Mitundu / testicular / wodwala / testicular-treatment-pdq

Chithandizo cha Cancer Treatment Version

Zambiri Zokhudza Khansa ya Machende

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansa ya testicular ndi matenda omwe ma cell oyipa (khansa) amapangika m'matumba amodzi kapena awiri.

• Mbiri yazaumoyo imatha kukhudza chiwopsezo cha khansa ya testicular.

• Zizindikiro za khansa ya testicular zimaphatikizapo kutupa kapena kusapeza bwino pamatumbo.

• Kuyesa komwe kumayesa machende ndi magazi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira khansa ya testicular.

• Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya testicular chimatha kubweretsa kusabereka.

Khansa ya testicular ndi matenda omwe ma cell oyipa (khansa) amapangika m'matumba amodzi kapena awiri.

Machendewo ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala mkati mwa minyewa (thumba la khungu lotayirira lomwe lili pansi penipeni pa mbolo). Machendewo amakhala mkati mwa mikwingwirima ndi chingwe cha umuna, chomwe chimakhalanso ndi vas deferens ndi zotengera ndi mitsempha ya machende.

Kutengera kwa ziwalo zoberekera ndi kwamikodzo, kuwonetsa machende, prostate, chikhodzodzo, ndi ziwalo zina.

Machende ndi ma gland aamuna ndipo amatulutsa testosterone ndi umuna. Maselo a majeremusi m'kati mwa machende amatulutsa umuna wosakhwima womwe umadutsa ma tubules (timachubu tating'onoting'ono) ndi timachubu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa mu epididymis (chubu chotalika moyandikana ndi machende) pomwe umuna umakhwima ndikusungidwa.

Pafupifupi khansa yonse ya testicular imayamba m'maselo a majeremusi. Mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri yamatenda am'matumbo a testicular ndi seminomas ndi nonseminomas. Mitundu iwiriyi imakula ndikufalikira mosiyanasiyana ndipo imathandizidwa mosiyanasiyana. Nonseminomas amakonda kukula ndikufalikira mofulumira kuposa masemina. Masemina amatha kuzindikira kwambiri ma radiation. Chotupa cha testicular chomwe chimakhala ndi seminoma ndi maselo a nonseminoma amachitidwa ngati nonseminoma.

Khansa ya testicular ndi khansa yofala kwambiri mwa amuna azaka 20 mpaka 35 zakubadwa.

Mbiri yazaumoyo imatha kukhudza chiwopsezo cha khansa ya testicular.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa mwayi wopeza matenda chimatchedwa chiopsezo. Kukhala ndi chiwopsezo sikutanthauza kuti udzakhala ndi khansa; kusakhala ndi zoopsa sikutanthauza kuti simudzakhala ndi khansa. Lankhulani ndi dokotala ngati mukuganiza kuti mutha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Zowopsa za khansa ya testicular ndizo:

• Popeza ndinali ndi testicle yosavomerezeka.

• Kukhala ndi kukula modabwitsa kwa machende.

• Kukhala ndi mbiri yakale ya khansa ya testicular.

• Kukhala ndi mbiri yabanja ya khansa ya testicular (makamaka bambo kapena m'bale).

• Kukhala mzungu.

Zizindikiro za khansa ya testicular zimaphatikizapo kutupa kapena kusapeza bwino pamatumbo.

Izi ndi zizindikilo zina zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha khansa ya testicular kapena zovuta zina. Funsani dokotala ngati muli ndi izi:

• Bulu lopweteka kapena kutupa machende onse.

• Kusintha momwe machende akumvera.

• Kupweteka kochepa m'mimba kapena m'mimba.

• Kukhazikika kwadzidzidzi kwamadzimadzi.

• Kupweteka kapena kusapeza machende kapena pamatumbo.

Kuyesa komwe kumayesa machende ndi magazi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira khansa ya testicular.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Machende adzayesedwa kuti aone ngati ali ndi zotupa, kutupa, kapena kupweteka. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyesa kwa ma testes kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram.

• Kuyezetsa magazi kwa seramu: Njira yomwe magazi amayesedwa kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo, ziwalo, kapena zotupa m'thupi. Zinthu zina zimalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ikapezeka m'magazi ochulukirapo. Izi zimatchedwa zolembera zotupa. Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira khansa ya testicular:

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

• Beta-anthu chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG).

Masewu a zotupa amayesedwa asanafike inguinal orchiectomy ndi biopsy, kuti athandizire kupeza khansa ya testicular.

• Inguinal orchiectomy: Njira yochotsera machende onse kudzera pobowola. Zoyeserera za khungu zimayang'aniridwa ndi microscope kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa. (Dokotalayo samadula mikwingwirima mu thumba lake kuti achotseko kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa, chifukwa ngati khansa ilipo, njirayi imatha kuyambitsa kufalikira kwa ma scrotum ndi ma lymph node. Ndikofunika kusankha dotolo amene wadziwa ndi mtundu uwu wa opareshoni.) Ngati khansa ipezeka, mtundu wamaselo (seminoma kapena nonseminoma) umatsimikizika kuti muthandizire kukonzekera mankhwala.

Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Kulosera (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala zimadalira izi:

• Gawo la khansa (kaya ili mkati kapena pafupi ndi testicle kapena yafalikira kumadera ena m'thupi, ndi magazi a AFP, β-hCG, ndi LDH).

• Mtundu wa khansa.

• Kukula kwa chotupacho.

• Chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa ma lymph node a retroperitoneal.

Khansa ya testicular imatha kuchiritsidwa kwa odwala omwe amalandira adjuvant chemotherapy kapena radiation radiation atalandira chithandizo chofunikira.

Chithandizo cha khansa ya testicular chimatha kubweretsa kusabereka.

Mankhwala ena a khansa ya testicular amatha kuyambitsa kusabereka komwe kumatha. Odwala omwe angafune kukhala ndi ana ayenera kuganizira kubereketsa umuna asanalandire chithandizo. Kusunga umuna ndi njira yoziziritsa umuna ndikusunga kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.

Magawo a Khansa ya Machende

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansa ya testicular itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira m'matumbo kapena mbali zina za thupi.

• Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

• Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Orchiectomy inguinal imachitika kuti mudziwe gawo la matendawa.

• Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya testicular:

• Gawo 0

• Gawo I

• Gawo II

• Gawo III

Khansa ya testicular itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira m'matumbo kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ngati khansara yafalikira machende kapena mbali zina za thupi imatchedwa staging. Zomwe amapeza kuchokera pakukonzekera zimatsimikizira gawo la matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa siteji kuti mukonzekere chithandizo.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza:

• X-ray pachifuwa : X-ray ya ziwalo ndi mafupa mkati mwa chifuwa. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamkati mwa thupi, monga pamimba, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, komanso kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za magawo amkati mwa thupi, monga pamimba. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

• Matumbo am'mimba am'magazi: Njira yochitira opaleshoni yomwe ma lymph node m'mimba amachotsedwa ndipo mtundu wa minofu umayang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati ali ndi khansa. Njirayi imatchedwanso lymphadenectomy. Kwa odwala omwe ali ndi nonseminoma, kuchotsa ma lymph node kungathandize kuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda. Maselo a khansa omwe ali ndi ma lymph node a seminoma odwala amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi radiation.

• Kuyezetsa magazi kwa seramu: Njira yomwe magazi amayesedwa kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo, ziwalo, kapena zotupa m'thupi. Zinthu zina zimalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ikapezeka m'magazi ochulukirapo. Izi zimatchedwa zolembera zotupa. Zizindikiro zitatu zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga khansa ya testicular:

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Beta-anthu chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG).

• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Magulu oyeserera amayesedwanso, pambuyo pa inguinal orchiectomy ndi biopsy, kuti adziwe gawo la khansa. Izi zimathandiza kuwonetsa ngati khansa yonse yachotsedwa kapena ngati pakufunika chithandizo china. Matenda a chotupa amayesedwanso pakutsata ngati njira yowunika ngati khansara yabwerera.

Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira kudzera mu minofu, ma lymph system, ndi magazi:

• Minofu. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikukula kupita kumadera oyandikana nawo.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba polowa m'mitsempha. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikulowa m'magazi. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa ikafalikira mbali ina ya thupi, imatchedwa metastasis. Maselo a khansa amachoka pomwe adayamba (chotupa choyambirira) ndikuyenda mumitsempha kapena magazi.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imalowa mumitsempha, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imalowa m'magazi, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

Chotupa cha metastatic ndi khansa yofanana ndi chotupa chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khansa ya testicular imafalikira m'mapapu, maselo a khansa m'mapapo alidi maselo a khansa ya testicular. Matendawa ndi khansa ya testicular, osati khansa ya m'mapapo.

Orchiectomy inguinal imachitika kuti mudziwe gawo la matendawa.

Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya testicular:

Gawo 0

Pa gawo 0, maselo osadziwika amapezeka mumachubu tating'onoting'ono pomwe umuna umayamba kukula. Maselo achilendowa amatha kukhala khansa ndikufalikira m'minyewa yabwinobwino. Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndi yachilendo. Gawo 0 limatchedwanso germ cell neoplasia in situ.

Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba, khansa yapanga. Gawo I lagawidwa m'magawo IA, IB, ndi IS.

• Pachigawo cha IA, khansa imapezeka machende, kuphatikizapo rete testis, koma sinafalikire kumitsempha yamagazi kapena zotengera zam'mimba machende.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndi yachilendo.

• Mu gawo IB, khansa:

• imapezeka machende, kuphatikizapo rete testis, ndipo yafalikira ku mitsempha ya mitsempha kapena mitsempha ya m'mimba; kapena

• yafalikira mu minofu yofewa ya hilar (minofu yopangidwa ndi ulusi ndi mafuta okhala ndi mitsempha yamagazi ndi ziwiya zamitsempha), epididymis, kapena nembanemba yakunja yozungulira machende; kapena

• yafalikira ku chingwe cha umuna; kapena

• yafalikira mpaka pamphuno.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndi yachilendo.

• Mu gawo la IS, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum.

Zizindikiro za zotupa zimayambira pamwamba pang'ono kuposa kukula.

Kukula kwa zotupa nthawi zambiri kumayeza masentimita (cm) kapena mainchesi. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kukula kwa chotupa mu cm zimaphatikizapo: nsawawa (1 cm), chiponde (2 cm), mphesa (3 cm), mtedza (4 cm), laimu (5 cm kapena 2) mainchesi), dzira (6 cm), pichesi (7 cm), ndi manyumwa (masentimita 10 kapena mainchesi 4).

Gawo II

Gawo II lidagawika magawo IIA, IIB, ndi IIC.

• Mu gawo lachiwiri la IIA, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansara yafalikira mpaka 1 mpaka 5 ma lymph node omwe ali pafupi ndipo ma lymph node ali 2 masentimita kapena ocheperako.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndiyabwino kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yachibadwa.

• Mu gawo lachiwiri la IIB, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansa yafalikira ku:

• 1 lymph node yoyandikira ndi lymph node ndi yayikulu kuposa 2 sentimita koma osakulirapo kuposa 5 sentimita; kapena

• ma lymph node opitilira 5 oyandikira ndi ma lymph node sali okulirapo kuposa masentimita asanu; kapena

• Mphuno yapafupi ndipo khansara yafalikira kunja kwa lymph node.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndiyabwino kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yachibadwa.

• Munthawi ya IIC, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansara yafalikira ku lymph node yapafupi ndipo mwanayo ndi wamkulu kuposa masentimita asanu.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndiyabwino kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yachibadwa.

Gawo III

Gawo lachitatu lagawidwa magawo IIIA, IIIB, ndi IIIC.

• Mu gawo lachiwiri la IIIA, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansa ikhoza kufalikira ku ma lymph node amodzi kapena angapo apafupi. Khansa yafalikira kumatenda akutali kapena m'mapapu.

Mitsempha yonse yotupa ndiyabwino kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yachibadwa.

• Mu gawo IIIB, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansa yafalikira:

• kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo apafupi ndipo sanafalikire mbali zina za thupi; kapena

• kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo apafupi. Khansa yafalikira kumatenda akutali kapena m'mapapu.

Mulingo wa chimodzi kapena zingapo zotupa ndizochepa pamtundu wabwinobwino.

• Mu gawo IIIC, khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansa yafalikira:

• kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo apafupi ndipo sanafalikire mbali zina za thupi; kapena

• kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo apafupi. Khansa yafalikira kumatenda akutali kapena m'mapapu.

Mulingo wa chimodzi kapena zingapo zotupa ndizokwera.

kapena

Khansa imapezeka paliponse machende ndipo mwina imafalikira mu chingwe cha spermatic kapena scrotum. Khansa siyinafalikire kumatenda am'mimba kapena m'mapapo, koma yafalikira mbali zina za thupi, monga chiwindi kapena fupa.

Masewu a zotupa amatha kukhala achizolowezi mpaka okwera.

Khansa Yaposachedwa ya testicular

Khansa yapakhungu yaposachedwa ndi khansa yomwe yabwereranso (kubwerera) itachiritsidwa. Khansara imatha kubwereranso patatha zaka zambiri khansa yoyamba, machende ena kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Chithandizo Chosankha Mwachidule

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala khansa ya testicular.

• Zotupa za testicular zidagawika m'magulu atatu, kutengera momwe zotulukazo zikuyembekezereka kuthandizira chithandizo.

• Kulosera Kwabwino

• Kulimbana Kwapakati

• Matenda Oipa

• Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Opaleshoni

• Thandizo la radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Kuwunika

• Chemotherapy yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi tsinde lama cell

• Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya testicular chingayambitse zovuta.

• Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

• Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

• Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala khansa ya testicular.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala kwa odwala khansa ya testicular. Mankhwala ena ndi ofanana (mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano), ndipo ena akuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala ndi kafukufuku wofufuza wothandizira kusintha chithandizo chamakono kapena kupeza zidziwitso zamankhwala atsopano kwa odwala khansa. Pamene mayesero azachipatala awonetsa kuti chithandizo chatsopano ndichabwino kuposa chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizocho chitha kukhala chamankhwala wamba. Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa. Mayesero ena azachipatala ndi otseguka kwa odwala omwe sanayambe kulandira chithandizo.

Zotupa za testicular zidagawika m'magulu atatu, kutengera momwe zotulukazo zikuyembekezereka kuthandizira chithandizo.

Kulosera Kwabwino

Kwa nonseminoma, zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zowona:

• Chotupacho chimapezeka kokha machende kapena mu retroperitoneum (dera lakunja kapena kuseri kwa khoma la m'mimba); ndipo

• Chotupacho sichinafalikire ku ziwalo zina kupatula mapapo; ndipo

• Mulingo wazizindikiro zonse za chotupa ndiwopamwamba kuposa zachibadwa.

Kwa seminoma, zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zowona:

• Chotupacho sichinafalikire ku ziwalo zina kupatula mapapo; ndipo

• Mulingo wa alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ndi wabwinobwino. Beta-chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) ndi lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) atha kukhala mulingo uliwonse.

• Kulimbana Kwapakati

Kwa nonseminoma, zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zowona:

• Chotupacho chimapezeka machende amodzi okha kapena mu retroperitoneum (dera lakunja kapena kuseri kwa khoma la m'mimba); ndipo

• Chotupacho sichinafalikire ku ziwalo zina kupatula mapapo; ndipo

• Mulingo wa chotupa chilichonse chimaposa pang'ono.

Kwa seminoma, zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zowona:

• Chotupacho chafalikira ku ziwalo zina kupatula mapapu; ndipo

• Mulingo wa AFP ndi wabwinobwino. β-hCG ndi LDH zitha kukhala pamlingo uliwonse.

Matenda Oipa

Kwa nonseminoma, chimodzi mwazotsatira ziyenera kukhala zowona:

• Chotupacho chili pakatikati pa chifuwa pakati pa mapapo; kapena

• Chotupacho chafalikira ku ziwalo zina kupatula mapapu; kapena

• Mulingo wa chilichonse chazotupa ndizokwera.

Palibe gulu lokonzekera bwino la zotupa za seminoma testicular.

Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Opaleshoni

Kuchita opaleshoni yochotsa testicle (inguinal orchiectomy) ndi zina mwa ma lymph node zitha kuchitidwa mukazindikira ndi kusanja. (Onani zigawo za General Information and Stage za chidule ichi.) Zotupa zomwe zafalikira m'malo ena mthupi zitha kuchotsedwa kapena kuchitidwa opaleshoni.

Dokotala atachotsa khansa yonse yomwe imawonekera panthawi yochitidwa opaleshoniyi, odwala ena atha kupatsidwa chemotherapy kapena radiation pochita opaleshoni kuti aphe maselo aliwonse a khansa omwe atsala. Chithandizo chomwe chimaperekedwa pambuyo pa opareshoni, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo kuti khansa ibwererenso, amatchedwa adjuvant therapy.

Thandizo la radiation

Thandizo la radiation ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray amphamvu kapena mitundu ina ya radiation kuti iphe ma cell a khansa kapena kuti asakule. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala a radiation:

• Mankhwala ochiritsira akunja amagwiritsa ntchito makina kunja kwa thupi kuti atumize cheza chaku khansa.

• Njira yothandizira poizoniyu yamkati imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a radioactive otsekedwa ndi singano, njere, mawaya, kapena ma catheters omwe amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena pafupi ndi khansa.

Momwe mankhwala a radiation amaperekedwera zimadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuthandizidwa. Thandizo la radiation lakunja limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya testicular.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, mwina popha ma cell kapena poyimitsa ma cell kuti asagawane. Chemotherapy ikamamwa pakamwa kapena kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena minofu, mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndipo amatha kufikira ma cell a khansa mthupi lonse (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy ikaikidwa molunjika m'matumbo a cerebrospinal, chiwalo, kapena thupi ngati pamimba, mankhwalawa amakhudza kwambiri ma cell a khansa m'malo amenewo (chemotherapy am'madera). Momwe chemotherapy imaperekedwa imadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuchitidwa.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Cancer ya testicular kuti mumve zambiri.

Kuwunika

Kuyang'anitsitsa ndikutsatira momwe wodwalayo alili popanda kupereka chithandizo chilichonse pokhapokha ngati pakakhala zosintha pazotsatira zake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza zizindikilo zoyambirira kuti khansara yabwereranso (yabwerera). Poyang'anira, odwala amapatsidwa mayeso ndi mayeso ena nthawi zonse.

Chemotherapy yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi tsinde lama cell

Mlingo waukulu wa chemotherapy umaperekedwa kuti uphe ma cell a khansa. Maselo athanzi, kuphatikiza maselo opanga magazi, nawonso amawonongedwa ndi chithandizo cha khansa. Kuika timitengo tating'onoting'ono ndi chithandizo m'malo mwa maselo omwe amapanga magazi. Maselo otchedwa stem cells (maselo a magazi osakhwima) amachotsedwa m'magazi kapena m'mafupa a wodwalayo kapena woperekayo ndipo amaundana ndi kusungidwa. Wodwalayo akamaliza chemotherapy, maselo osungidwa amasungunuka ndikubwezeretsedwanso mwa kulowetsedwa. Maselo amtundu wobwezeretsansowa amakula (ndikubwezeretsanso) maselo amthupi.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Cancer ya testicular kuti mumve zambiri.

Kupanga khungu la tsinde. (Gawo 1): Magazi amatengedwa mumtambo wa woperekayo. Wodwala kapena wina akhoza kukhala woperekayo. Magazi amayenda kudzera pamakina omwe amachotsa maselowo. Kenako magaziwo amabwezera woperekayo kudzera mumitsempha ya mkono wina. (Gawo 2): Wodwalayo amalandila chemotherapy kuti aphe maselo omwe amapanga magazi. Wodwala atha kulandira chithandizo cha radiation (chosawonetsedwa). (Gawo 3): Wodwalayo amalandila maselo am'magazi kudzera mu catheter yoyikidwa mumtsuko wamagazi pachifuwa.

Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala zimapezeka patsamba la NCI.

Chithandizo cha khansa ya testicular chingayambitse zovuta.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala obwera chifukwa cha khansa, onani tsamba lathu la Zotsatira Zotsatira.

Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

Kwa odwala ena, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa chithandizo chachipatala kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. Mayesero azachipatala ndi gawo limodzi la kafukufuku wa khansa. Mayesero azachipatala amachitika kuti apeze ngati mankhwala atsopano a khansa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito kapena abwinoko kuposa mankhwala wamba.

Njira zambiri zamankhwala zochiritsira khansa zimachokera kumayeso am'mbuyomu azachipatala. Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pachipatala atha kulandira chithandizo chofananira kapena kukhala oyamba kulandira chithandizo chatsopano.

Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazoyeserera zamankhwala amathandizanso kukonza momwe khansa idzathandizire mtsogolo. Ngakhale mayesero azachipatala satsogolera kuchipatala chatsopano, nthawi zambiri amayankha mafunso ofunikira ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku.

Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

Mayesero ena azachipatala amangophatikizapo odwala omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Mayesero ena amayesa chithandizo kwa odwala omwe khansa yawo sinakhale bwino. Palinso mayesero azachipatala omwe amayesa njira zatsopano zothetsera khansa kuti isabwererenso (kubwerera) kapena kuchepetsa zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi khansa.

Mayesero azachipatala akuchitika m'malo ambiri mdziko muno. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI zitha kupezeka patsamba lofufuza zamankhwala la NCI. Mayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena amapezeka patsamba la ClinicalTrials.gov.

Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Ena mwa mayesero omwe adachitika kuti apeze khansa kapena kuti adziwe momwe khansa iliri angabwerezedwenso. Mayesero ena adzabwerezedwa kuti awone momwe mankhwalawa akugwirira ntchito. Zisankho zakuti mupitilize, kusintha, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo zitha kutengera zotsatira za mayeso awa.

Kuyesaku kumangopitilira kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mankhwala atatha. Zotsatira zamayesowa zitha kuwonetsa ngati vuto lanu lasintha kapena ngati khansa yabwereranso (bwererani). Mayesowa nthawi zina amatchedwa kuyesa kutsata kapena kukayezetsa.

Amuna omwe ali ndi khansa ya testicular ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka chokhala ndi khansa machende ena. Wodwala amalangizidwa kuti aziyang'ana machende ena ndikufotokozera dokotala zachilendo nthawi yomweyo.

Kuyezetsa magazi kwanthawi yayitali ndikofunikira kwambiri. Wodwala mwina amayesedwa pafupipafupi mchaka choyamba atachitidwa opaleshoni ndipo kangapo pambuyo pake.

Njira Zothandizira ndi Gawo

M'chigawo chino

• Gawo 0 (Testicular Intraepithelial Neoplasia)

• Gawo I Khansa Yachiwonetsero

• Khansa Yachigawo Chachiwiri

• Khansa Yachiwonetsero ya Gawo lachitatu

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Gawo 0 (Testicular Intraepithelial Neoplasia)

Chithandizo cha gawo 0 chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Kuwunika.

• Opaleshoni yochotsa machende.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Gawo I Khansa Yachiwonetsero

Kuchiza kwa khansa ya testicular ya siteji kumadalira ngati khansayo ndi seminoma kapena nonseminoma.

Chithandizo cha seminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa machende, ndikutsatiridwa.

• Kwa odwala omwe akufuna chithandizo champhamvu m'malo moyang'aniridwa, chithandizo chitha kuphatikizira:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa machende, kenako chemotherapy.

Chithandizo cha nonseminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa machende, ndikutsatiridwa kwanthawi yayitali.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende ndi ma lymph node pamimba, ndikutsatira kwanthawi yayitali.

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy kwa odwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chobwereranso, ndikutsatiridwa kwanthawi yayitali.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Khansa Yachigawo Chachiwiri

Chithandizo cha khansa yachigawo cha testicular chimadalira ngati khansayo ndi seminoma kapena nonseminoma.

Chithandizo cha seminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Pamene chotupacho chili masentimita 5 kapena ocheperako:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende, kutsatiridwa ndi mankhwala a radiation ku ma lymph node pamimba ndi m'chiuno.

• Kuphatikiza chemotherapy.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende ndi ma lymph node pamimba.

• Pamene chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita 5:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende, kutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza chemotherapy kapena mankhwala a radiation ku ma lymph node m'mimba ndi m'chiuno, ndikutsatiridwa kwanthawi yayitali.

Chithandizo cha nonseminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuti muchotse machende ndi ma lymph node, ndikutsata kwanthawi yayitali.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende ndi ma lymph node, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa chemotherapy ndikutsata kwakanthawi.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende, kutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza chemotherapy ndi opaleshoni yachiwiri ngati khansa ikatsalira, ndikutsatiridwa kwanthawi yayitali.

• Kuphatikiza kwa chemotherapy musanachite opareshoni kuti muchotse machende, khansa yomwe yafalikira ndipo akuganiza kuti ipha moyo.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Khansa Yachiwonetsero ya Gawo lachitatu

Kuchiza kwa khansa ya testicular ya gawo lachitatu kumadalira ngati khansayo ndi seminoma kapena nonseminoma.

Chithandizo cha seminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende, kutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza chemotherapy. Ngati pali zotupa zotsalira chemotherapy, chithandizo chitha kukhala chimodzi mwa izi:

• Kuyang'aniridwa popanda chithandizo pokhapokha zotupa zikukula.

• Kuyang'anitsitsa zotupa zazing'ono kuposa masentimita atatu ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni kuchotsa zotupa zazikulu kuposa masentimita atatu.

• PET ikuyesa miyezi iwiri chitatha chemotherapy ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni kuti ichotse zotupa zomwe zimapezeka ndi khansa pa scan.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy.

Chithandizo cha nonseminoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa machende, kutsatiridwa ndi kuphatikiza chemotherapy.

• Kuphatikiza kwa chemotherapy kutsatiridwa ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa machende ndi zotupa zonse zotsala. Mankhwala owonjezera a chemotherapy amatha kuperekedwa ngati chotupacho chikachotsedwa chili ndi maselo a khansa omwe akukula kapena ngati mayeso ena akuwonetsa kuti khansa ikupita.

• Kuphatikiza kwa chemotherapy musanachite opareshoni kuti muchotse machende, khansa yomwe yafalikira ndipo akuganiza kuti ipha moyo.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Khansa Yaposachedwa ya testicular

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Chithandizo cha khansa yapachiyambi ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuphatikiza chemotherapy.

• Mankhwala apamwamba a chemotherapy ndi kusuntha kwa maselo.

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa khansa yomwe ili ndi:

• abwerere kupitilira zaka ziwiri mutakhululukidwa kwathunthu; kapena

• kubwerera pamalo amodzi okha ndipo sayankha mankhwala a chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mankhwala atsopano.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za khansa ya testicular

Kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku National Cancer Institute yokhudza khansa ya testicular, onani zotsatirazi:

• Tsamba Loyesera Khansa Tsamba

• Kuyesa Khansa Paziyeso

• Mankhwala Ovomerezeka Ku Cancer Ya testicular

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku National Cancer Institute, onani izi:

• Za Khansa

• Kusinthana

• Chemotherapy and You: Kuthandiza Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Khansa

• Thandizo la Radiation ndi Inu: Thandizo kwa Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Khansa

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso oti mufunse dokotala wanu za khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira