD-1 kunoita kuti masero eT arege kuuraya tumarara maseru mumuviri (kuruboshwe pani). Kuvhara kusunga kwePD-L1 kusvika PD-1 ine immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1 kana anti-PD-1) inobvumira iwo maseru eT kuuraya matumbo maseru (kurudyi pani).

• BRAF kinase inhibitor kurapa: BRAF kinase inhibitors inovhara iyo BRAF protein. BRAF mapuroteni anobatsira kudzora maseru kukura uye anogona kuchinjika (kuchinjwa) mune mamwe marudzi ekenza. Kudzivirira mutated BRAF mapuroteni kunogona kubatsira kuchengetedza cancer maseru kubva mukukura. Dabrafenib, vemurafenib, uye encorafenib zvinoshandiswa kurapa melanoma. Oral dabrafenib iri kuongororwa muvana nevechiri kuyaruka vane melanoma. Kurapa neiyi mitatu mishonga kwave kunyanya kuongororwa muvakuru.

Kurinda kumirira

Kurindira kumirira kuri kunyatsoongorora mamiriro emurwere pasina kupa chero kurapwa kusvikira zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvaonekwa kana kuchinja. Kumirira zvakamirira kunogona kushandiswa kana bundu ririkunonoka kukura kana pazvinogoneka kuti bundu rinogona kutsakatika pasina kurapwa.

Targeted kurapwa

Targeted Therapise kurapwa kunoshandisa zvinodhaka kana zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvione uye nekurwisa chaiwo maseru ekenza pasina kukuvadza zvakajairika maseru. Mhando dzezvinorapwa zvakanangwa zvinoshandiswa kurapa kenza dzisiri dzehudiki dzevacheche dzinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Aya akanangwa kurapa zvinodhaka anovharira zviratidzo zvinodiwa kuti mamota akure. Vandetanib uye cabozantinib zvinoshandiswa kurapa medullary cancer kenza. Sunitinib inoshandiswa kurapa pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, neuroendocrine tumors, thymoma, uye thymic carcinoma. Crizotinib inoshandiswa kurapa tumarara tetracheobronchi.

• mTOR inhibitors: Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa inomisa protein inobatsira maseru kupatsanuka nekurarama. Everolimus inoshandiswa kurapa moyo, neuroendocrine, uye islet maseru mamota.

• MaMonoclonal antibodies: Iyi yekurapa yakanangwa inoshandisa masoja akagadzirwa murabhoritari, kubva kune imwechete mhando yemasoja ekudzivirira maseru. Aya ma antibodies anokwanisa kuona zvinhu pane cancer cancer kana zvakajairika zvinhu zvinogona kubatsira gomarara maseru kukura. Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anonamira pazvinhu uye anouraya maseru egomarara, anovharira kukura kwawo, kana kuti aachengetedze kubva pakupararira. Monoclonal antibodies inopihwa nekumisirwa. Inogona kushandiswa yoga kana kutakura zvinodhaka, chepfu, kana zvinhu zvine radioactive zvakanangana nemasero ekenza. Bevacizumab inorwisa monoclonal antibody inoshandiswa kurapa papillomatosis.

• Histone methyltransferase inhibitors: Rudzi urwu rwekurapa kwakanangwa kunodzora kugona kwesero rekenza kukura uye kupatsanura. Tazemetostat inoshandiswa kurapa kenza yeovari. Tazemetostat iri kuongororwa mukurapa kwechordomas yakadzokazve mushure mekurapwa.

• MEK inhibitors: Rudzi urwu rwekurapa kwakanangwa runovhara maseru anodiwa kuti mamota akure. Trametinib uye binimetinib zvinoshandiswa kurapa melanoma yakapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Kurapa ne trametinib kana binimetinib kwave kuchinyanya kudzidza muvakuru.

Mishonga yekurapa iri kuongororwa mukurapwa kweimwe gomarara risingawanzo rehudiki.

Kubatanidza

Embolization kurapwa uko kusiyanisa dhayi uye zvidimbu zvinoiswa mukati meiyo hepatic arteri kuburikidza ne catheter (yakatetepa chubhu). Iwo ma particles anovhara tsinga, kucheka kuyerera kweropa kuenda kune iro bundu. Dzimwe nguva chidiki cheiyo radioactive chinhu chinosungirirwa kune izvo zvidimbu. Mazhinji emwaranzi akavharirwa padyo nebundu kuuraya maseru egomarara. Izvi zvinonzi radioembolization.

Mhando nyowani dzekurapa dziri kuyedzwa mumakiriniki ekuedzwa.

Ichi chidimbu chikamu chinotsanangura kurapwa kuri kuongororwa mumakiriniki ekuedzwa. Zvinogona kusataura nezveese marapirwo matsva ari kuongororwa. Ruzivo nezve kiriniki miedzo inowanikwa kubva kuNCI webhusaiti.

Gene kurapa

Gene kurapa kurapwa uko kune dzimwe nyika magene (DNA kana RNA) akaiswa mumasero emunhu kudzivirira kana kurwisa chirwere. Gene kurapa kuri kudzidziswa mukurapa kwepapillomatosis.

Varwere vangangoda kufunga nezve kutora chikamu mukutora kiriniki.

Kune vamwe varwere, kutora chikamu mumuedzo wekiriniki inogona kunge iri sarudzo yekurapa yakanyanya kunaka. Kliniki miedzo chikamu chekenza tsvagiridzo. Zvemakiriniki miedzo inoitwa kuti uone kana marapirwo matsva egomarara akachengeteka uye achishanda kana zvirinani pane akajairwa kurapwa.

Mazhinji emazuva ano marapirwo akajairwa ekenza akavakirwa pamavambo emakiriniki ekuedzwa. Varwere vanotora chikamu mukuyedzwa kwekiriniki vanogona kuwana kurapwa kwakaringana kana kuve pakati pevekutanga kurapwa kutsva.

Varwere vanotora chikamu mumiedzo yekiriniki zvakare vanobatsira kugadzirisa marapirwo achaitwa kenza mune ramangwana. Kunyangwe kana miedzo yemakiriniki isinga tangire kumarapirwo matsva anoshanda, anowanzo pindura mibvunzo yakakosha uye anobatsira kufambisira mberi kutsvagurudza.

Varwere vanogona kupinda mumakiriniki miedzo vasati, panguva, kana mushure mekutanga kwavo kenza kurapwa.

Mimwe miedzo yekiriniki inosanganisira chete varwere vasati vagamuchira kurapwa. Mimwe miedzo yekuedza kurapwa kwevarwere vane kenza haina kuve nani. Kune mamwezve emakiriniki miedzo inoedza nzira nyowani dzekumisa cancer kubva kudzokororazve (kudzoka) kana kudzikisira mhedzisiro yemakenza kurapwa.

Kuedzwa kwemakiriniki kuri kuitika munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika. Ruzivo nezve kiriniki miedzo inotsigirwa neNCI inogona kuwanikwa paNCI yekiriniki miedzo yekutsvaga peji rewebhu. Kliniki miedzo inotsigirwa nemamwe masangano inogona kuwanikwa pane yeClinicalTrials.gov webhusaiti.

Yekutevera-bvunzo inogona kudikanwa.

Mimwe miedzo yakaitwa kuongorora gomarara kana kutsvaga danho rekenza inogona kudzokororwa. Dzimwe bvunzo dzinodzokororwa kuitira kuti vaone kuti kurapa kuri kushanda sei. Sarudzo nezvekuti uenderere mberi, shandura, kana kumisa kurapwa kunogona kunge kuchibva pamhedzisiro yeiyi bvunzo.

Mimwe bvunzo ichaenderera ichiitwa nguva nenguva mushure mekunge kurapwa kwapera. Mhedzisiro yeiyi bvunzo inogona kuratidza kana mamiriro emwana wako achinja kana kana gomarara radzoka (dzoka). Iyi bvunzo dzimwe nguva inonzi yekuteedzera-bvunzo kana kuongorora-kumusoro.

Kurapa kwekenza isina kujairika yehudiki kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro.

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve mhedzisiro inotanga panguva yekurapa kenza, ona yedu Side Mhedzisiro peji.

Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa kubva pakurapwa nekenza zvinotanga mushure mekurapwa uye kuenderera kwemwedzi kana makore zvinonzi kunonoka kuitika Mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yekurapwa nekenza inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Zvinetso zvepanyama.

• Shanduko mumanzwiro, manzwiro, kufunga, kudzidza, kana ndangariro.

• Gomarara repiri (mhando nyowani dzekenza).

Mimwe mhedzisiro mhedzisiro inogona kurapwa kana kudzorwa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti utaure navanachiremba vemwana wako nezve zvingangononoka mhedzisiro zvinokonzerwa nemamwe kanzira uye kurapwa kwegomarara. (Ona pfupiso ye pamusoro peMagumo Ekurapa kweKenza Yevacheche kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo).

Asingazivikanwe Kenza yeMusoro neMutsipa

Muchikamu chino

• Nasopharyngeal Kenza

• Esthesioneuroblastoma

• Utachiona Tumarara

• Oral Cavity Kenza

• Salivary Gland Tumarara

• Laryngeal Cancer uye Papillomatosis

• Midline Tract Cancer ine NUT Gene Shanduko (NUT Midline Carcinoma)

Nasopharyngeal Kenza

Ona pfupiso ye paUdiki Nasopharyngeal Cancer Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Esthesioneuroblastoma

Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Esthesioneuroblastoma Kurapa kune rumwe ruzivo.

Utachiona Tumarara

Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Chidiki Kenza Kurapwa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Oral Cavity Kenza

Ona pfupiso yePDPQ paChidiki Oral Cavity Cancer Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Salivary Gland Tumarara

Ona pfupiso yePDPQ paUdiki Salivary Gland Tumors Kurapa kune rumwe ruzivo.

Laryngeal Cancer uye Papillomatosis

Ona pfupiso ye paUdiki Laryngeal Tumors Kurapa kune rumwe ruzivo.

Midline Tract Cancer ine NUT Gene Shanduko (NUT Midline Carcinoma)

Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Midline Tract Carcinoma neNUT Gene Inoshandura Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Zvisingazivikanwe Cancers zveChipfuva

Muchikamu chino

• Gomarara repazamu

• Kenza Yemapapu

• Esophageal Tumors

• Thymoma uye Thymic Carcinoma

• Cardiac (Moyo) Mapundu

• Mesothelioma

Gomarara repazamu

Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Chemazamu Chegomarara Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Kenza Yemapapu

Ona zvinotevera pfupiso dze kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo:

• Yevacheche Tracheobronchial Tumors Kurapa

• Yevacheche Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Kurapa

Esophageal Tumors

Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Esophageal Cancer Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Thymoma uye Thymic Carcinoma

Ona pfupiso yePDPQ paChidiki Thymoma uye Thymic Carcinoma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Cardiac (Moyo) Mapundu

Ona pfupiso ye paUdiki Cardiac (Mwoyo) Mamota Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Mesothelioma

Ona pfupiso yePDPQ paChidiki Mesothelioma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Zvisingazivikanwe Cancers zveMimba

Muchikamu chino

• Dumbu (Gastric) Kenza

• Pancreatic Kenza

• Colorectal Kenza

• Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors)

• Urume mudumbu Stromal Tumors

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma chirwere umo maronda (cancer) maseru anoumba mune yekunze chikamu cheadrenal gland. Kune maviri adrenal gland. Iwo adrenal gland madiki uye akaumbwa kunge katatu. Imwe adrenal gland inogara pamusoro peitsvo yega yega. Imwe neimwe adrenal gland ine zvikamu zviviri. Pakati pe adrenal gland ndiyo adrenal medulla. Rutivi rwekunze rweadrenal gland ndiyo adrenal cortex. Adrenocortical carcinoma inonziwo gomarara readrenal cortex.

Yevacheche adrenocortical carcinoma inoitika zvakanyanya kune varwere vari pasi pemakore matanhatu kana mumakore ekuyaruka, uye kazhinji kune vanhukadzi.

Iyo adrenal cortex inogadzira akakosha mahormone anoita zvinotevera:

• Balance the water and salt mumuviri.

• Batsira kuchengetedza BP.

• Batsira kudzora kushandiswa kwemuviri kwemapuroteni, mafuta, uye makabhohaidhiretsi.

• Konzera kuti muviri uve nehunhu hwechirume kana hwechikadzi.

Njodzi Zviitiko, Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo, uye Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuyedza

Ngozi yeadrenocortical carcinoma inowedzerwa nekuva neimwe shanduko (shanduko) mune geni kana chero eanotevera syndromes:

• Li-Fraumeni chirwere.

• Beckwith-Wiedemann chirwere.

• Hemihypertrophy.

Adrenocortical carcinoma inogona kukonzera chero ezviratidzo zvinotevera nezviratidzo. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Bundu mudumbu.

• Marwadzo mudumbu kana musana.

• Kunzwa kuzara mudumbu.

Zvakare, bundu readrenal cortex rinogona kunge richishanda (rinoita mahormone akawanda kupfuura zvakajairwa) kana kusashanda (hazviite mamwe mahormone). Mazhinji mamota eadrenal cortex muvana ari kushanda mamota. Mahormone ekuwedzera akagadzirwa nekushanda kwemamota anogona kukonzera zvimwe zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvechirwere uye izvi zvinoenderana nerudzi rwehomoni inogadzirwa nebundu. Semuenzaniso, yekuwedzera uyerogen hormone inogona kukonzera vese varume nevakadzi vana kukudziridza hunhu hwechirume, senge bvudzi remuviri kana izwi rakadzika, kukura nekukurumidza, uye kuita acne. Yakawedzera estrogen estrogen inogona kukonzera kukura kwemazamu tishu mune varume vana. Yakawedzera cortisol hormone inogona kukonzera Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism).

(Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Adrenocortical Carcinoma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezvezviratidzo nezviratidzo zveadrenocortical carcinoma.)

Iyo bvunzo uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora uye danho adrenocortical carcinoma zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvemurwere. Iyi bvunzo nemaitiro zvinogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• Ropa kemesitiri zvidzidzo.

• X-ray yechipfuva, dumbu, kana mapfupa.

• CT scan.

• MRI.

• PET scan.

• Ultrasound.

• Biopsy (iyo hure inobviswa panguva yekuvhiyiwa uyezve muyenzaniso unoongororwa zviratidzo zvecancer).

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora adrenocortical carcinoma inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Makumi maviri nemana-awa-weti bvunzo: Chiyero umo weti inounganidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuyera huwandu hwecortisol kana 17-ketosteroids. Iyo yakakwira kupfuura yakajairwa huwandu hweizvi zvinhu mumuti weti inogona kunge iri chiratidzo chechirwere muadrenal cortex.

• Low-dose dexamethasone kudzvinyirira bvunzo: Chiyero umo imwe kana zviyero zvidiki zve dexamethasone zvinopihwa. Chiyero checortisol chinotariswa kubva kumuenzaniso weropa kana kubva weti inounganidzwa kwemazuva matatu. Iyi bvunzo inoitwa kutarisa kana iyo adrenal gland iri kugadzira yakawandisa cortisol.

• Yakakwira-dhizeti dexamethasone yekudzvinyirira bvunzo: Muedzo umo imwe kana yakawanda yakakwira doses ye dexamethasone inopihwa. Chiyero checortisol chinotariswa kubva kumuenzaniso weropa kana kubva weti inounganidzwa kwemazuva matatu. Iyi bvunzo inoitwa kuti uone kana adrenal gland iri kugadzira yakawandisa cortisol kana kana iyo pituitary gland iri kuudza adrenal gland kuita yakawanda kwazvo cortisol

• Ropa mahormone zvidzidzo: Maitiro ekuti muyero weropa unotariswa kuyera huwandu hwemamwe mahormone akaburitswa muropa nenhengo uye nyama munyama. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chakakwirira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana munyama inoigadzira. Ropa rinogona kuongororwa testosterone kana estrogen. Yakakwira kupfuura yakajairwa huwandu hweaya mahormone inogona kunge iri chiratidzo cheadrenocortical carcinoma.

• Adrenal angiography: Maitiro ekutarisa tsinga uye kuyerera kweropa padhuze neadrenal gland. Dhayi rakasiyana rinojowa mune adrenal arteri. Sezvo dhayi inofamba ichipinda mukati meropa reropa, akateedzana e-ray anotorwa kuti aone kana paine arteri yakavharika.

• Adrenal venography: Maitiro ekutarisa adrenal mutsinga uye kuyerera kweropa padhuze neadrenal gland. Dhayi rakasiyana rinojowa muadrenal vein. Sezvo dhayi yekusiyanisa inofamba nepakati mutsinga, akateedzana e-ray anotorwa kuti aone kana paine tsinga dzakavharwa. Catheter (yakatetepa kwazvo chubhu) inogona kuiswa mutsinga kuti utore muyero weropa, uyo unotariswa nekusajairika kwemahormone.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) kwakanaka kune varwere vane tumamota tudiki twakabviswa zvachose nekuvhiyiwa. Kune vamwe varwere, kufungidzira kunoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Kukura kwebundu.

• Kenza inokurumidza kukura sei.

• Kunyangwe paine shanduko mune mamwe majeni.

• Kunyangwe bundu racho rapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri, kusanganisira ma "lymph node".

• Zera remwana.

• Kunyangwe chifukidziro chakakomberedza bundu chakazaruka panguva yekuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu.

• Kunyangwe bundu racho rakabviswa zvachose panguva yekuvhiyiwa.

• Kunyangwe mwana ave nehunhu hwechirume.

Adrenocortical carcinoma inogona kupararira kuchiropa, mapapu, itsvo, kana pfupa.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kweAdrenocortical carcinoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa adrenal gland uye, kana zvichidikanwa, gomarara rakapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. Dzimwe nguva chemotherapy inopiwawo.

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika adrenocortical carcinoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Adrenocortical Carcinoma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Dumbu (Gastric) Kenza

Gomarara redumbu chirwere icho chinotyisa (gomarara) maseru anoumba mukati memudumbu. Dumbu inhengo yakaumbwa saJ mudumbu repamusoro. Icho chikamu chegadziriro yekugaya, iyo inogadzira zvinovaka muviri (mavitamini, zvicherwa, makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni, uye mvura) muzvikafu zvinodyiwa uye zvinobatsira kupfuudza marara kubva mumuviri. Chikafu chinofamba kubva pahuro kuenda mudumbu kuburikidza negomba, mhasuru chubhu inonzi esophagus. Mushure mekubva mudumbu, chikafu chakanyungurwa-chidimbu chinopinda mudumbu diki ndokuzopinda muura hukuru.

Iyo esophagus uye mudumbu chikamu chepamusoro chedumbu (kugaya) system.

Njodzi Zviitiko uye Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo

Ngozi yekenza yemudumbu inowedzerwa neinotevera:

• Kuva nehutachiona neHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bhakitiriya, iro rinowanikwa mudumbu.

• Kuve neyakagara nhaka mamiriro inonzi mhuri inopararira gomarara repamuviri.

Varwere vazhinji havana zviratidzo kusvikira gomarara rapararira. Gomarara redumbu rinogona kukonzera chero anotevera ezviratidzo nezviratidzo. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Anemia (kuneta, dzungu, kukurumidza kana kusagadzikana kwemwoyo, kufema, ganda rakachenuruka).

• Dumbu kurwadziwa.

• Kupererwa nechido.

• Kurera huremu pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Nausea.

• Kusvipa.

• Kuzvimbirwa kana kuita manyoka.

• Kushaya simba.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri kenza yemudumbu anogona kukonzera iwo aya zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Kuyedza kuongorora uye gomarara remudumbu kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• X-ray yemudumbu.

• Ropa kemesitiri zvidzidzo.

• CT scan.

• Biopsy.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe miedzo inoshandiswa kuongorora uye gomarara remudumbu inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kumusoro endoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa mukati medu, mudumbu, uye duodenum (chikamu chekutanga chemukati mudumbu) kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Endoscope inopfuudzwa kuburikidza nemuromo uye ichidzika nehuro kupinda mudumbu. Endoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa tishu kana lymph node sampuli, dzinoongororwa pasi pe microscope kuti dzive nezviratidzo zvehosha.

• Barium kumedza: Akateedzana e-ray-yegurokuro uye mudumbu. Murwere anonwa mvura ine barium (sirivheri-chena esimbi mukomboni). Iyo yemvura inofukidza esophagus uye mudumbu, uye x-ray inotorwa. Maitiro aya anonzi zvakare epamusoro GI akateedzana.

• Yakazara kuverenga kweropa (CBC): Maitiro umo muyenzaniso weropa unodhonzwa nekuongororwa zvinotevera:

• Huwandu hwemasero matsvuku eropa, machena masero eropa, uye maplatelet.

• Huwandu hwehemoglobin (protein inotakura oxygen) mumasero matsvuku eropa.

• Chikamu chemuenzaniso weropa chakaumbwa nemasero matsvuku eropa.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) kunoenderana nekuti kenza yapararira panguva yekuongororwa uye kuti kenza inopindura sei kurapwa.

Gomarara redumbu rinogona kupararira kuchiropa, mapapu, peritoneum, kana kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwekenza yemudumbu muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa gomarara uye mamwe materu ane hutano akarikomberedza.

• Kuvhiya kubvisa yakawanda yekenza sezvinobvira, ichiteverwa nemwaranzi kurapwa uye chemotherapy.

Kurapa kwekenza yemudumbu inowanzoitika muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona iyo Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) chikamu cheichi chidimbu uye Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoids) chikamu cheichi chidimbu cheruzivo nezve gastrointestinal carcinoids uye neuroendocrine tumors.

Pancreatic Kenza

Pancreatic kenza chirwere umo maronda (gomarara) maseru anoumba mumatumbu epancreas. Iyo pancreas iganda rakaumbwa kunge peya rakareba ka6 inches. Mugumo wakafara wepancreas unonzi musoro, chikamu chepakati chinonzi muviri, uye mupendero wakamanikana unonzi muswe. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemamota dzinogona kuumbika mupancreas. Mamwe mamota ane hutachiona (kwete cancer).

Anatomy yepancreas. Iyo pancreas ine nzvimbo nhatu: musoro, muviri, uye muswe. Inowanikwa mudumbu padyo nedumbu, ura, uye dzimwe nhengo.

Iyo pancreas ine maviri makuru mabasa mumuviri:

• Kugadzira majuisi anobatsira kugaya (kuputsa) chikafu. Aya majusi anowanikwa muchivande mudumbu.

• Kugadzira mahormone anobatsira kudzora huwandu hweshuga nemunyu muropa. Aya mahormone akavigwa muropa.

Kune mana marudzi ekenza yepancreatic muvana:

• Solid pseudopapillary bundu repancreas. Iyi ndiyo mhando yakajairika yepancreatic bundu. Iyo inowanzo bata vakadzi vanenge vari vakuru vechidiki uye vechidiki vakuru. Aya mamota anononoka kukura ane ese maviri cyst-kunge uye akasimba zvikamu. Solid pseudopapillary bundu repancreas haigone kupararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri uye kufungidzira kwakanaka kwazvo. Dzimwe nguva, bundu rinogona kupararira kuchiropa, mapapu, kana lymph node.

• Pancreatoblastoma. Inowanzoitika muvana vane makore gumi kana gumi. Vana vane Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome uye yemhuri adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome vane njodzi yakawedzera yekuvandudza pancreatoblastoma. Aya mamota anononoka kukura anowanzo gadzira bundu mucherechedzo alpha-fetoprotein. Aya mamota anogona zvakare kugadzira adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) uye antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Pancreatoblastoma inogona kupararira kuchiropa, mapapu, uye lymph node. Kufungidzira kwevana vane pancreatoblastoma kwakanaka.

• Islet maseru mamota. Aya mamota haana kujairika muvana uye anogona kunge ari benign kana akaipa. Islet cell tumors inogona kuitika muvana vane yakawanda endocrine neoplasia mhando 1 (MEN1) syndrome. Mhando dzakajairika dzeislet maseru tumarara insuliniomas uye gastrinomas. Mamwe marudzi eislet cell tumors iACTHoma uye VIPoma. Aya mamota anogona kuita mahormone, senge insulin, gastrin, ACTH, kana ADH. Kana pakawandisa mahormone, zviratidzo uye zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinoitika.

• Pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreatic carcinoma ishoma kwazvo muvana. Mhando mbiri dzepancreatic carcinoma iacinar cell carcinoma uye ductal adenocarcinoma.

Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo uye zviratidzo zvecancer yepancreatic zvinogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuneta.

• Kurera huremu pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Kupererwa nechido.

• Dumbu kusagadzikana.

• Bundu mudumbu.

Muvana, mamwe mapancreatic tumors haabudise mahormone uye hapana zviratidzo uye zviratidzo zvechirwere. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kuongorora cancer yepancreatic kutanga.

Pancreatic mamota anoita anovharira mahormone anogona kukonzera zviratidzo nezviratidzo. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinoenderana nerudzi rwehomoni inogadzirwa.

Kana bundu rikavanza insulin, zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinogona kuitika zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Shuga shoma yeropa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzeresa kuona, kurwadziwa nemusoro, uye kunzwa musoro usina musoro, kuneta, kushaya simba, kuzununguka, kutya, kutsamwa, ziya

• kuvhiringidzika, kana kunzwa nzara.

• Shanduko mumaitiro.

• Kufenda.

• Coma.

Kana bundu rikavanza gastrin, zviratidzo uye zviratidzo zvinogona kuitika zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Zvironda zvemudumbu zvinoramba zvichidzoka.

• Marwadzo mudumbu, ayo anogona kupararira kumashure. Iwo marwadzo anogona kuuya uye kuenda uye anogona kuenda mushure mekutora antacid.

• Kuyerera kwezvinhu zvemudumbu zvichidzokera mukati medu (gastroesophageal reflux).

• Manyoka.

Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nemamota anoita mamwe marudzi emahormone, akadai seACTH kana ADH, anogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Manyoka emvura.

• Kupererwa nemvura (kunzwa nyota, kuita weti shoma, kuoma ganda nemuromo, kutemwa nemusoro, dzungu, kana kunzwa kuneta).

• Low sodium (munyu) mwero muropa (kuvhiringidzika, kurara, kushaya simba kwemhasuru, uye kugwinha).

• Kurera huremu kana kuwana pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Kutenderera kumeso uye maoko matete nemakumbo.

• Kunzwa kuneta uye kupera simba.

• Yakakwira BP.

• Pepuru kana pingi yakatwasuka mamaki paganda.

Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana iwe ukaona chero eapi matambudziko aya mumwana wako. Mimwe mamiriro asiri kenza yepancreatic anogona kukonzera iwo iwo zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Kuyedza kuongorora pamwe necancer pancreatic cancer kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• X-ray yechipfuva.

• CT scan.

• MRI.

• PET scan.

• Biopsy.

• Core-tsono biopsy: Kubviswa kwetishu uchishandisa yakakura tsono.

• Laparoscopy: Maitiro ekuvhiya kutarisa nhengo dziri mukati medumbu kutarisa zviratidzo zvehosha. Zvidiki zvidiki (kucheka) zvinogadzirwa mumadziro emimba uye laparoscope (mutete, turu turi) inoiswa mune chimwe cheicho chinochekwa. Zvimwe zviridzwa zvinogona kuiswa kuburikidza zvakafanana kana zvimwe zvinoitiswa kuti zviite nzira dzakadai sekubvisa nhengo kana kutora masampuli enyama kuti aongororwe pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvehosha.

• Laparotomy: Maitiro ekuvhiya umo kucheka (kucheka) kunoitwa pamadziro edumbu kutarisa mukati medumbu zviratidzo zvehosha. Iko kukura kweiyo incision kunoenderana nechikonzero icho laparotomy iri kuitwa. Dzimwe nguva nhengo dzinobviswa kana masampuli etinyoro anotorwa otariswa pasi pemaikorosikopu kuti aone zviratidzo zvehosha.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora cancer yepancreatic inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): Maitiro umo endoscope inoiswa mumuviri, kazhinji kuburikidza nemuromo kana rectum. Endoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Probe panoperera endosikopu inoshandiswa kubaya mafungu ane simba-ruzha (ultrasound) kubva munyama dzemukati kana mitezo uye kuita maungira. Maungira anoumba mufananidzo wemuviri munyama unonzi sonogram. Maitiro aya anonziwo endosonography.

• Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Rudzi rweRadionuclide scan inoshandiswa kuwana mapundu epancreatic. Chishoma kwazvo che radioactive octreotide (iyo hormone inosungira kune carcinoid tumors) inopinzwa mutsinga uye inofamba nemuropa. Iyo radioactive octreotide inonamira kune iro bundu uye yakakosha kamera iyo inoona radioactivity inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti pane mamota ari mumuviri. Maitiro aya anoshandiswa kuongorora islet maseru mamota.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwe solid pseudopapillary bundu repancreas muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu.

• Chemotherapy yemamota asingagone kubviswa nekuvhiyiwa kana kupararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Kurapa kwepancreatoblastoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu. Maitiro eWhipple anogona kuitirwa mamota mumusoro wepancreas.

• Chemotherapy inogona kupihwa kudzikisa bundu usati wavhiyiwa. More chemotherapy inogona kupihwa mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwemamota makuru, mamota ayo asingatange kubviswa nekuvhiya, uye mamota akapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

• Chemotherapy inogona kupihwa kana bundu risingapindure pakurapwa kana kudzoka.

Kurapa kweslet cell tumors muvana kunogona kusanganisira mishonga yekurapa zviratidzo zvinokonzerwa nemahormone uye zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu.

• Chemotherapy uye yakanangwa kurapa (mTOR inhibitor therapy) yemamota asingakwanise kubviswa nekuvhiya kana akapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Kurapa kweruzivo rwakawanda nezve pancreatic tumors.

Kune mashoma akataurwa zviitiko zvepancreatic carcinoma muvana. (Ona pfupiso ye pane munhu mukuru Pancreatic Cancer Treatment yezve nzira zvingangodaro zvekurapa.)

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika pancreatic carcinoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso dze pane mukuru Pancreatic Cancer Kurapa uye mukuru Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Kurapa kweruzivo rwakawanda nezve pancreatic tumors.

Colorectal Kenza

Gomarara rekenza chirwere icho chinotyisa (gomarara) maseru anoumba mumatumbu ekoloni kana rectum. Iyo colon chikamu chemuviri wekugaya muviri system. Iyo yekugaya sisitimu inobvisa uye kugadzirisa zvinovaka muviri (mavitamini, zvicherwa, makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni, uye mvura) kubva muzvikafu uye zvinobatsira kupfuudza tsvina kubva mumuviri. Iyo yekugaya system inoumbwa nesophagus, mudumbu, uye diki uye rakakura ura. Iyo colon (hukuru hwakakura) chikamu chekutanga chemuura wakakura uye chakareba kuita mamita mashanu. Pamwe chete, iyo rectum uye anal canal inoumba chikamu chekupedzisira chemuhomba muhombe uye inosvika 6-8 inches. Canal canal inoguma paanus (kuvhura kwetumbo hombe kusvika kunze kwemuviri).

Anatomy yepasi yekugaya system, inoratidza iyo colon nedzimwe nhengo.

Njodzi Zviitiko, Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo, uye Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuyedza

Kenza yemwana colorectal kenza inogona kuve chikamu cheiyo nhaka chirwere Dzimwe gomarara dzakasarudzika muvanhu vadiki dzakabatanidzwa nekuchinja kwemajini kunokonzera polyps (kukura mumucosa membrane unoteedza colon) kuti igadzire iyo inogona kuzoita gomarara gare gare.

Ngozi yekenza yakajeka inowedzerwa nekuve nemamwe mamiriro enhaka, akadai se:

• Inowanzozivikanwa adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

• Yakagadziriswa FAP.

• MUTYH-inosanganisirwa polyposis.

• Lynch chirwere.

• Oligopolyposis.

• Chinja mune NTHL1 geni.

• Juvenile polyposis chirwere.

• Cowden chirwere.

• Peutz-Jeghers chirwere.

• Neurofibromatosis mhando 1 (NF1).

Makoloni polyps anoumba muvana vasina chirwere chakagarwa nhaka haabatanidzwe nenjodzi yakawedzera yekenza.

Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvehudiki colorectal cancer zvinowanzoenderana nekwaita bundu. Colorectal cancer inogona kukonzera chero anotevera zviratidzo nezviratidzo. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Mamota erectum kana ezasi colon anogona kukonzera marwadzo mudumbu, kuzvimbirwa, kana manyoka.

• Mamota muchikamu chekoloni kuruboshwe kwemuviri anogona kukonzera:

• Bundu mudumbu.

• Kurera huremu pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Kusvotwa uye kurutsa.

• Kupererwa nechido.

• Ropa muzvigaro.

• Anemia (kuneta, dzungu, kukurumidza kana kusagadzikana kwemwoyo, kufema, ganda rakachenuruka).

• Tumota muchikamu chekoloni kurudyi kwemuviri zvinogona kukonzera:

• Marwadzo mudumbu.

• Ropa muzvigaro.

• Kuzvimbirwa kana kuita manyoka.

• Kusvotwa kana kurutsa.

• Kurera huremu pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri ekenza yakajeka anogona kukonzera izvi zvimwe zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kwayedza yekuongorora uye yekumusoro colorectal cancer inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• X-ray yechipfuva.

• CT scan yechipfuva, dumbu, uye pelvis.

• PET scan.

• MRI.

• Bone scan.

• Biopsy.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora kenza yakajeka inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Colonoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa mukati meye rectum uye colon yemapolyps, nzvimbo dzisina kujairika, kana gomarara. Colonoscope inoiswa kuburikidza nerevhuru kupinda mukoloni. Colonoscope chishoma, mutopu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje nelenzi yekutarisa. Inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa polyps kana matissue sampuli, ayo anoongororwa pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvegomarara.

• Barium enema: Akateedzana e-x-ray ezasi ezasi ematumbu turakiti. Mvura inenge iine barium (sirivheri-chena esimbi mukomboni) inoiswa muchikamu. Iyo bharamu inopfekedza iyo yepasi gastrointestinal turakiti uye x-ray inotorwa. Maitiro aya anonzi zvakare ezasi GI akateedzana.

• Fecal zvemashiripiti kuongororwa ropa: Chiyero chekutarisa tsvina (yakasimba tsvina) yeropa iyo inogona kungoonekwa ne microscope. Zvidiki masampuru ezvigaro anoiswa pamakadhi akakosha uye anodzoserwa kuna chiremba kana murabhoritari kunoongororwa.

• Yakazara kuverenga kweropa (CBC): Maitiro umo muyenzaniso weropa unodhonzwa nekuongororwa zvinotevera:

• Huwandu hwemasero matsvuku eropa, machena masero eropa, uye maplatelet.

• Huwandu hwehemoglobin (protein inotakura oxygen) mumasero matsvuku eropa.

• Chikamu chemuenzaniso weropa chakaumbwa nemasero matsvuku eropa.

• Itsvo basa rekuyedza: Chiyero mune iro ropa kana weti sampuli dzinoongororwa huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa neitsvo. Iyo yepamusoro kana yakaderera pane yakajairwa huwandu hwechinhu inogona kuve chiratidzo chekuti itsvo hadzisi kushanda nenzira yavanofanirwa kuita. Izvi zvinodaidzwa zvakare kuti renal function test.

• Chiropa basa bvunzo: Kuongororwa kweropa kuyera huwandu hweropa hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa nechiropa. Iyo yakakwira kana yakaderera nhanho yezvimwe zvinhu inogona kuve chiratidzo chechirwere chechiropa.

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) kuyedza: Chiyero chinoyera mwero weECA muropa. CEA inosunungurwa ichipinda muropa kubva kune ese maseru ekenza uye akajairwa maseru. Kana ikawanikwa mune yakakwira kupfuura zvakajairwa zviyero, inogona kuve chiratidzo checolorectal cancer kana mamwe mamiriro.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) kunoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Kunyangwe bundu rose rakabviswa nekuvhiyiwa.

• Kunyangwe kenza yapararira kune zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri, zvakaita sema lymph node, chiropa, chiuno, kana mazai.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwekenza yakajeka muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu kana risina kupararira.

• Radiation kurapa uye chemotherapy yemamota mune iyo rectum kana yakaderera colon.

• Kusanganiswa chemotherapy, yekenza yepamusoro yekenza.

• Immunotherapy ine immune checkpoint inhibitors (ipilimumab uye nivolumab).

Kurapa kwekenza yakajairika kenza muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Vana vane mamwe emhuri macolorectal cancer syndromes vanogona kurapwa ne:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa iyo colon pamberi pegomarara mafomu.

• Mishonga yekudzikisa huwandu hwemapolyps mukoloni.

Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors)

Masero eNeuroendocrine anogona kuita semasero etsinga kana masero ekugadzira mahormone. Maseru akapararira mukati memitezo yakaita semapapu (tracheobronchial) kana nzira yekugaya.

Neuroendocrine mamota (anosanganisira carcinoid tumors) anowanzo gadzira mumucheto wedumbu kana ura (kusanganisira apendikisi), asi anogona kuumba mune dzimwe nhengo, dzakadai sepancreas, mapapu, kana chiropa. Aya mamota anowanzo kuve madiki, anononoka kukura, uye benign (kwete cancer). Mamwe matumbo eurouroendocrine ane hutachiona (gomarara) uye anopararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo mumuviri.

Mazhinji mamota aneuroendocrine muvana anoumba muapendikisi (homwe inonamira kubva muchikamu chekutanga chemuura mukuru padhuze nekuguma kwetumbu diki). Bundu rinowanzo kuwanikwa panguva yekuvhiya kubvisa apendikisi.

Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo uye zviratidzo zveeuroendocrine tumors zvinoenderana nekwaita bundu. Neuroendocrine mamota ari muapendikisi anogona kukonzera anotevera zviratidzo nezviratidzo:

• Kutambudzika kwepamuviri, kunyanya pazasi kurudyi kwedumbu.

• Kupindwa nechando.

• Kusvotwa uye kurutsa.

• Manyoka.

Mamota eNeuroendocrine asiri muapendikisi anogona kuburitsa mahormone nezvimwe zvinhu. Carcinoid syndrome inokonzerwa nehormone serotonin uye mamwe mahormone, inogona kukonzera chero ezviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinotevera. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Kutsvuka uye kunzwa kunodziya kumeso, mutsipa, uye nechepamusoro chifuva.

• Kukurumidza kurova kwemoyo.

• Kunetseka kufema.

• Kamwe kamwe kudonha kweropa (kusagadzikana, kuvhiringidzika, kushaya simba, dzungu, uye rakachenuruka, rinotonhorera, uye ganda reganda).

• Manyoka.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri maringe neuroendocrine mamota anogona kukonzera iwo aya zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Kuyedza kunoongorora zviratidzo zvegomarara kunoshandiswa kuongorora uye neapoendocrine mamota. Zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• Ropa kemesitiri zvidzidzo.

• MRI.

• PET scan.

• CT scan.

• Ultrasound.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora neuroendocrine mamota anosanganisira anotevera:

• Makumi maviri nemana-awa weti bvunzo: Chiyero umo weti inounganidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuyera huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita semahormone. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chakakwirira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana munyama inoigadzira. Muenzaniso weti unoongororwa kuti uone kana iine 5-HIAA (chigadzirwa chinoputsika chehomoni serotonin inogona kugadzirwa nemamota ecocinoid). Bvunzo iyi inoshandiswa kubatsira kuongorora chirwere checarcinoid.

• Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Rudzi rweRadionuclide scan iyo inogona kushandiswa kuwana mamota. Chishoma kwazvo che radioactive octreotide (kemikari inosunga tumamota) inopinzwa mutsinga uye ichifamba kuburikidza neropa. Iyo radioactive octreotide inonamira kune iro bundu uye yakakosha kamera iyo inoona radioactivity inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti pane mamota ari mumuviri. Maitiro aya anonziwo octreotide scan uye SRS.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira kwemapundu eurouroendocrine mune yekuwedzera mune vana kunowanzo kuve kwakanakisa mushure mekuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu. Neuroendocrine mamota asiri muapendikisi anowanzove makuru kana akapararira kune zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri panguva yekuongororwa uye haapindure zvakanaka kune chemotherapy. Mamota mahombe anowanzo dzoka (kudzoka).

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kweemauroendocrine mamota mune yekuwedzera muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa appendikisi.

Kurapa kweemauroendocrine mamota akapararira kuura hukuru, rwatata, kana mudumbu kunowanzo kuvhiyiwa. Kurapa kwemamota asingakwanise kubviswa nekuvhiya, mamota mazhinji, kana mamota akapararira anogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kubatanidza.

• Somatostatin analogue therapy (octreotide kana lanreotide).

• Peptide receptor radionuclide kurapa.

• Targeted Therapy ine tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sunitinib) kana mTOR inhibitor (everolimus).

Kurapa kweanowanzo tenderera neuroendocrine mamota muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Kurapa kune rumwe ruzivo.

Urume mudumbu Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors (GIST) kazhinji anotanga mumasero mumadziro edumbu kana ura. GISTs inogona kunge iri benign (kwete cancer) kana yakaipa (cancer). Zvechidiki GISTs zvinowanzoitika kune vasikana, uye zvinowanzoonekwa mumakore ekuyaruka.

Njodzi Zviitiko uye Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo

MAGISITI muvana haana kufanana nemaGIS muvakuru. Varwere vanofanirwa kuonekwa kunzvimbo dzinonyanya kurapwa kweGIST uye mamota anofanirwa kuyerwa kuti aone shanduko. Chiverengero chidiki chevana vane mamota ane magene ekuchinja senge iwo anowanikwa mune vakuru varwere. Ngozi yeGIST inowedzerwa nematambudziko anotevera:

• Carney mutatu.

• Carney-Stratakis chirwere.

Vazhinji vana vane GIST vane mamota mudumbu uye vanogadzira kupererwa neropa kunokonzerwa nekubuda ropa. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvekushaya ropa zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuneta.

• Dzungu.

• Kukurumidza kana kusarongeka kwemoyo.

• Kufema kwekufema.

• Ganda rakachenuruka.

Bundu mudumbu kana kuvhara kwemukati (kurwadziwa kunorwadza mudumbu, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, manyoka, kuzvimbirwa, uye kuzvimba kwedumbu) zvakare zviratidzo zveGIST.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri ekushaya ropa anokonzerwa neGIST anogona kukonzera iwo aya zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Kuyedza kunoongorora zviratidzo zvegomarara kunoshandiswa kuongorora uye GIS Gwara. Zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• MRI.

• CT scan.

• PET scan.

• X-ray yemudumbu.

• Biopsy.

• Kunaka-tsono kushuvira: Kubviswa kwetishu uchishandisa nhete tsono.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora GIST inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Endoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa nhengo uye zvinyama mukati memuviri kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Endoscope inoiswa kuburikidza nekucheka (kucheka) paganda kana kuvhura mumuviri, senge muromo kana anus. Endoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa tishu kana lymph node sampuli, dzinoongororwa pasi pe microscope kuti dzive nezviratidzo zvehosha.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwevana vane mamota ane shanduko yemageneti senge anowanikwa mune vakuru varwere inotarisirwa kurapwa ne tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib kana sunitinib)

Kurapa kwevana vane mamota asingaratidze shanduko yemajini kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu. Kuvhiya kwakawanda kunogona kudikanwa kana kuvharika kwemukati kana kubuda ropa.

Kurapa kweGIST inodzokororwa muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kwechimwe chemotherapy mushonga.

Zvisingazivikanwe Cancers zveKubereka uye Urinary Systems

Muchikamu chino

• Gomarara redundira

• Chirwere cheCancer

• Kenza yeOvarian

• Cervical uye Vaginal Cancer

Gomarara redundira

Gomarara redundiro chirwere umo maronda akaipa (gomarara) anoumba munyama dzedundira. Dundira inhengo isina mhodzi muchikamu chezasi chedumbu. Yakaumbwa kunge kabharumu diki uye ine mhasuru madziro inobvumira kuti iwedzere kukura kana kuita diki. Tuburi tudiki mutsvo dzinosefa uye rinosuka ropa. Vanotora zvigadzirwa zvemarara uye vanoita weti. Weti inopfuura kubva kuitsvo yega yega kuburikidza nehubhu refu inonzi ureter ichipinda mudundira. Dundira rinobata weti kusvika yapfuura nemu urethra yosiya muviri.

Anatomy yevakadzi weti system inoratidza itsvo, adrenal gland, ureters, bladder, uye urethra. Weti inogadzirwa mune renal tubules uye inounganidza mune renal pelvis yeitsvo yega yega. Weti inoyerera kubva kuitsvo kuburikidza nehureta kuenda kudundira. Weti yacho inochengetwa mudundira kusvikira yasiya muviri kuburikidza nererethra.

Rudzi rwakajairika rwegomarara redundiro kenza yemukati yesero Squamous sero uye mamwe marudzi ane hukasha ekenza yedundira haana kujairika.

Njodzi Zviitiko, Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo, uye Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuyedza

Njodzi yegomarara redundiro inowedzerwa muvana vakabatwa kenza nemimwe mishonga inorwisa kenza, inonzi alkylating agents, inosanganisira cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, uye temozolomide.

Gomarara redundira rinogona kukonzera chero ezviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinotevera. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Ropa mumurini (zvishoma zvine ngura kusvika kured tsvuku muvara).

• Kakawanda kuita weti kana kunzwa kuda kuita weti usingakwanise kuzviita.

• Marwadzo panguva yekuita weti.

• Dumbu kana kurwadziwa kwepashure.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri kenza yedundira inogona kukonzera iwo iwo zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuyedza kuongorora uye gomarara redundira kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• CT scan.

• Ultrasound yedundira.

• Biopsy.

• Cystoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa mukati mechiropa uye urethra kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Iyo cystoscope inoiswa kuburikidza neiyo urethra kupinda mudundira. Iyo cystoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Iyo inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa matissue sampuli, ayo anoongororwa pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvegomarara. Kana cystoscopy isingaitwe pakuongororwa, sampuli dzemashuga dzinobviswa uye dzinoongororwa kenza panguva yekuvhiyiwa kubvisa zvese kana chikamu chedundira.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Kufungidzira

Muvana, gomarara redundira rinowanzo kuve rakaderera giredhi (zvisingaite kuti ripararire) uye kufungidzira kunowanzo kuve kwakanakisa mushure mekuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwegomarara redundira muvana kazhinji kunotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa chikamu chedundira. Transurethral resection (TUR) inzira yekuvhiya kubvisa zvinyama kubva mudundira uchishandisa resectoscope yakaiswa mudundira kuburikidza nerethra. Resectoscope chinhu chakaonda, chubhu-yakaita chiedza chine mwenje, lens yekutarisa, uye chishandiso chekubvisa nyama uye kupisa chero maseru emarara akasara. Masampuli enyama kubva munzvimbo yakabviswa bundu iri anoongororwa pasi pe microscope kuti aone zviratidzo zvegomarara.

• Kuvhiya kubvisa dundira (zvisingawanzoitika).

Taura nachiremba wemwana wako nezvekuti mhando iyi yekuvhiya ingakanganisa sei kuita weti, kuita zvepabonde, uye kubereka.

Kurapa kwegomarara redundiro rinodzokororwa muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Chirwere cheCancer Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Chirwere cheCancer

Gomarara repapachirwere chirwere chine maseru (gomarara) akaipisisa anoumba munyama imwe kana maviri machende. Iwo machende ari maviri maseru akaumbika ezai ari mukati mechirume (saga reganda rakasununguka rakarara rakananga pazasi pepenhengo). Iwo machende anobatwa mukati mechikwambo netambo yespermatic, iyo zvakare ine vas deferens nemidziyo uye tsinga dzemachende.

Anatomy yechirume yekubereka uye yehurongwa masisitimu, inoratidza iyo prostate, machende, dundira, uye dzimwe nhengo.

Kune mhando mbiri dze testicular tumors:

• Germ cell tumarara: Mabundu anotanga muhurume masero muvanhurume. Testicular germ cell tumors inogona kunge iri benign (kwete cancer) kana yakaipa (cancer). Anonyanya kuzivikanwa testicular germ cell tumors muvakomana vadiki ane benign teratomas uye ane yakaipa nonseminomas. Seminomasinowanzoitika mumajaya uye isingawanzo muvakomana. Maona pfupiso ye paChidiki Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve testicular germ cell tumors.

• Asiri-hutachiona maseru mamota: Mamota anotanga munyama dzakakomberedza uye kutsigira machende. Aya mamota anogona kunge ari benign kana akaipa. Juvenile granulosa maseru mamota uye Sertoli-Leydig maseru mamota mhando mbiri dzisiri-utachiona maseru mamota.

Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo uye Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Gomarara repataviri uye kupararira kwaro kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri zvinogona kukonzera chimwe chezviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinotevera. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Bundu risingarware mumachende.

• Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuyaruka.

• Akawedzera mazamu.

Bundu risingarwadzire mumachende rinogona kunge riri chiratidzo chebundu testicular. Mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu anogona zvakare kukonzera bundu mumachende.

Kuyedza kuongorora uye kuyera isiri-germ cell testicular cancer inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• CT scan yechipfuva, dumbu, kana chiuno.

• MRI yechipfuva, dumbu, kana chiuno.

• Ultrasound.

• Biopsy. Iyo turu yakabviswa panguva yekuvhiyiwa inoonekwa pasi pe microscope nachiremba wekuongorora kuti aone zviratidzo zvegomarara.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora matumbu emachende anosanganisira anotevera:

• Serum tumor marker bvunzo: Maitiro umo muyenzaniso weropa unoongororwa kuyera huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa muropa nenhengo, nyama, kana tumarara masero mumuviri. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosunganidzwa kune chaiwo marudzi ekenza kana akawanikwa mune akawedzera mwero muropa. Aya anonzi mamarara mamark. Iyo bark marker alpha-fetoprotein inoshandiswa kuongorora hutachiona hwemaseru.

Kufungidzira

Muvana, kufungidzira kunowanzo kuve kwakanakisa mushure mekuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kweasina-utachiona sero testicular kenza muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu kubva mudumbu.

• Kuvhiya kubvisa rimwe kana maviri machende.

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika asiri-utachiona sero testicular kenza muvana inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Maona pfupiso ye paChidiki Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve testicular germ cell tumors.

Kenza yeOvarian

Gomarara reOvarian chirwere icho chinotyisa (gomarara) maseru anoumba muovari. Mazai ari maviri enhengo mune echikadzi yekubereka system. Dzinowanikwa muchiuno, rimwe kudivi rechibereko (hollow, pear-shaped organ apo fetus inokura). Ovha yega yega inenge yakakura uye chimiro cheamondi mune mukadzi mukuru. Mazai acho anoburitsa mazai uye mahormone echikadzi (makemikari anodzora mashandiro anoita mamwe maseru kana nhengo).

Anatomy yevakadzi yekubereka system. Nhengo dziri muchikamu chekubereka chevakadzi dzinosanganisira chibereko, mazai, mazamu, mazamu, uye mukadzi. Chibereko chine mhasuru yekunze inoshevedza inonzi myometrium uye nekamuri yemukati inonzi endometrium.

Mazhinji mamota eovarian muvana ane hutachiona (kwete cancer). Zvinoitika kazhinji muvakadzi vane makore gumi nemashanu kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe.

Kune akatiwandei marudzi eanosemesa (gomarara) mamota eovari:

• Germ cell tumarara: Mabundu anotanga mumasero emazai muvakadzi. Aya ndiwo mamota anowanzozivikanwa eovarian muvasikana. (Ona pfupiso ye paChidiki Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve ovarian germ cell tumors.)

• Epithelial tumors: Mamota anotanga munyama achivhara ovary. Aya ndiwo echipiri anowanzozivikanwa mamota mune vasikana.

• Stromal tumors: Mamota anotanga mune stromal maseru, ayo anoita matishu akakomberedza uye kutsigira maovari. Juvenile granulosa maseru mamota uye Sertoli-Leydig maseru mamota mhando mbiri dzemastomal tumors.

• Diki sero carcinoma yeovary: Kenza inotangira muovari uye inogona kunge yakapararira mudumbu, muchiuno, kana zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri. Rudzi urwu rwegomarara reovari riri kukura nekukurumidza uye rine fungidziro yakaipa.

Njodzi Zviitiko, Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo, uye Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuyedza

Ngozi yekenza yemazai inowedzerwa nekuve neanotevera eanotevera mamiriro:

• Chirwere cheOllier (kusagadzikana kunokonzera kukura kusingaite kwetikaradhi panopera mapfupa marefu).

• Maffucci syndrome (hosha inokonzeresa kukura kusingaite kwetikaradhi panopera mapfupa marefu uye tsinga dzeropa muganda).

• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (chirwere chinokonzera polyps kuumba mumatumbu uye nerima mavara kuti aite pamuromo neminwe).

• Pleuropulmonary blastoma syndrome (chirwere chinogona kukonzera cystic nephroma, cysts mumapapu, matambudziko ehutachiona, uye mamwe kanzira yeitsvo, ovary, uye yakapfava nyama).

• DICER1 syndrome (chirwere chinogona kukonzeresa goiter, polyps mukoloni, uye mamota eiyo ovary, cervix, testicle, itsvo, huropi, ziso, uye kumhara kwepapu)

Gomarara reOvarian rinogona kukonzera chero ezviratidzo zvinotevera nezviratidzo. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Marwadzo kana kuzvimba mudumbu.

• Bundu mudumbu.

• Kuzvimbirwa.

• Zvinorwadza kana kupotsa kuenda kumwedzi.

• Kujairika kweropa remukadzi.

• Hunhu hwepabonde hwechirume, senge bvudzi remuviri kana izwi rakadzika.

• Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuyaruka.

Mimwe mamiriro asiri ovhari gomarara anogona kukonzera iwo aya zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuyedza kuongorora pamwe necancer ovarian cancer kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• CT scan.

• MRI.

• Ultrasound.

• Biopsy. Iyo turu yakabviswa panguva yekuvhiyiwa inoonekwa pasi pe microscope nachiremba wekuongorora kuti aone zviratidzo zvegomarara.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora mamota eovarian anosanganisira anotevera:

• Serum tumor marker bvunzo: Maitiro umo muyenzaniso weropa unoongororwa kuyera huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa muropa nenhengo, nyama, kana tumarara masero mumuviri. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosunganidzwa kune chaiwo marudzi ekenza kana akawanikwa mune akawedzera mwero muropa. Aya anonzi mamarara mamark. Iwo mamaki mamaki alpha-fetoprotein, beta-yemunhu chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), CEA, CA-125, uye mamwe anoshandiswa kuongorora cancer yechibereko.

Munguva yekuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu, mvura iri mudumbu ichaongororwa zviratidzo zvegomarara.

Kufungidzira

Ovarian epithelial cancer inowanzo kuwanikwa padanho rekutanga muvana uye zviri nyore kurapa kupfuura kune vakuru varwere.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kweanign ovarian tumors muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya.

Kurapa kwekenza ovarian epithelial cancer muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya.

• Radiation kurapa.

• Chemotherapy.

Kurapa kweovarian stromal tumors, kusanganisira vechidiki granulosa maseru mamota uye Sertoli-Leydig maseru mamota, muvana anogona kusanganisira anotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa ovary imwe uye imwe fallopian chubhu yekenza yekutanga.

• Kuvhiya kunoteverwa nekemotherapy yekenza iri kumberi.

• Chemotherapy yekenza yakadzoka (dzoka).

Kurapa kwediki cell carcinoma yeiyo ovary kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kunoteverwa nekemotherapy uye yakakwira-dose chemotherapy ine stem cell kununura.

• Targeted therapy (tazemetostat).

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika ovarian kenza muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona zvinotevera pfupiso dze kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo:

• Yevacheche Kuwedzera kweGerman Cell Tumors Kurapa
• Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, uye Yekutanga Peritoneal Cancer Kurapa
• Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Kurapa

Cervical uye Vaginal Cancer

Gomarara repamuromo wechibereko chirwere chinogumbuka masero (gomarara) mumuromo wechibereko. Cervix ndiyo yepazasi, yakatetepa kuguma kwechibereko (hollow, pear-shaped nhengo panokura mwana). Cervix inotungamira kubva muchibereko kuenda kuchikadzi (kuberekwa nzira). Kenza yemukadzi inoumba mukati memukadzi. Mukadzi ndiye mugero unobva pamuromo wechibereko uchienda kunze kwemuviri. Pakazvarwa, mwana anodarika kunze kwemuviri kuburikidza nemukadzi (unonziwo mukana wekuzvarwa).

Anatomy yevakadzi yekubereka system. Nhengo dziri muchikamu chekubereka chevakadzi dzinosanganisira chibereko, mazai, mazamu, mazamu, uye mukadzi. Chibereko chine mhasuru yekunze inoshevedza inonzi myometrium uye nekamuri yemukati inonzi endometrium.

Chiratidzo chakajairika chegomarara remuromo wechibereko uye remukati meropa remukadzi. Mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu anogona zvakare kukonzera kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi kubuda ropa. Vana vanowanzoonekwa vaine chirwere chemberi.

Kuongorora uye Kuyedza Kuyedza

Kuyedza kuongorora uye danho remukomana uye remukenza gomarara kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• Ultrasound.

• MRI.

• CT scan.

• Biopsy. Transvaginal tsono biopsy ndiko kubviswa kwetishu uchishandisa tsono inotungamirwa ne ultrasound.

• Bone scan.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo inoshandiswa kuongorora hutachiona hwechibereko uye hwemadzimai inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Serum tumor marker bvunzo: Maitiro umo muyenzaniso weropa unoongororwa kuyera huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaburitswa muropa nenhengo, nyama, kana tumarara masero mumuviri. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosunganidzwa kune chaiwo marudzi ekenza kana akawanikwa mune akawedzera mwero muropa. Aya anonzi mamarara mamark.

• PAP bvunzo: Maitiro ekuunganidza maseru kubva pamusoro pemuromo wechibereko nemukadzi. Chidimbu chekotoni, bhurasho, kana kamuti kadiki kanoshandiswa kupuruzira zvinyoronyoro masero kubva mumuromo wechibereko nemukadzi. Masero anotariswa pasi pe microscope kuti aone kana asina kujairika Maitiro aya anonziwo Pap smear.

• Cystoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa mukati mechiropa uye urethra kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Iyo cystoscope inoiswa kuburikidza neiyo urethra kupinda mudundira. Iyo cystoscope chishoma, chubhu-senge chiridzwa chine mwenje uye lens yekuona. Iyo inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa matissue sampuli, ayo anoongororwa pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvegomarara.

• Proctoscopy: Maitiro ekutarisa mukati meye rectum uye anus kutarisa nzvimbo dzisina kujairika, uchishandisa proctoscope. Proctoscope chinhu chakaonda, chubhu-senge ine mwenje uye lens yekuona mukati meiyo rectum uye anus. Iyo inogona zvakare kuve nechishandiso chekubvisa matissue sampuli, ayo anoongororwa pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvegomarara.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwehucheche hwechibereko uye kenza yemukadzi inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera

• Kuvhiya kubvisa yakawanda yekenza sezvinobvira, kuchiteverwa nemwaranzi kurapwa, kana gomarara maseru akasara mushure mekuvhiyiwa kana gomarara rapararira kune ma lymph node.

• Chemotherapy inogona zvakare kushandiswa asi hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti mushonga uyu unoshanda sei.

Kurapa kwekakajairika kenza uye kenza yemukadzi mukati mevana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Mamwe Rare Asingawanzo Cancers eUdiki

Muchikamu chino

• Akawanda Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

• Pheochromocytoma uye Paraganglioma

• Ganda Ganda (Melanoma, Squamous Cell Cancer, Basal Cell Kenza)

• Intraocular (Kufumura) Melanoma

• Chordoma

• Kenza yeKusingazivikanwe Saiti Saiti

Akawanda Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes idambudziko rekugara nhaka iro rinokanganisa iyo endocrine system. Iyo endocrine system inoumbwa nemaronda nemaseru anogadzira mahormone uye oasunungura muropa. MEN syndromes inogona kukonzera hyperplasia (kukura kwemazhinji maseru akajairika) kana mamota anogona kunge ari benign (kwete cancer) kana yakaipa (cancer).

Kune akatiwandei emhando dzeMEN syndromes uye yega mhando inogona kukonzera mamiriro akasiyana kana cancer. Kuchinja muRET geni kunowanzo sangana nekenza medullary cancer muMEN2 syndrome. Kana kuongororwa kweMEN2 syndrome kuchifungidzirwa kumwana kana nhengo yemhuri ichionekwa kuti ine MEN2 syndrome, vabereki vanofanirwa kupihwa mazano eijeniki kusati kwaitwa kuongororwa kwemajini. Kurairidzwa kweGenetic zvakare kunosanganisira kukurukura nezve njodzi yeMEN2 syndrome yemwana nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri.

Mhando mbiri huru dzeMEN syndromes ndeMEN1 neMEN2:

MEN1 syndrome inonziwo Wermer syndrome. Iyi syndrome inowanzo kukonzera mamota muparathyroid gland, pituitary gland, kana islet maseru mupancreas. Kuongororwa kweMEN1 syndrome kunoitwa kana mamota akawanikwa mune maviri eaya maronda kana nhengo. Kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) kazhinji kwakanaka.

Aya mamota anogona kuita mamwe mahormone uye anokonzeresa zvimwe zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvehosha. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinoenderana nerudzi rwehomoni inogadzirwa nebundu. Dzimwe nguva hapana zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvegomarara.

Mamiriro akajairika anosanganisirwa neMEN1 syndrome ndeye hyperparathyroidism. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve hyperparathyroidism (yakawandisa parathyroid hormone) inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuva neitsvo ibwe.

• Kunzwa kupera simba kana kuneta zvakanyanya.

• Kurwadziwa kwepfupa.

Mimwe mamiriro akasanganiswa neMEN1 syndrome uye zviratidzo zvavo zvakajairika nezviratidzo ndezvi:

• Pituitary adenoma (kurwadziwa nemusoro, kusavapo kwemendi panguva kana mushure mekuyaruka, kugadzira mukaka wemuzamu pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa).

• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (yakaderera ropa shuga [kushaya simba, kurasikirwa kwekuziva, kana coma], kurwadziwa mudumbu, kurutsa, uye manyoka).

Zvironda zvakaipa zveadrenal glands, bronchi, thymus, fibrous tishu, kana mafuta maseru anogona kuitika.

Vana vane yekutanga hyperparathyroidism, mamota ane hukama neMEN1 syndrome, kana nhoroondo yemhuri ye hypercalcemia kana MEN1 syndrome vanogona kuve neongororo yekuongorora kuti vatarise shanduko (shanduko) mune MEN1 geni. Vabereki vanofanirwa kupihwa kuraira kwemajini (hurukuro nehunyanzvi hwakadzidziswa nezve njodzi yezvirwere zvechibereko) kuongororwa kwemajini kusati kwaitwa. Genetic counselling zvakare inosanganisa nhaurirano yenjodzi yeMEN1 syndrome yemwana nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri.

Vana vanoonekwa kuti vane MEN1 syndrome vanoongororwa zviratidzo zvekenza kutangira pamakore mashanu emakore uye kuenderera kwehupenyu hwavo hwese. Taura nachiremba wemwana wako nezve bvunzo uye maitiro anodiwa kuti utarise zviratidzo zvekenza uye kuti zvinofanirwa kuitwa kangani.

MEN2 syndrome inosanganisira maviri makuru makuru: MEN2A uye MEN2B.

• MEN2A chirwere

MEN2A syndrome inonzi zvakare Sipple syndrome. Kuongororwa kweMEN2A syndrome kunogona kuitwa kana murwere kana vabereki vemurwere, vanin'ina, hanzvadzi, kana vana vane zviviri kana kupfuura zvinotevera.

• Medullary cancer yegomarara (kenza inoumba mumasero eparafollicular C mutachiona) Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve medullary thyroid kenza inogona kusanganisira:

• Bundu pahuro kana mutsipa.

• Kunetseka kufema.

• Dambudziko kumedza.

• Kuchema.

• Pheochromocytoma (bundu readrenal gland). Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve pheochromocytoma zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Marwadzo mudumbu kana muchipfuva.

• Yakasimba, inokurumidza, kana isina kujairika kurova kwemoyo.

• Kutemwa nemusoro.

• Kuwedzera kudikitira pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Dzungu.

• Kunzwa kuzununguka.

• Kushatirwa kana kutya.

• Parathyroid gland chirwere (benign bundu reparathyroid gland kana kuwedzera muhukuru hweparathyroid gland). Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zveparathyroid chirwere zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Hypercalcemia.

• Marwadzo mudumbu, padivi, kana musana asingaendi.

• Marwadzo mumapfupa.

• Bhonzo rakatyoka.

• Bundu muhuro.

• Kunetseka kutaura.

• Dambudziko kumedza.

Dzimwe medulary cancer yegomarara inoitika pamwe neHirschsprung chirwere (chisingaperi kupatirwa iyo inotanga kana mwana ari mucheche), iyo yakawanikwa mune dzimwe mhuri dzine MEN2A syndrome. Hirschsprung chirwere chinogona kuoneka pamberi pezvimwe zviratidzo zveMEN2A syndrome. Varwere vanoonekwa kuti vane Hirschsprung chirwere vanofanirwa kuongororwa kuti RET geni shanduko inosanganisirwa neye medullary cancer kenza uye MEN2A syndrome.

Inozivikanwa medullary carcinoma yeiyo thyroid (FMTC) rudzi rweMEN2A syndrome iyo inokonzeresa medullary cancer kenza. Kuongororwa kweFMTC kunogona kuitwa kana vaviri kana vanopfuura vemhuri vaine kenza yemukaka medullary uye pasina nhengo dzemhuri dzine parathyroid kana adrenal gland matambudziko.

• MEN2B chirwere

Varwere vane MEN2B syndrome vanogona kuve nemuviri mutete unovakwa nemaoko akareba, matete nemakumbo. Iyo miromo inogona kuoneka yakakura uye ine bundu nekuda kwemabundu ane hunyoro mumucheka. MEN2B chirwere chinogona kukonzera zvinotevera mamiriro:

• Medullary cancer yekenza (inokurumidza kukura).

• Parathyroid hyperplasia.

• Adenomas.

• Pheochromocytoma.

• Tsinga maseru mamota mune mucous membranes kana dzimwe nzvimbo.

Miedzo inoshandiswa kuongorora uye chikamu cheMEN syndromes zvinoenderana nezviratidzo nezviratidzo uye nhoroondo yemhuri yemurwere. Zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• Ropa kemesitiri zvidzidzo.

• Ultrasound.

• MRI.

• CT scan.

• PET scan.

• Yakanaka-tsono aspiration (FNA) kana yekuvhiya biopsy.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora MEN syndromes anosanganisira anotevera:

• Kuongorora kwegeneti: Kuedzwa kwerabhoritari umo masero kana zvinyama zvinoongororwa kutsvaga shanduko mumagene kana ma chromosomes. Shanduko idzi dzinogona kunge dziri chiratidzo chekuti munhu ane kana panjodzi yekuve nechimwe chirwere kana mamiriro. Muenzaniso weropa unotariswa MEN1 gene kuti uongorore MEN1 syndrome uye neiyo RET geni yekuongorora MEN2 syndrome.

• Ropa mahormone zvidzidzo: Maitiro ekuti muyero weropa unotariswa kuyera huwandu hwemamwe mahormone akaburitswa muropa nenhengo uye nyama munyama. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chakakwirira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana munyama inoigadzira. Ropa rinogonawo kuongororwa kuti riite huwandu hwehomoni calcitonin kana parathyroid hormone (PTH).

• Utachiona scan: Chishoma chinhu chine radioactive chinomedzwa kana kubayiwa jekiseni. Iyo radioactive zvinhu inounganidza muhutachiona gland maseru. Kamera yakakosheswa yakabatana nekombuta inoona mwaranzi yapihwa uye inogadzira mifananidzo inoratidza kutaridzika kunoita utachiona uye mashandiro ayo uye kuti gomarara rapararira here kupfuura gland reiyo. Kana huwandu hwehutachiona hunosimudzira hutachiona muropa remwana huri pasi, kuongororwa kwekugadzira mifananidzo yeiyo thyroid kunogona kuitwa usati wavhiyiwa.

• Sestamibi scan: Rudzi rweRadionuclide scan inoshandiswa kuwana yakanyanyisa kuita parathyroid gland. Chinhu chidiki kwazvo che radioactive chinhu chinonzi technetium 99 chakabairirwa mutsinga uye chichifamba kuburikidza neropa kuenda kune parathyroid gland. Iyo radioactive chinhu inounganidza mune yakanyanyisa gland uye inoratidza yakajeka pane yakakosha kamera iyo inoona radioactivity.

• Venous sampling yeyakawandisa parathyroid gland: Maitiro umo sampuro yeropa inotorwa kubva mutsinga padhuze neparathyroid gland. Muenzaniso unotariswa kuyera huwandu hweparathyroid mahormone akaburitswa muropa nega gland. Venous sampling inogona kuitwa kana kuongororwa kweropa kuchiratidza kuti kune yakanyanyisa kuita parathyroid gland asi kuongororwa kwekufungidzira hakuratidze kuti ndeipi.

• Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Rudzi rweRadionuclide scan iyo inogona kushandiswa kuwana mamota. Chishoma kwazvo che radioactive octreotide (kemikari inosunga tumamota) inopinzwa mutsinga uye ichifamba kuburikidza neropa. Iyo radioactive octreotide inosungira kune iro bundu uye yakakosha kamera iyo inoona radioactivity inoshandiswa kuratidza kana paine islet cell tumors mupancrere. Maitiro aya anonziwo octreotide scan uye SRS.

• MIBG scan: Maitiro anoshandiswa kuwana maturo neuroendocrine, senge pheochromocytoma. Chinhu chidiki kwazvo chechinhu chinonzi radioactive MIBG inorowa mutsinga uye ichifamba nemuropa. Neuroendocrine bundu maseru anotora radioactive MIBG uye anoonekwa neye scanner. Scans inogona kutorwa kupfuura mazuva 1-3. Mhinduro yeayodini inogona kupihwa usati kana panguva yekuyedzwa kuti utachiona hwegland husatore yakawandisa yeMIBG.

• Makumi maviri nemana-awa-weti bvunzo: Maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora neuroendocrine mamota, senge pheochromocytoma. Weti inounganidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuyera huwandu hwecatecholamines mune weti. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekuparara kweiyi catecholamines zvinoyerwawo. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chakakwirira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana munyama inoigadzira. Yakakwirira kupfuura zvakajairwa zviyero inogona kunge iri chiratidzo chepheochromocytoma.

• Pentagastrin kukurudzira bvunzo: Chiyero umo masampuli eropa anoongororwa kuyera huwandu hwecalcitonin muropa. Calcium gluconate uye pentagastrin zvinojowa muropa uye ipapo huwandu hweropa sampu dzinotorwa pamusoro pemaminetsi mashanu anotevera. Kana iyo mwero wecalcitonin muropa ichiwedzera, inogona kunge iri chiratidzo che medullary cancer kenza.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kune akatiwandei marudzi eMEN syndrome, uye yega mhando inogona kuda kurapwa kwakasiyana:

• Varwere vane MEN1 syndrome vanorapwa parathyroid, pancreatic, uye pituitary tumors.

• Varwere vane MEN1 syndrome uye yekutanga hyperparathyroidism vanogona kuvhiyiwa kubvisa zvisungo zvitatu zveparathyroid uye thymus.

• Varwere vane MEN2A syndrome vanowanzoitwa oparesheni kuti vabvise iyo utachiona nezera makore mashanu kana apfuura kana bvunzo dzegene dzichiratidza kumwe kuchinja muRET gene. Kuvhiya kunoitwa kuongorora gomarara kana kudzikisira mukana wekenza uchaumba kana kupararira.

• Vacheche vane MEN2B syndrome vanogona kuvhiyiwa kubvisa utachiona kudzikisa mukana wekenza kuumba kana kupararira.

• Vana vane MEN2B syndrome vane medullary cancer yekenza vanogona kurapwa neakananga kurapwa (kinase inhibitor inonzi vandetanib).

Kurapa kwevarwere vane Hirschsprung chirwere uye zvimwe RET majini shanduko anosanganisira anotevera:

• Yakazara thyroidectomy kudzikisira mukana wekuti cancer ichaumbika.

Kurapa kwekudzokorora MEN syndrome muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Pheochromocytoma uye Paraganglioma

Pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma zvipfukuto zvisingawanzo zvinobva kune imwechete mhando yetsinga tishu. Mazhinji emamota aya haasi gomarara.

• Pheochromocytoma mafomu mune adrenal glands. Kune maviri adrenal gland, imwe pamusoro petsvo yega yega kumashure kwedumbu repamusoro. Imwe neimwe adrenal gland ine zvikamu zviviri. Rutivi rwekunze rweadrenal gland ndiyo adrenal cortex. Pakati pe adrenal gland ndiyo adrenal medulla. Pheochromocytoma ibundu readrenal medulla.

Iyo adrenal glands inogadzira akakosha mahormone anonzi catecholamines. Adrenaline (epinephrine) uye noradrenaline (norepinephrine) marudzi maviri emakatechamine anobatsira kudzora kurova kwemwoyo, kuwedzerwa kweropa, shuga yeropa, uye nemabatiro anoita muviri kushushikana Mamwe pheochromocytomas anoburitsa yakawedzera adrenaline uye noradrenaline muropa uye inokonzeresa zviratidzo.

• Paraganglioma inoumba kunze kweadrenal glands padyo necarotid arteri, munzira dzetsinga mumusoro nemutsipa, uye mune zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri. Mamwe ma paragangliomas anoita mamwe macatecholamine anonzi adrenaline uye noradrenaline. Kuburitswa kweadrenaline uye noradrenaline muropa kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo.

Njodzi Zviitiko, Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo, uye Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuyedza

Chero chipi zvacho chinowedzera mukana wako wekutora chirwere chinonzi njodzi chinhu. Kuva nenjodzi hazvireve kuti uchawana gomarara; kusava nenjodzi hazvireve kuti hauzobatwe negomarara. Taura nachiremba wemwana wako kana iwe uchifunga kuti mwana wako angave ari panjodzi.

Ngozi ye pheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma inowedzerwa nekuve nechero yeanotevera nhaka syndromes kana shanduko yesini:

• Akawanda endocrine neoplasia mhando 1 (MEN1) chirwere. Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira mamota muparathyroid gland, pituitary gland, kana islet maseru mupancreas, uye kashoma, pheochromocytoma.

• Akawanda endocrine neoplasia mhando 2A syndrome. Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira pheochromocytoma, medullary cancer kenza, uye parathyroid gland chirwere.

• Akawanda endocrine neoplasia mhando 2B syndrome. Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira pheochromocytoma, medullary cancer kenza, parathyroid hyperplasia, uye mamwe mamiriro.

• von Hippel-Lindau chirwere (VHL). Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, hemangioblastoma, yakajeka cell renal carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, uye mamwe mamiriro.

• Neurofibromatosis mhando 1 (NF1). Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira neurofibromas, tumarara dzehuropi, pheochromocytoma, uye mamwe mamiriro.

• Carney-Stratakis dhadhi. Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira paraganglioma uye gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).

• Carney mutatu. Iyi syndrome inogona kusanganisira paraganglioma, GIST, uye pulmonary chondroma.

• Yemhuri pheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma.

Vanopfuura hafu yevana nevechiri kuyaruka vanoonekwa vane pheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma vane chirwere chakagarwa nhaka kana shanduko yemajini iyo yakawedzera njodzi yekenza Kurairidzwa kwemajini (hurukuro nehunyanzvi hwakadzidziswa nezvezvirwere zvakagarwa nhaka) uye kuyedzwa chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekurapa.

Mamwe mamota haagadziri adrenaline kana noradrenaline uye haakonzere zviratidzo. Aya mamota anogona kuwanikwa kana bundu rikaumba mumutsipa kana pakaitwa bvunzo kana maitiro kune chimwe chikonzero. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma zvinoitika kana yakawandisa adrenaline kana noradrenaline ichiburitswa muropa. Izvi nezvimwe zviratidzo zvinogona kukonzerwa ne pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, kana mamwe mamiriro. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Yakakwira BP.

• Kutemwa nemusoro.

• Kuwedzera kudikitira pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa.

• Yakasimba, inokurumidza, kana isina kujairika kurova kwemoyo.

• Kunzwa kuzununguka.

• Kunyatso kuchena.

• Dzungu.

• Kushatirwa kana kutya.

Izvi zviratidzo nezviratidzo zvinogona kuuya nekuenda asi kukwirira kweropa kunowanzoitika kwenguva refu muvarwere vadiki. Zviratidzo nezviratidzo izvi zvinogona zvakare kuitika nekurovedza muviri, kukuvara, kutindivadza, kuvhiyiwa kubvisa bundu, kudya chikafu senge chokoreti uye chizi, kana uchipfuura weti (kana bundu racho riri mudundira).

Kuyedza kunoshandiswa kuongorora uye danho pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma zvinoenderana nezviratidzo nezviratidzo uye nhoroondo yemhuri yemurwere. Zvinogona kusanganisira:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• PET scan.

• CT scan (CAT scan).

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma anosanganisira anotevera:

• Plasma-isina metanephrines bvunzo: Kuongororwa kweropa kuyera huwandu hwemetanephrines muropa. Metanephrines zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kana muviri ukatyora adrenaline kana noradrenaline. Pheochromocytomas uye paragangliomas inogona kugadzira adrenaline yakawanda uye noradrenaline uye inokonzeresa mazinga e metanephrines muropa nemurini.

• Ropa catecholamine zvidzidzo: Maitiro ekuti muyero weropa unotariswa kuyera huwandu hwedzimwe catecholamines (adrenaline kana noradrenaline) yakaburitswa muropa. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekuparara kweiyi catecholamines zvinoyerwawo. Chinhu chisina kujairika (chisina kujairika chakakwira kana chakaderera pane zvakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu chinogona kuve chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana munyama inoigadzira. Yakakwirira kupfuura zvakajairwa zviyero inogona kunge iri chiratidzo chepheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma.

• Makumi maviri nemana-awa weti weti bvunzo: Chiyero umo weti inounganidzwa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana kuyera huwandu hwecatecholamines (adrenaline kana noradrenaline) kana metanephrines mune weti. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekuparara kweiyi catecholamines zvinoyerwawo. Iyo isina kujairika (yakakwira kupfuura yakajairwa) huwandu hwechinhu inogona kuve chiratidzo chechirwere munhengo kana nyama inoigadzira. Yakakwirira kupfuura zvakajairwa zviyero inogona kunge iri chiratidzo chepheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma.

• MIBG scan: Maitiro anoshandiswa kuwana maturo neuroendocrine, senge pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma. Chinhu chidiki kwazvo chechinhu chinonzi radioactive MIBG inorowa mutsinga uye ichifamba nemuropa. Neuroendocrine bundu maseru anotora radioactive MIBG uye anoonekwa neye scanner. Scans inogona kutorwa kupfuura mazuva 1-3. Mhinduro yeayodini inogona kupihwa usati kana panguva yekuyedzwa kuti utachiona hwegland husatore yakawandisa yeMIBG.

• Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Rudzi rweRadionuclide scan iyo inogona kushandiswa kuwana mamota. Chishoma kwazvo che radioactive octreotide (kemikari inosunga tumamota) inopinzwa mutsinga uye ichifamba kuburikidza neropa. Iyo radioactive octreotide inonamira kune iro bundu uye yakakosha kamera iyo inoona radioactivity inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti pane mamota ari mumuviri. Maitiro aya anonziwo octreotide scan uye SRS.

• Kuongorora kwegeneti: Kuedzwa kwerabhoritari umo masero kana zvinyama zvinoongororwa kutsvaga shanduko mumagene kana ma chromosomes. Shanduko idzi dzinogona kunge dziri chiratidzo chekuti munhu ane kana panjodzi yekuve nechimwe chirwere kana mamiriro. Aya anotevera magene anogona kuongororwa muvana vane pheochromocytoma kana paraganglioma: VHL, NF1, RET, SDHD, SDHB, SDHA, MAX, uye TMEM127 majini.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwepheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa zvachose bundu.

• Kusanganisa chemotherapy, yakakwira-dhizaini 131I-MIBG kurapa, kana yakanangwa kurapa kwemamota akapararira kune mamwe mativi emuviri.

Usati wavhiyiwa, mushonga wekurapa nealpha-blockers kudzora BP uye beta-blockers kudzora kurova kwemoyo zvinopihwa. Kana zvese zviri zviviri adrenal glands zvabviswa, hupenyu-hurefu hormone kurapa kutsiva mahormoni akagadzirwa neadrenal gland anodikanwa mushure mekuvhiyiwa.

Kurapa kwekudzokorora pheochromocytoma uye paraganglioma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki ye131I-MIBG kurapwa.

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki yekurapa kwakanangwa neDNA methyltransferase inhibitor.

Ganda Ganda (Melanoma, Squamous Cell Cancer, Basal Cell Kenza)

Gomarara reganda chirwere umo mune maseru (gomarara) maseru anogadzira munyama dzeganda. Ganda inhengo huru yemuviri. Inodzivirira pakupisa, chiedza chezuva, kukuvara, uye hutachiona. Ganda rinobatsirawo kudzora tembiricha yemuviri uye rinochengetera mvura, mafuta, uye vhitamini D. Ganda rine zvidimbu zvakati wandei, asi zvidimbu zviviri zvikuru ndeepidermis (yepamusoro kana yekunze) uye dermis (yakadzika kana yepakati). Kenza yeganda inotangira mu epidermis, iyo inoumbwa nemhando nhatu dzemasero:

• Melanocyte: Inowanikwa mune yepazasi chikamu cheiyo epidermis, aya maseru anogadzira melanin, iyo pigment inopa ganda ruvara rwechisikigo. Kana ganda rakaratidzirwa kuzuva, melanocyte inoita yakawanda pigment uye inoita kuti ganda rive nerima.

• Maseru e squamous: Matete, matete maseru anoita chikamu chepamusoro chepidermis.

• Basal masero: Akatenderera maseru pasi pemaseru anokatyamadza

Anatomy yeganda, inoratidza iyo epidermis, dermis, uye subcutaneous tishu. Melanocytes ari mune yakaturikidzana yemaseru maseru munzvimbo yakadzika yepidermis.

Kune matatu marudzi ekenza yeganda.

• Melanoma.

• Kenza yeganda squamous sero.

• Basal kenza yeganda ganda.

Melanoma

Kunyangwe hazvo melanoma isingawanzoitika, ndiyo inonyanya kenza yeganda muvana. Zvinoitika kazhinji muvachiri kuyaruka vane makore gumi nemashanu kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe.

Ngozi yekuva nemaranoma inowedzerwa nekuve nemamiriro ezvinhu anotevera:

• Giant melanocytic nevi (hombe matema mavara, ayo anogona kuvhara trunk uye chidya).

• Neurocutaneous melanosis (congenital melanocytic nevi muganda uye muuropi).

• Xeroderma pigmentosum.

• Nhaka retinoblastoma.

• Immune isina kusimba.

Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa nezve melanoma muese mazera mapoka anosanganisira:

• Kuve nechitarisiko chakanaka, icho chinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Ganda rakapfava iro rinotetereka uye rinotsva zviri nyore, haritsike, kana kusona zvakanaka.

• Bhuruu kana girini kana mamwe akachena-mavara maziso.

• Tsvuku kana bvudzi bvudzi.

• Kuburitswa muzuva rezuva kana chakagadzirwa chezuva (senge kubva pamabhedha ekuchenesa) kwenguva yakareba.

• Kuva akati wandei makuru kana mazhinji madiki ma moles.

• Kuva nenhoroondo yemhuri kana nhoroondo yemunhu asina kujairika mamore (atypical nevus syndrome).

• Kuve nenhoroondo yemhuri yemelanoma.

Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve melanoma zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• A mole iyo:

• shanduko muhukuru, chimiro, kana ruvara.

• ine mitsetse isina kukwana kana miganhu.

• inopfuura rumwe ruvara.

• isymmetrical (kana iyo mole yakakamurwa nepakati, iwo mahafu maviri akasiyana muhukuru kana chimiro).

• kuvava.

• inobuda, inodonha ropa, kana kuti ine ulcerated (mamiriro mune iyo yepamusoro peganda inoputsika uye munyama uri pazasi unoratidza kuburikidza).

• Chinja mune pigmented (mavara) ganda.

• Satellite moles (nyowani nyoro dzinokura padhuze neiyo riripo mole).

Miedzo yekuongorora uye yekumusoro melanoma inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• X-ray yechipfuva.

• CT scan.

• MRI.

• PET scan.

• Ultrasound.

Ona iyo General Ruzivo chikamu kune tsananguro yeaya mabvunzo uye maitiro.

Mimwe bvunzo uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora melanoma anosanganisira anotevera:

• Ganda bvunzo: Chiremba kana mukoti anotarisa ganda kune mapundu kana mavara anotaridzika asina kujairika muvara, saizi, chimiro, kana kugadzirwa.

• Biopsy: Zvese kana chikamu chekusanzwisisika-kutaridzika kukura kunotemwa kubva paganda uye kunoonekwa pasi pe microscope nana pathologist kutarisa masero ekenza. Kune mana makuru marudzi eganda biopsies:

• Shave biopsy: Reza risingabereki rinoshandiswa "kuveura" kukura kunoratidzika zvisina kujairika.

• Punch biopsy: Chishandiso chakakosha chinonzi punch kana trephine inoshandiswa kubvisa denderedzwa rezvinyama kubva mukukura kusingaite.

• Incisional biopsy: A scalpel inoshandiswa kubvisa chikamu chekuwedzera-kutaridzika kukura.

• Excisional biopsy: A scalpel inoshandiswa kubvisa kukura kwese.

• Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Kubviswa kweiyo sentinel lymph node panguva yekuvhiyiwa. Iyo sentinel lymph node ndiyo yekutanga lymph node muboka rema lymph node ekugamuchira lymphatic drainage kubva kune yekutanga bundu. Iyo yekutanga lymph node kenza ingangopararira ichienda kubva kune yekutanga bundu. Chinhu chine radioactive uye / kana dhayi yebhuruu inorohwa padyo nebundu. Icho chinhu kana dhayi inoyerera kuburikidza nemakiromita ducts kuenda kune ma lymph node. Iyo yekutanga lymph node yekugamuchira chinhu kana dhayi inobviswa. Nyanzvi yezvirwere anoona tishu pasi pe microscope kutsvaga maseru ekenza. Kana masero emukenza asingawanikwe, zvinogona kunge zvisiri kudikanwa kubvisa mamwe ma "lymph node". Dzimwe nguva, sentinel lymph node inowanikwa mune anopfuura rimwe boka renzvimbo.

• Lymph node dissection: Nzira yekuvhiya iyo lymph node inobviswa uye sampuli yetishu inotariswa pasi pe microscope yezviratidzo zvegomarara. Kune remunharaunda lymph node kupatsanurwa, mamwe ma lymph node munzvimbo yebundu anobviswa. Kune radical lymph node dissection, mazhinji kana ese ma lymph node munzvimbo yebundu anobviswa. Iyi nzira inonziwo lymphadenectomy.

Kurapa kweMelanoma

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwemelanoma iyo isina kupararira kune lymph node kana zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu uye mamwe materu ane hutano akarikomberedza.

Kurapa kwemelanoma yakapararira kune lymph node iri padyo inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu uye ma lymph node ane cancer.

• Immunotherapy ine immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, uye nivolumab).

• Kurapa kwakanangidzirwa neBRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, encorafenib) yega kana neMEK inhibitors (trametinib, binimetinib).

Kurapa kwemelanoma iyo yakapararira kupfuura iyo lymph node inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Immunotherapy (ipilimumab).

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki yemuromo wakanangwa kurapwa mushonga (dabrafenib) muvana nevechiri kuyaruka.

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika melanoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki yemununotherapy nema immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab) muvana nevechiri kuyaruka.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Melanoma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo

Squamous Cell uye Basal Cell Ganda Ganda

Nonmelanoma kenza yeganda (squamous cell uye basal cell cancer) ishoma kwazvo muvana nevechiri kuyaruka. Ngozi ye squamous cell kana basal cancer kenza inowedzerwa neinotevera:

• Kuburitswa muzuva rezuva kana chakagadzirwa chezuva (senge kubva pamabhedha ekuchenesa) kwenguva yakareba.
• Kuve nechitarisiko chakanaka, icho chinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Ganda rakapfava iro rinotetereka uye rinotsva zviri nyore, haritsike, kana kusona zvakanaka.

• Bhuruu kana girini kana mamwe akachena-mavara maziso.

• Tsvuku kana bvudzi bvudzi.

• Kuve neactinic keratosis.

• Kuve neGorlin syndrome.

• Kurapa kwekare nemwaranzi.

• Kuva nehutachiona husina simba.

Zviratidzo zve squamous cell uye basal cell kenza yeganda inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Ronda risingarape.

• Nzvimbo dzeganda dziri:

• Diki, yakasimudzwa, yakatsetseka, inopenya, uye ine waxy.

• Diki, yakasimudzwa, uye yakatsvuka kana tsvuku-tsvuku.

• Flat, rough, tsvuku kana brown, uye scaly.

• Scaly, kubuda ropa, kana kukakavara.

• Zvakafanana nevanga uye rakasimba.

Kuyedza kuongorora squamous cell uye basal cell kenza yeganda inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Ganda bvunzo: Chiremba kana mukoti anotarisa ganda kune mapundu kana mavara anotaridzika asina kujairika muvara, saizi, chimiro, kana kugadzirwa.

• Biopsy: Zvese kana chikamu chekukura chisingaratidzike chakajairika chinotemwa kubva paganda uye chinotariswa pasi pe microscope nachiremba kuti aone zviratidzo zvecancer. Kune matatu makuru marudzi eganda biopsies:

• Shave biopsy: Reza risingabereki rinoshandiswa "kuveura" kukura kusingaite kunge kwakajairika.

• Punch biopsy: Chimbo chakakosha chinonzi chibhakera kana trephine chinoshandiswa kubvisa denderedzwa rezvinyama kubva mukukura izvo zvisingaite kunge zvakajairika.

• Incisional biopsy: A scalpel inoshandiswa kubvisa chikamu chekuwedzera-kutaridzika kukura.

• Excisional biopsy: A scalpel inoshandiswa kubvisa kukura kwese.

Kurapa kweS squamous Cell uye Basal Cell Ganda Ganda

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwe squamous cell uye basal kenza kenza muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira Mohs micrographic kuvhiyiwa.

Mohs micrographic kuvhiyiwa rudzi rwekuvhiya unoshandiswa pagomarara reganda. Bundu rinochekwa kubva paganda muzvikamu zvidiki. Munguva yekuvhiyiwa, iyo micheto yebundu uye yega yega bundu rebundu rakabviswa rinotariswa kuburikidza ne microscope kutarisa masero ekenza. Matanda anoramba achibviswa kudzamara pasisina masero ekenza anoonekwa. Rudzi urwu rwekuvhiya runobvisa zvidiki zvidiki zvakajairika sezvinobvira uye rinowanzo shandiswa kubvisa cancer yeganda kumeso.

Kurapa kweanowanzoitika squamous cell uye basal kenza kenza muvana inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane munhu mukuru Ganda Kenza Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Intraocular (Kufumura) Melanoma

Intraocular melanoma inotanga pakati pezvikamu zvitatu zvemadziro eziso. Rutivi rwekunze runosanganisira chena sclera (iyo "chena yeziso") uye yakajeka cornea kumberi kweziso. Rukoko rwomukati rwune mutsetse wetsinga dzemutsipa, unonzi retina, iyo inonzwa kupenya uye inotumira mifananidzo pamwe chete nemutsipa wemaziso kuuropi. Iyo yepakati safu, uko intraocular melanoma mafomu, inonzi uvea kana uveal turakiti, uye ine zvikamu zvikuru zvitatu: iris, iyo ciliary muviri, uye choroid.

Anatomy yeziso, inoratidza yekunze uye mukati meziso kusanganisira iyo sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary muviri, choroid, retina, vitreous humor, uye optic nerve. Vitreous kuseka chinhu chinozadza pakati peziso.

Njodzi Zviitiko

Ngozi ye intraocular melanoma inowedzerwa nechero yeanotevera:

• Chiedza chemaziso akajeka.

• Ruvara rweganda rwakanaka.

• Kusakwanisa tan.

• Oculodermal melanocytosis.

• Yakatemwa nevi.

Miedzo yekuongorora uye yekumusoro intraocular melanoma inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kwepanyama uye nhoroondo yehutano.

• Ultrasound.

Mimwe bvunzo uye maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora intraocular melanoma anosanganisira anotevera:

• Fluorescein angiography: Chiyero chinoshandiswa kutora mifananidzo yeiyo retina muziso. Dhayi yeyero inopinzwa mutsinga uye inofamba nemuviri wese kusanganisira nemidzi yeropa muziso. Iyo yero dhayi inokonzeresa kuti midziyo iri muziso ive fluoresce apo pikicha inotorwa.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwe intraocular melanoma muvana kwakafanana nekurapwa kwevanhu vakuru uye kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa bundu.

• Radiation kurapa.

• Laser kuvhiya

. Kurapa kweanowanzoitika intraocular melanoma muvana inogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane munhu mukuru Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Kurapa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Chordoma

Chordoma iri mhando isingawanzoitika yeanononoka-kukura pfupa bundu iro rinoumba chero kupi pamwe nemuzongoza kubva pasi pehenya (pfupa inonzi clivus) kusvika kumuswe wemuswe. Muvana nevechiri kuyaruka, chordomas inogadzira kazhinji mumapfupa pazasi pehenya kana padyo nemuswe wetsono, zvichivaomera kubvisa zvachose nekuvhiya.

Childhood chordoma inosanganisirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu tuberous sclerosis, chirwere chemagene umo mamota ari benign (kwete cancer) mafomu muitsvo, huropi, maziso, moyo, mapapu, uye ganda.

Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo nezviratidzo zve chordoma zvinoenderana nekwaita bundu. Chordoma inogona kukonzera chero eanotevera zviratidzo nezviratidzo. Tarisa nechiremba wemwana wako kana mwana wako ane chero chinotevera:

• Kutemwa nemusoro.

• Kuona kaviri.

• Yakadzivirirwa kana isina mhino.

• Kunetseka kutaura.

• Dambudziko kumedza.

• Mutsipa kana kurwadziwa shure.

• Marwadzo pasi musana wemakumbo.

• Chiveve, kurira, kana kushaya simba kwemaoko nemakumbo.

• Kuchinja muhudyu kana dundira maitiro.

Mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu asiri chordoma anogona kukonzera iwo aya zviratidzo nezviratidzo.

Kuyedza kuongorora chordoma kana kuona kana yapararira kunosanganisira zvinotevera:

• MRI yemuzongoza wese.
• CT scan yechipfuva, dumbu, uye pelvis.
• Biopsy. Muenzaniso wetissue unobviswa uye wotariswa huwandu hwakawanda hweprotein inonzi brachyury.

Chordomas inogona kudzoka (kudzoka), kazhinji munzvimbo imwechete, asi dzimwe nguva inodzokedzana mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzefupa kana mumapapu.

Kufungidzira

Kufungidzira (mukana wekupora) kunoenderana nezvinotevera:

• Zera remwana.

• Ikoko bundu rinoumba pamwe chete nemuzongoza.

• Maitiro anoita bundu racho pakurapwa.

• Kunyangwe paine shanduko muhudyu kana dundira maitiro pakuongororwa.

• Kunyangwe bundu racho richangobva kuongororwa kana kuti radzokazve (dzoka).

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kwechordoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuvhiya kubvisa zvakanyanya bundu sezvinobvira, kuchiteverwa ne radiation radiation. Proton beam radiation radiation inogona kushandiswa kumamota padhuze nedehenya.

Kurapa kwechakaitika chordoma muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini. Varwere vane shanduko mune iyo SMARCB1 geni vanogona kurapwa netazemetostat mune ino kiriniki kuyedzwa.

Kenza yeKusingazivikanwe Saiti Saiti

Cancer yeprimary isingazivikanwe chirwere icho chinotyisa (gomarara) masero anowanikwa mumuviri asi nzvimbo yakatangira gomarara hazvizivikanwe. Kenza inogona kuumba mune chero nyama yemuviri. Iyo cancer yekutanga (iyo cancer iyo yakatanga kuumba) inogona kupararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Maitiro aya anonzi metastasis. Cancer masero anowanzoita semasero erudzi rwechitunha makatangira cancer. Semuenzaniso, maseru ekenza yemazamu anogona kupararira kusvika kumapapu. Nekuti kenza yakatanga muzamu, maseru egomarara mumapapu anotaridzika semasero ekenza yemazamu.

Dzimwe nguva vanachiremba vanowana uko gomarara rapararira asi vasingakwanise kuwana kuti mumuviri kenza yakatanga kupi kukura. Rudzi urwu rwegomarara runonzi gomarara rechisingazivikanwe chepuraimari kana remashiripiti.

Mu carcinoma yeprimary isingazivikanwe, maseru egomarara akapararira mumuviri asi nzvimbo yakatangira gomarara repakutanga haizivikanwe.

Kuedzwa kunoitwa kutsvaga kwakatangira gomarara rekutanga uye kuwana ruzivo nezvekuti gomarara rapararira kupi. Kana bvunzo dzikakwanisa kuwana gomarara rekutanga, gomarara rinenge risisiri gomarara risingazivikanwe uye kurapwa kunoenderana nerudzi rwegomarara repakutanga.

Nekuti nzvimbo yakatangira kenza haizivikanwe, kuyedza kwakawanda kwakasiyana nemaitiro, kusanganisira gene expression profiling uye kuongororwa kwemajini, zvinogona kudikanwa kuti uwane rudzi rwekenza. Kana bvunzo dzichiratidza kuti panogona kunge paine cancer, biopsy inoitwa Bhiopsy ndiko kubviswa kwemaseru kana matukisi kuti agone kutariswa pasi pe microscope nachiremba. Iye pathologist anoona munyama kuti atarise maseru ekenza uye kuti awane mhando yekenza. Mhando yebhiopsy inoitwa inoenderana nechikamu chemuviri chiri kuongororwa gomarara. Imwe yedzinotevera mhando dze biopsies dzinogona kushandiswa:

• Yakanaka-tsono yekutsvaira (FNA) biopsy: Iyo inobvisa tishu kana fluid uchishandisa tsono yakatetepa.

• Core biopsy: Kubviswa kwetishu uchishandisa tsono yakafara.

• Incisional biopsy: Kubviswa kwechikamu chebundu kana sampuro yetishu.

• Excisional biopsy: Kubviswa kwebundu rese rezvinyama.

Kana mhando yekenza maseru kana zvinyama zvabviswa zvakasiyana nemhando yekenza maseru anotarisirwa kuwanikwa, kuongororwa kwecancer yechisingazivikanwe primary kunogona kuitwa. Maseru mumuviri ane kumwe kutaridzika kunoenderana nemhando yetishu yavanobva nayo. Semuenzaniso, semuenzaniso wechirwere chegomarara chakatorwa pazamu chinotarisirwa kuve nemaseru emuzamu. Nekudaro, kana iyo sampuro yetissue iri imwe mhando yesero (isina kugadzirwa nemazamu maseru), zvingangoita kuti maseru akapararira kuzamu kubva kune chimwe chikamu chemuviri.

Kana zvisingazivikanwe kuti kenza yakatanga kupi pakuongororwa, adenocarcinomas, melanomas, uye embryonal tumors (senge rhabdomyosarcoma kana neuroblastoma) ndiwo mamota emhando ayo anowanzozoonekwa muvana nevechiri kuyaruka.

Kurapa

Kuti uwane ruzivo nezve marapirwo akanyorwa pazasi, ona iyo Chikamu Sarudzo Yekutarisa Chikamu.

Kurapa kunoenderana nezvinoonekwa nemaseru egomarara pasi pe microscope, zera remurwere, zviratidzo nezviratidzo, uye uko kenza yapararira mumuviri. Kurapa kunowanzo kuve zvinotevera:

• Chemotherapy.

• Targeted kurapwa.

• Radiation kurapa.

Kurapa kwekenza inowanzoitika yezvisingazivikanwe zvepakutanga muvana kunogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuongororwa kwekiriniki kunoongorora muyenzaniso wemota yemurwere kune mamwe magene ekuchinja. Rudzi rwekurapa kwakanangwa kuchapihwa kumurwere kunoenderana nerudzi rwechinjo yemajini.

Ona pfupiso ye pane mukuru Carcinoma weusingazivikanwe Primary kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Kuti Udzidze Zvakawanda Nezve Cancer Yevacheche

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo kubva kuNational Cancer Institute nezve cancer isina kujairika yehudiki, ona zvinotevera:

• Kuongorora kweGenetic kweiyo Yakagara nhaka Kenza Kufungira Syndromes

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scans uye Cancer

• MyPART - Yangu Yevacheche uye Yevakuru Rare Tumor Network

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwegomarara rehucheche uye zvimwe zvecancer zviwanikwa, ona zvinotevera:

• Nezve Kenza

• Cancers Yevacheche

• Kurapa Kutsvaga Kwevana Cancer Buda Disclaimer

• Mahedhi Ekupedzisira Ekurapwa kweKenza Yevacheche

• Vechidiki uye Vechidiki Vakuru vane Cancer

• Vana vane Cancer: Nhungamiro Yevabereki

• Kenza muVana neVachiri kuyaruka

• Stage

• Kurarama neCancer

• Mibvunzo Yekubvunza Wako Chiremba nezveCancer

• Kune Vakapona uye Vanotarisira

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