Types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

Chithandizo cha khansa ya Nasopharyngeal (Wamkulu)

Zambiri Za Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansara ya Nasopharyngeal ndi matenda omwe ma cell owopsa (khansa) amapangidwa m'matumba a nasopharynx.

• Chiyambi cha mtundu wawo komanso kupezeka ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr kumatha kukhudza chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mimba.

• Zizindikiro za khansa ya nasopharyngeal imaphatikizapo kupuma movutikira, kuyankhula, kapena kumva.

• Kuyesa komwe kumayang'ana mphuno, pakhosi, ndi ziwalo zapafupi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza), kuzindikira, ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal.

• Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Khansara ya Nasopharyngeal ndi matenda omwe ma cell owopsa (khansa) amapangidwa m'matumba a nasopharynx.

Nasopharynx ndi gawo lakumtunda kwa pharynx (mmero) kuseri kwa mphuno. Pharynx ndi chubu chopanda kanthu pafupifupi mainchesi 5 kutalika komwe kumayambira kumbuyo kwa mphuno ndikumaliza pamwamba pa trachea (mphepo) ndi khola (chubu chomwe chimachokera pakhosi kupita kumimba). Mpweya ndi chakudya zimadutsa kholingo panjira yopita ku trachea kapena kummero. Mphuno imatsogolera m'mphuno. Kutsegula mbali zonse za nasopharynx kumabweretsa khutu. Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal nthawi zambiri imayamba m'maselo oopsa omwe amakhala m'mimba mwa nasopharynx.

Anatomy ya pharynx (mmero). Pharynx ndi chubu chopanda pake chomwe chimayambira kuseri kwa mphuno, kutsika khosi, ndikumaliza pamwamba pa trachea ndi kholingo. Magawo atatu a pharynx ndi nasopharynx, oropharynx, ndi hypopharynx.

Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal ndi mtundu wa khansa yamutu ndi khosi.

Chiyambi cha mtundu wawo komanso kupezeka ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr kumatha kukhudza chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mimba.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda chimatchedwa chiopsezo. Kukhala ndi chiwopsezo sikutanthauza kuti udzakhala ndi khansa; kusakhala ndi zoopsa sikutanthauza kuti simudzakhala ndi khansa. Lankhulani ndi dokotala ngati mukuganiza kuti mutha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Zowopsa za khansa ya nasopharyngeal ndi izi:

• Kukhala ndi makolo achi China kapena aku Asia.

• Kupezeka ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr: Vuto la Epstein-Barr limalumikizidwa ndi khansa zina, kuphatikiza khansa ya nasopharyngeal ndi ma lymphomas ena.

• Kumwa mowa wambiri.

• Zizindikiro za khansa ya nasopharyngeal imaphatikizapo kupuma movutikira, kuyankhula, kapena kumva.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha khansa ya m'mimba kapena zovuta zina. Funsani dokotala ngati muli ndi izi:

• Mphuno m'mphuno kapena m'khosi.

• Pakhosi.

• Kuvuta kupuma kapena kuyankhula.

• Kutulutsa magazi m'mphuno.

• Kuvuta kumva.

• Kupweteka kapena kulira khutu.

• Kupweteka mutu.

Kuyesa komwe kumayang'ana mphuno, pakhosi, ndi ziwalo zapafupi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza), kuzindikira, ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal.

Ndondomeko zomwe zimapanga zithunzi za mphuno ndi mmero zimathandiza kupeza khansa ya nasopharyngeal. Njira yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ngati maselo a khansa afalikira mbali zina za thupi amatchedwa staging. Kuyesa ndi njira zodziwira, kuzindikira, ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal imachitika musanakonzekere chithandizo.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuyezetsa thupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone ngati muli ndi thanzi, kuphatikizapo kuwona ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa zam'mimba m'khosi kapena china chilichonse chomwe chimawoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyesa kwamitsempha: Mafunso ndi mayeso angapo owunika ubongo, msana, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha. Mayesowa amawunika momwe munthu amaganizira, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe angayendere bwino, komanso momwe minofu, mphamvu, ndi malingaliro zimagwirira ntchito. Izi amathanso kutchedwa mayeso a neuro kapena mayeso a neurologic.

• Biopsy: Kuchotsa kwa maselo kapena ziphuphu kotero kuti amatha kuwonedwa ndi microscope ndi wodwalayo kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa. Zitsanzo za minofu zimachotsedwa pa imodzi mwanjira izi:

• Nasoscopy: Njira yoyang'ana mkati mwa mphuno m'malo osadziwika. Nasoscope imayikidwa kudzera mphuno. Nasoscope ndi chida chopyapyala, chokhala ngati chubu chokhala ndi kuwala ndi mandala owonera. Ikhozanso kukhala ndi chida chothandizira kuchotsa minofu, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati ili ndi khansa.

• Pamwamba endoscopy: Njira yoyang'ana mkati mwa mphuno, pakhosi, mmero, m'mimba, ndi duodenum (gawo loyamba la m'mimba, pafupi ndi m'mimba). Endoscope imayikidwa kudzera pakamwa mpaka m'mimba, m'mimba, ndi duodenum. Endoscope ndi chida chopyapyala, chokhala ngati chubu chokhala ndi kuwala ndi mandala owonera. Ikhozanso kukhala ndi chida chotsitsira zitsanzo za minofu. Zoyesazo zimayang'aniridwa ndi maikulosikopu kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi khansa.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, ndi kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za malo amkati mwa thupi. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamkati mwa thupi, monga chifuwa ndi chapamwamba pamimba, zochokera mbali zosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

Kujambula kwa tomography (CT) pamutu ndi khosi. Wodwalayo amagona patebulo lomwe limadutsa mu makina a CT, omwe amatenga zithunzi za x-ray zamkati mwa mutu ndi khosi.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Njira yopezera maselo oyipa mthupi. Gulu laling'ono la shuga (radio) limabayidwa mumtsempha. Chojambulira cha PET chimazungulira thupi ndikupanga chithunzi cha komwe glucose imagwiritsidwa ntchito mthupi. Maselo otupa owopsa amawonekera pachithunzichi chifukwa amakhala otanganidwa ndipo amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira. Kufufuza kwa PET kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza khansa ya nasopharyngeal yomwe yafalikira mpaka fupa. Nthawi zina kuwunika kwa PET ndi CT scan kumachitika nthawi yomweyo. Ngati pali khansa, izi zimawonjezera mwayi woti zipezeke.

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamimba ndikupanga ma echoes. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

• X-ray pachifuwa : X-ray ya ziwalo ndi mafupa mkati mwa chifuwa. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• Kafukufuku wamagazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• Kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa magazi (CBC): Njira yomwe magazi amatengedwa ndikuwunika zotsatirazi:

• Chiwerengero cha maselo ofiira, maselo oyera amwazi, ndi ma platelet.

• Kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin (puloteni yomwe imanyamula mpweya) m'maselo ofiira amwazi.

• Gawo la magazi lomwe limapangidwa ndi maselo ofiira.

• Kuyezetsa kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr (EBV): Kuyezetsa magazi kuti muwone ngati ali ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr komanso ma DNA omwe amalemba za Epstein-Barr virus. Izi zimapezeka m'magazi a odwala omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka EBV.

• Kuyesa kwa HPV (kuyesa kwa papillomavirus ya anthu): Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe kumayesedwa kuti kuunike mtundu wa minofu yamatenda ena a HPV. Kuyesaku kumachitika chifukwa khansa ya nasopharyngeal imatha kuyambitsidwa ndi HPV.

• Kuyesedwa kwakumva: Njira yowunika ngati phokoso losavuta komanso lomveka komanso phokoso lotsika ndi lotsika lingamveke. Khutu lililonse limayang'aniridwa padera.

Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Kulosera (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala zimadalira izi:

• Kukula kwa chotupacho.

• Gawo la khansa, kuphatikiza ngati khansa yafalikira ku ma lymph node amodzi kapena angapo m'khosi.

• Mulingo wokwanira wa ma antibodies a EBV ndi zolembera za EBV-DNA m'magazi asanafike komanso pambuyo pake.

Zinthu zina zomwe zingakhudze kudandaula ndizo:

• Zaka.

• Kutalika kwa nthawi pakati pa biopsy ndi kuyamba kwa mankhwala a radiation.

• Mbiri ya banja.

• Kusuta fodya.

• Nsomba zamchere mu zakudya.

Magawo a Nasopharyngeal Cancer

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansa ya nasopharyngeal itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira mkati mwa nasopharynx kapena mbali zina za thupi.

• Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

• Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya nasopharyngeal:

• Gawo 0

• Gawo I

• Gawo II

• Gawo III

• Gawo IV

• Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, gawo la khansa limatha kusintha ndipo pamafunika chithandizo china.

Khansa ya nasopharyngeal itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira mkati mwa nasopharynx kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ngati khansara yafalikira mkati mwa nasopharynx kapena mbali zina za thupi imatchedwa staging. Zomwe amapeza kuchokera pakukonzekera zimatsimikizira gawo la matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa siteji kuti mukonzekere chithandizo. Zotsatira za mayeso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira khansa ya nasopharyngeal nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhazikitsa matendawa. (Onani gawo la General Information.)

Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira kudzera mu minofu, ma lymph system, ndi magazi:

• Minofu. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikukula kupita kumadera oyandikana nawo.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba polowa m'mitsempha. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikulowa m'magazi. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa ikafalikira mbali ina ya thupi, imatchedwa metastasis. Maselo a khansa amachoka pomwe adayamba (chotupa choyambirira) ndikuyenda mumitsempha kapena magazi.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imalowa mumitsempha, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imalowa m'magazi, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

Chotupa cha metastatic ndi khansa yofanana ndi chotupa chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khansa ya nasopharyngeal imafalikira m'mapapu, maselo a khansa m'mapapo alidi maselo a khansa ya nasopharyngeal. Matendawa ndi khansa yam'mimba yam'mimba, osati khansa yamapapo.

Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya nasopharyngeal:

Gawo 0

Pa gawo 0, maselo osadziwika amapezeka mumayendedwe a nasopharynx. Maselo achilendowa amatha kukhala khansa ndikufalikira m'minyewa yabwinobwino. Gawo 0 limatchedwanso carcinoma in situ.

Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba ine, khansa yapangidwa ndipo khansara:

• amapezeka m'mphuno yekha; kapena

• yafalikira kuchokera ku nasopharynx kupita ku oropharynx ndi / kapena kumimbayo.

Kukula kwa zotupa nthawi zambiri kumayeza masentimita (cm) kapena mainchesi. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kukula kwa chotupa mu cm zimaphatikizapo: nsawawa (1 cm), chiponde (2 cm), mphesa (3 cm), mtedza (4 cm), laimu (5 cm kapena 2) mainchesi), dzira (6 cm), pichesi (7 cm), ndi manyumwa (masentimita 10 kapena mainchesi 4).

Gawo II

Mu gawo lachiwiri, chimodzi mwa izi ndi chowonadi:

• Khansara yafalikira kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi ya khosi ndi / kapena ku ma lymph am'modzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi kapena ziwiri kumbuyo kwa mmero. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako. Khansa imapezeka:

• mu nasopharynx kokha kapena mwafalikira kuchokera ku nasopharynx kupita ku oropharynx ndi / kapena kumimbayo; kapena

• Ndi ma lymph node okha m'khosi. Maselo a khansa omwe ali ndi ma lymph node ali ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr (kachilombo kogwirizana ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal).

• Khansara yafalikira kumalo ophatikizira ndi / kapena minofu yapafupi. Khansara imafalikiranso ku ma lymph node amodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi ya khosi ndi / kapena ku ma lymph node amodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi kapena ziwiri kumbuyo kwa mmero. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako.

Gawo III

Mu gawo lachitatu, chimodzi mwazi ndi zoona:

• Khansara yafalikira kumatupa amodzi kapena angapo mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako. Khansa imapezeka:

• mu nasopharynx kokha kapena mwafalikira kuchokera ku nasopharynx kupita ku oropharynx ndi / kapena kumimbayo; kapena

• Ndi ma lymph node okha m'khosi. Maselo a khansa omwe ali ndi ma lymph node ali ndi kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr (kachilombo kogwirizana ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal).

• Khansara yafalikira kumalo ophatikizira ndi / kapena minofu yapafupi. Khansa yafalikiranso kumatope amodzi kapena angapo mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako.

• Khansa yafalikira m'mafupa pansi pa chigaza, mafupa apakhosi, nsagwada, ndi / kapena masensa ozungulira mphuno ndi maso. Khansara itha kufalikira kumatenda amtundu umodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi kapena mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi ndi / kapena kumbuyo kwa mmero. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako.

Gawo IV

Gawo IV limagawika magawo a IVA ndi IVB.

• Mu gawo IVA:

• Khansara yafalikira kuubongo, misempha yaminyewa, hypopharynx, chotupa chotsitsa kutsogolo kwa khutu, fupa lozungulira diso, ndi / kapena minofu yofewa ya nsagwada. Khansara itha kufalikira kumatenda amtundu umodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi kapena mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi ndi / kapena kumbuyo kwa mmero. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi masentimita 6 kapena ocheperako; kapena

• Khansara yafalikira kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo mbali imodzi kapena mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi. Ma lymph node omwe akhudzidwa ndi akulu kuposa masentimita 6 ndipo / kapena amapezeka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa khosi.

• Gawo la IVB: Khansa yafalikira kupitilira ma lymph node m'khosi mpaka kumankhwala akutali, monga omwe ali pakati pa mapapo, pansi pa kolala, kapena m'khwapa kapena kubuula, kapena mbali zina za thupi, monga mapapo, fupa, kapena chiwindi.

Pambuyo pa opaleshoni, gawo la khansa limatha kusintha ndipo pamafunika chithandizo china.

Khansayo ikachotsedwa mwa kuchitidwa opareshoni, wodwala matenda amafufuza nyemba za khansa pansi pa microscope. Nthawi zina, kuwunikiridwa kwa omwe adwala kumabweretsa kusintha kwa khansa ndikuthandizidwa pambuyo pa opaleshoni.

Khansa Yaposachedwa ya Nasopharyngeal

Khansa yaposachedwa ya nasopharyngeal ndi khansa yomwe yabwereranso (kubwerera) itachiritsidwa. Khansara ikhoza kubwerera m'mphuno kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Chithandizo Chosankha Mwachidule

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala khansa ya nasopharyngeal.

• Mitundu itatu yamankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Thandizo la radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Opaleshoni

• Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya nasopharyngeal chingayambitse zovuta.

• Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

• Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

• Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala khansa ya nasopharyngeal.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya nasopharyngeal. Mankhwala ena ndi ofanana (mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano), ndipo ena akuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala ndi kafukufuku wofufuza wothandizira kusintha chithandizo chamakono kapena kupeza zidziwitso zamankhwala atsopano kwa odwala khansa. Pamene mayesero azachipatala awonetsa kuti chithandizo chatsopano ndichabwino kuposa chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizocho chitha kukhala chamankhwala wamba. Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa. Mayesero ena azachipatala ndi otseguka kwa odwala omwe sanayambe kulandira chithandizo.

Mitundu itatu yamankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Thandizo la radiation

Thandizo la radiation ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray amphamvu kapena mitundu ina ya radiation kuti iphe ma cell a khansa kapena kuti asakule. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala a radiation:

• Mankhwala ochiritsira akunja amagwiritsa ntchito makina kunja kwa thupi kuti atumize cheza chaku khansa.

Mankhwala opangira ma radiation kunja kwa mutu ndi khosi. Makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira ma radiation amphamvu ku khansa. Makinawo amatha kuzungulira mozungulira wodwalayo, ndikupereka cheza kuchokera kumakona osiyanasiyana kuti apereke chithandizo chofananira. Chovala chophimba kumaso chimathandiza kuti mutu ndi khosi la wodwalayo zisasunthike akamalandira chithandizo. Zizindikiro zazing'ono zazing'ono zimayikidwa pachigoba. Zizindikiro za inki zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza makina a radiation pamalo omwewo asanalandire chithandizo chilichonse.

Njira zina zoperekera mankhwala a radiation zitha kuthandiza kuti ma radiation asawononge minofu yabwinobwino yapafupi. Mitundu yamankhwalawa ndi awa:

• Mphamvu ya radiation-modulated radiation (IMRT): IMRT ndi mtundu wa 3-dimensional (3-D) mankhwala othandizira ma radiation omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kupanga zithunzi za kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chotupacho. Mitsinje yoonda ya mphamvu zosiyanasiyana (mphamvu) imapangidwira chotupacho m'makona ambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mankhwala wamba a radiation, mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya radiation sangakhale ochepa pakamwa.

• Mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya stereotactic: Pamutu pake pamamangiriridwa mutu wolimba. Makina amayang'ana ma radiation molunjika pachotupa. Mlingo wonse wa radiation umagawidwa m'mayeso ang'onoang'ono angapo operekedwa masiku angapo. Njirayi imatchedwanso stereotactic kunja kwa dothi radiation mankhwala ndi stereotaxic radiation therapy.

• Njira yothandizira poizoniyu yamkati imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a radioactive otsekedwa ndi singano, njere, mawaya, kapena ma catheters omwe amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena pafupi ndi khansa.

Momwe mankhwala a radiation amaperekedwera zimadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuthandizidwa. Mankhwala akunja amkati ndi amkati amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya nasopharyngeal.

Mankhwala ochokera kunja kwa ma chithokomiro kapena ma pituitary gland amatha kusintha momwe chithokomiro chimagwirira ntchito. Kuyezetsa magazi kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro m'magazi kumachitika musanachitike komanso mutalandira mankhwala kuti muwonetsetse kuti chithokomiro chikuyenda bwino. Ndikofunikanso kuti dokotala wa mano ayang'ane mano, m'kamwa ndi mkamwa mwa wodwalayo, ndikukonza zovuta zilizonse mankhwala a radiation asanayambe.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala a khansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, mwina popha ma cell kapena kuwaletsa kuti asagawane. Chemotherapy ikamamwa pakamwa kapena kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena minofu, mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndipo amatha kufikira ma cell a khansa mthupi lonse (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy ikaikidwa molunjika m'matumbo a cerebrospinal, chiwalo, kapena thupi ngati pamimba, mankhwalawa amakhudza kwambiri ma cell a khansa m'malo amenewo (chemotherapy am'madera). Momwe chemotherapy imaperekedwa imadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuchitidwa.

Chemotherapy imatha kuperekedwa pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi radiation kupha ma cell aliwonse a khansa omwe atsala. Chithandizo chomwe chimaperekedwa pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi radiation, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo kuti khansayo ibwererenso, amatchedwa adjuvant therapy.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Khansa ya Mutu ndi Khosi kuti mumve zambiri. (Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal ndi mtundu wa khansa yamutu ndi khosi.)

Opaleshoni

Opaleshoni ndi njira yodziwira ngati khansa ilipo, kuchotsa khansa mthupi, kapena kukonza gawo lina la thupi. Amatchedwanso opareshoni. Nthawi zina opaleshoni imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya nasopharyngeal yomwe siyankha mankhwalawa. Ngati khansa yafalikira kumatenda am'mimba, adokotala amatha kuchotsa ma lymph node ndi ziwalo zina m'khosi.

Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala zimapezeka patsamba la NCI.

Chithandizo cha khansa ya nasopharyngeal chingayambitse zovuta.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala obwera chifukwa cha khansa, onani tsamba lathu la Zotsatira Zotsatira.

Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

Kwa odwala ena, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa chithandizo chachipatala kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. Mayesero azachipatala ndi gawo limodzi la kafukufuku wa khansa. Mayesero azachipatala amachitika kuti apeze ngati mankhwala atsopano a khansa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito kapena abwinoko kuposa mankhwala wamba.

Njira zambiri zamankhwala zochiritsira khansa zimachokera kumayeso am'mbuyomu azachipatala. Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pachipatala atha kulandira chithandizo chofananira kapena kukhala oyamba kulandira chithandizo chatsopano.

Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazoyeserera zamankhwala amathandizanso kukonza momwe khansa idzathandizire mtsogolo. Ngakhale mayesero azachipatala satsogolera kuchipatala chatsopano, nthawi zambiri amayankha mafunso ofunikira ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku.

Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

Mayesero ena azachipatala amangophatikizapo odwala omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Mayesero ena amayesa chithandizo kwa odwala omwe khansa yawo sinakhale bwino. Palinso mayesero azachipatala omwe amayesa njira zatsopano zothetsera khansa kuti isabwererenso (kubwerera) kapena kuchepetsa zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi khansa.

Mayesero azachipatala akuchitika m'malo ambiri mdziko muno. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI zitha kupezeka patsamba lofufuza zamankhwala la NCI. Mayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena amapezeka patsamba la ClinicalTrials.gov.

Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Ena mwa mayesero omwe adachitika kuti apeze khansa kapena kuti adziwe momwe khansa iliri angabwerezedwenso. Mayesero ena adzabwerezedwa kuti awone momwe mankhwalawa akugwirira ntchito. Zisankho zakuti mupitilize, kusintha, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo zitha kutengera zotsatira za mayeso awa.

Kuyesaku kumangopitilira kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mankhwala atatha. Zotsatira zamayesowa zitha kuwonetsa ngati vuto lanu lasintha kapena ngati khansa yabwereranso (bwererani). Mayesowa nthawi zina amatchedwa kuyesa kutsata kapena kukayezetsa.

Njira Zothandizira ndi Gawo

M'chigawo chino

• Gawo I Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

• Gawo lachiwiri la khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

• Gawo lachitatu la khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

• Khansa IV Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Gawo I Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

Kuchiza kwa khansa ya nasopharyngeal nthawi zambiri ndimachiritso a radiation ku chotupa ndi ma lymph node m'khosi.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Gawo lachiwiri la khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

Chithandizo cha siteji yachiwiri ya khansa ya m'mimba ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Chemotherapy yoperekedwa ndi radiation radiation, kenako chemotherapy yambiri.

• Chithandizo cha ma radiation pachotupa ndi ma lymph node m'khosi.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Gawo lachitatu la khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

Chithandizo cha siteji yachitatu ya khansa ya m'mimba ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Chemotherapy yoperekedwa ndi radiation radiation, yomwe ingatsatidwe ndi chemotherapy yambiri.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Chithandizo cha ma radiation chotsatira ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa ma lymph node omwe ali ndi khansa m'khosi omwe amatsalira kapena kubwerera pambuyo pochiza radiation.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy yoperekedwa kale, kapena, kapena pambuyo pa radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Khansa IV Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Chithandizo cha siteji ya IV ya khansa ya m'mimba ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Chemotherapy yoperekedwa ndi radiation radiation, kenako chemotherapy yambiri.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Chithandizo cha ma radiation chotsatira ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa ma lymph node omwe ali ndi khansa m'khosi omwe amatsalira kapena kubwerera pambuyo pochiza radiation.

• Chemotherapy ya khansa yomwe yasintha (kufalikira) mbali zina za thupi.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy yoperekedwa kale, kapena, kapena pambuyo pa radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Khansa Yaposachedwa ya Nasopharyngeal

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Chithandizo cha khansa yaposachedwa ya nasopharyngeal chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo lamphamvu la radiation, ma stereotactic radiation, kapena mankhwala amkati amkati.

• Opaleshoni.

• Chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za khansa ya Nasopharyngeal

Kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku National Cancer Institute yokhudza khansa ya m'mimba, onani izi:

• Tsamba Loyambira Khansa Yam'mutu Ndi Khosi

• Zovuta Zamlomo za Chemotherapy ndi Head / Neck Radiation

• Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Khansa ya Mutu ndi Khosi

• Khansa ya Mutu ndi Khosi

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku National Cancer Institute, onani izi:

• Za Khansa

• Kusinthana

• Chemotherapy and You: Kuthandiza Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Khansa

• Thandizo la Radiation ndi Inu: Thandizo kwa Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Khansa

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso oti mufunse dokotala wanu za khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira