Mitundu / extracranial-nyongolosi-cell / wodwala / nyongolosi-mankhwala-pdq

Ana Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Treatment Version

Zambiri Zokhudza Ana Kupitilira Kuchulukitsa Ma cell Am'mimba

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Zotupa zam'mimba zotulutsa ubwana zimapangidwa kuchokera kuma cell a majeremusi m'malo ena amthupi kupatula ubongo.

• Zotupa za ana zotulutsa ana m'mimba zimatha kukhala zowopsa kapena zoyipa.

• Zotupa zazing'ono zam'mimba zotulutsa ana zimaphatikizidwa monga zotupa za gonadal kapena extragonadal extracranial.

• Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors

• Extragonadal Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors

• Pali mitundu itatu ya zotupa zam'magazi zomwe sizingachitike.

• Matenda

• Zotupa Zam'mimba Zotupa

• Ziphuphu Zamagulu Osakanikirana

• Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ambiri am'magazi am'magazi sizikudziwika.

• Kukhala ndi zovuta zina zobadwa nazo kumatha kuonjezera chiopsezo cha zotupa zama cell zowonjezera.

• Zizindikiro zakumapeto kwa zotupa zamagulu amtundu wa ana zimadalira pomwe chotupacho chidapangidwa mthupi.

• Kujambula maphunziro ndi kuyezetsa magazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zotupa zam'magazi zomwe zimatulutsa ana.

• Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Zotupa zam'mimba zotulutsa ubwana zimapangidwa kuchokera kuma cell a majeremusi m'malo ena amthupi kupatula ubongo.

Selo la majeremusi ndi mtundu wa selo lomwe limapangidwa mwana wosabadwayo (mwana wosabadwa) amakula. Maselowa pambuyo pake amakhala umuna m'machende kapena mazira m'mimba mwake.

Chidule ichi ndi cha zotupa zamagulu amtundu womwe zimapangidwa mgulu la thupi lomwe limapitilira kunja (kunja kwa ubongo). Zotupa zamagulu owonjezera a extracranial nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa m'magulu otsatirawa a thupi:

• Machende.

• Zosunga.

• Sacrum kapena coccyx (tailbone).

• Retroperitoneum (dera kumbuyo kwa mimba kumbuyo kwa minofu yomwe imayang'ana khoma la m'mimba ndikuphimba ziwalo zambiri m'mimba).

• Mediastinum (dera pakati pa mapapo).

• Mutu ndi khosi.

Zotupa zamagulu ena opitilira muyeso zimapangidwa m'mbali zina za thupi kupatula ubongo. Izi zimaphatikizapo machende, thumba losunga mazira, sacrum (gawo lotsika la msana), coccyx (tailbone), mediastinum (dera pakati pa mapapo), retroperitoneum (khoma lakumbuyo kwa mimba), ndi mutu ndi khosi.

Zotupa zamagulu owonjezera zimapezeka kwambiri kwa achinyamata.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za zotupa (mkati mwa ubongo) zotupa zama cell.

Zotupa za ana zotulutsa ana m'mimba zimatha kukhala zowopsa kapena zoyipa.

Zotupa zamagulu owonjezera a extracranial zitha kukhala zowopsa (zopanda khansa) kapena zoyipa (khansa).

Zotupa zazing'ono zam'mimba zotulutsa ana zimaphatikizidwa monga zotupa za gonadal kapena extragonadal extracranial.

Zotupa zopangidwa ndi zotupa zopitilira muyeso ndi zotupa zomwe zimapanga kunja kwa ubongo. Ndi gonadal kapena extragonadal.

Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Zotupa zamagulu amtundu wa Gonadal zimapanga ma gonads (machende ndi thumba losunga mazira).

• Zotupa za majeremusi a testicular. Zotupa zamagulu a testicular zidagawika m'magulu awiri, seminoma ndi nonseminoma. Nonseminomas nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu ndipo amayambitsa zizindikilo kapena zizindikilo za matenda. Amakonda kukula ndikufalikira mwachangu kuposa masemina.

Zotupa za majeremusi a testicular nthawi zambiri zimachitika asanakwanitse zaka 4 kapena achinyamata komanso achikulire. Zilonda zam'mimba mwa testicular mwa achinyamata (azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo) komanso achinyamata ndi osiyana ndi omwe amapangidwa adakali ana.

• Zilonda zam'mimba zotengera m'mimba. Zotupa zamagulu amtundu wa ovarian ndizofala kwambiri mwa atsikana ndi atsikana. Matenda ambiri am'mimba mwa ovari amakhala ndi ma teratomas okhwima (dermoid cysts). Zotupa zina zam'mimba zotulutsa mazira, monga ma teratomas osakhwima, ma dysgerminomas, zotupa za yolk sac, kapena zotupa zama cell ophatikizika, ndizoyipa.

Extragonadal Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors

Zotupa za majeremusi zotulutsa khungu la Extragonadal zimapangidwa m'malo ena a thupi kupatula ubongo kapena ma gonads (machende ndi thumba losunga mazira).

Zotupa zambiri zamtundu wa extragonadal extracranial cell zimapangidwa mkati mwa thupi. Izi zikuphatikiza izi:

• Sacrum (fupa lalikulu, loboola kansalu kakang'ono m'munsi mwa msana lomwe limapanga gawo la mafupa a chiuno).

• Coccyx (mchira).

• Mediastinum (dera pakati pa mapapo).

• Kubwerera pamimba.

• Khosi.

Kwa ana ochepera zaka 11, zotupa za majeremusi zowonjezera zowonjezera zimachitika pakubadwa kapena kuyambira ali mwana. Ambiri mwa zotupazi ndi ma benchi teratomas mu sacrum kapena coccyx.

Kwa ana okalamba, achinyamata, komanso achikulire (azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo), zotupa zama cell zakunja kwa extragonadal nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu mediastinum.

Pali mitundu itatu ya zotupa zam'magazi zomwe sizingachitike.

Zotupa zam'magulu owonjezera amathandizidwanso m'magulu otentha, zotupa zoyipa zamagulu anyongolosi, ndi zotupa zama cell zosakanikirana:

Matenda

Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya ma teratomas:

• Matenda okhwima. Zotupa izi ndizofala kwambiri chotupa cha majeremusi am'thupi. Ma teratomas okhwima ndi zotupa zabwino ndipo sangakhale khansa. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu sacrum kapena coccyx m'mwana wakhanda kapena machende kapena thumba losunga mazira kumayambiriro kwa kutha msinkhu. Maselo a ma teratomas okhwima amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino pansi pa microscope. Matenda ena okhwima amatulutsa michere kapena mahomoni omwe amayambitsa zizindikilo za matenda.

• Matenda otentha msanga. Zotupa izi zimakonda kupezeka m'malo ena kupatula ma gonads a ana ang'onoang'ono kapena m'mimba mwa mazira oyambira msinkhu. Ali ndi maselo omwe amawoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi maselo abwinobwino pansi pa microscope. Matenda apakompyuta atha kukhala khansa ndipo amafalikira mbali zina za thupi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu, monga tsitsi, minofu, ndi mafupa. Ma teratomas ena osakhwima amatulutsa michere kapena mahomoni omwe amayambitsa zizindikilo za matenda.

Zotupa Zam'mimba Zotupa

Zotupa zamagulu opatsirana ndi khansa. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zotupa zopanga majeremusi oyipa:

• Seminomatous nyongolosi yam'mimba zotupa. Pali mitundu itatu yamatumba am'magazi onga seminomatous:

• Masemina amapanga machende.

• Dysgerminomas amapanga mchiberekero.

• Ma Germinomas amapangidwa m'malo amthupi omwe si ovary kapena testicle, monga mediastinum.

• Zotupa zopanda majeremusi zotupa. Pali mitundu isanu yamatenda osagwiritsa ntchito seminomatous:

• Zotupa za m'matumbo zimapanga timadzi totchedwa alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Amatha kupanga ovary, testicle, kapena madera ena amthupi.

• Choriocarcinomas amapanga mahomoni otchedwa beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Amatha kupanga ovary, testicle, kapena madera ena amthupi.

• Embryonal carcinomas imatha kupanga mahomoni otchedwa β-hCG. Amatha kupanga machende kapena madera ena amthupi, koma osati mchiberekero.

• Gonadoblastomas.

• Teratoma ndi yolk sac zotupa.

Ziphuphu Zamagulu Osakanikirana

Zotupa zamagulu osakanikirana zimapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri yamatenda owopsa. Amatha kupanga ovary, testicle, kapena madera ena amthupi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ambiri am'magazi am'magazi sizikudziwika.

Kukhala ndi zovuta zina zobadwa nazo kumatha kuonjezera chiopsezo cha zotupa zama cell zowonjezera.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda chimatchedwa chiopsezo. Kukhala ndi chiwopsezo sikutanthauza kuti udzakhala ndi khansa; kusakhala ndi zoopsa sikutanthauza kuti simudzakhala ndi khansa. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mukuganiza kuti mwana wanu akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo.

Zowopsa zomwe zingayambitse zotupa zakuthupi zakutchire ndi izi:

• Kukhala ndi ma syndromes ena amtundu:

• Matenda a Klinefelter angapangitse chiopsezo cha zotupa zamagulu apakati mu mediastinum.

• Matenda a Swyer atha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha gonadoblastoma ndi seminoma.

• Matenda a Turner atha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha gonadoblastoma ndi dysgerminoma.

• Kukhala ndi machende osavomerezeka kumatha kuonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa ya testicular.

• Kukhala ndi gonadal dysgenesis (gonad-ovary kapena testicle-sinapangidwe bwino) kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi ya gonadoblastoma.

Zizindikiro zakumapeto kwa zotupa zamagulu amtundu wa ana zimadalira pomwe chotupacho chidapangidwa mthupi.

Zotupa zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuyambitsa zizindikilo zotsatirazi. Zina zimatha kuyambitsa zizindikilo zomwezi. Funsani dokotala ngati mwana wanu ali ndi izi:

• Bulu m'khosi, pamimba, kapena kumbuyo.

• Bulu lopweteka pachimake.

• Ululu m'mimba.

• Malungo.

• Kudzimbidwa.

• Mwa akazi, palibe msambo kapena kusamba kwachilendo kwachilendo.

Kujambula maphunziro ndi kuyezetsa magazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zotupa zam'magazi zomwe zimatulutsa ana.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Machende amatha kuwunika ngati ali ndi zotupa, kutupa, kapena kupweteka. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Chiyeso cha serum tumor marker: Njira yomwe magazi amayang'aniridwa kuti athe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo, zotupa, kapena zotupa m'thupi. Zinthu zina zimalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ikapezeka m'magazi ochulukirapo. Izi zimatchedwa zolembera zotupa.

Zotupa zina zoyipa za majeremusi zimatulutsa zotupa. Zizindikiro zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira zotupa zam'magulu am'magazi:

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

• Beta-anthu chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG).

Pazotupa za testicular germ cell, kuchuluka kwa magazi pazotupa kumathandizira kuwonetsa ngati chotupacho ndi seminoma kapena nonseminoma.

• Kafukufuku wamagazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• X-ray pachifuwa : X-ray ya ziwalo ndi mafupa mkati mwa chifuwa. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamatupi amthupi, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

Kusanthula kwam'mimba kwa kompyuta. Mwanayo wagona patebulo lomwe limadutsa pa scanner ya CT, yomwe imatenga zithunzi za x-ray zamkati mwamimba.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, ndi kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za malo amkati mwa thupi. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

Kujambula kwamaginito (MRI) pamimba. Mwanayo wagona patebulo lomwe limalowa mu sikani ya MRI, yomwe imatenga zithunzi zamkati mwa thupi. Pedi pamimba pamwana limathandizira kuti zithunzizo zizimveka bwino.

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

M'mimba ultrasound. Transducer ya ultrasound yolumikizidwa ndi kompyuta imakanikizidwa pakhungu la pamimba. Transducer imaponya mafunde am'mimba ndi ziwalo zamkati kuti apange ma echo omwe amapanga sonogram (chithunzi cha pakompyuta).

• Biopsy: Kuchotsa kwa maselo kapena ziphuphu kotero kuti amatha kuwonedwa ndi microscope ndi wodwalayo kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa. Nthawi zina chiwonetsero chazomwe chimachitika kapena opaleshoni ya singano chimachitika musanachite opareshoni kuti muchotse minofu. Nthawi zina chotupacho chimachotsedwa pochita opareshoni kenako pachitsanzo chachinyontho chimachotsedwa pachotupacho.

Mayesero otsatirawa akhoza kuchitidwa pazitsanzo za minofu yomwe yachotsedwa:

• Kusanthula kwa cytogenetic: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe ma chromosomes am'maselo amtundu wa minofu amawerengedwa ndikuwunika ngati pali kusintha kulikonse, monga kusweka, kusowa, kukonzedwanso, kapena ma chromosomes owonjezera. Kusintha kwa ma chromosomes ena kungakhale chizindikiro cha khansa. Kusanthula kwa cytogenetic kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuzindikira khansa, kukonzekera chithandizo, kapena kudziwa momwe chithandizo chikuyendera.

• Immunohistochemistry: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito ma antibodies kuti aone ngati ali ndi ma antigen (zolembera) muzitsanzo za minofu ya wodwala. Ma antibodies nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi enzyme kapena utoto wa fulorosenti. Ma antibodies atagwirizana ndi antigen inayake munthawi ya minofu, enzyme kapena utoto umayambitsidwa, ndipo antigen imatha kuwonedwa ndi microscope. Mayeso amtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kuzindikira khansa ndikuthandizira kudziwa khansa yamtundu wina wa khansa.

Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Kulosera (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala zimadalira izi:

• Msinkhu wa wodwalayo komanso thanzi lake lonse.

• Gawo la khansa (ngati lafalikira kumadera apafupi, ma lymph node, kapena malo ena m'thupi).

• Komwe chotupacho chinayamba kukula.

• Momwe chotupacho chimayankhira kuchipatala.

• Mtundu wa chotupa cha majeremusi.

• Kaya wodwalayo ali ndi gonadal dysgenesis.

• Kaya chotupacho chingachotsedwe kwathunthu ndi opaleshoni.

• Kaya khansa yapezeka kumene kapena yabwereranso (bwererani).

Kulosera zam'mimba zotumphukira zam'mimba zam'mimba, makamaka zotupa zamagulu a ovari, ndizabwino.

Magawo Amwana Owonjezeka Pamagulu Amtundu Wam'magazi

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pambuyo papezeka chotupa cha majeremusi osachotsa mwana, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira kuchokera pomwe chotupacho chidayambira kumadera oyandikira kapena mbali zina za thupi.

• Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

• Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Masiteji amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zama cell zakunja.

• Zilonda zamatenda a testicular mwa odwala ochepera zaka 11

• Zilonda zamatenda a testicular mwa odwala azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo

• Zilonda zam'mimba zotengera m'mimba

• Zilonda zamtundu wa Extragonadal extracranial cell

Pambuyo papezeka chotupa cha majeremusi osachotsa mwana, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira kuchokera pomwe chotupacho chidayambira kumadera oyandikira kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ngati khansa yafalikira kuchokera pomwe chotupacho idayambira mbali zina za thupi imatchedwa staging. Zomwe amapeza kuchokera pakukonzekera zimatsimikizira gawo la matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa siteji kuti mukonzekere chithandizo. Nthawi zina, masitepe amatha kutsatira opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho.

Njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, ndi kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za magawo amkati mwa thupi, monga ubongo kapena ma lymph node. Njirayi imatchedwanso kuti kujambula kwa nyukiliya yamagetsi.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane magawo amkati mwa thupi, monga chifuwa kapena ma lymph node, otengedwa mbali zosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

• Kujambula mafupa: Njira yowunika ngati pali magawo omwe amagawa mwachangu, monga maselo a khansa, m'mafupa. Katundu wocheperako kwambiri wa jakisoni amalowetsedwa mumtsempha ndikuyenda m'magazi. Zinthu zowononga nyukiliya zimasonkhanitsa m'mafupa omwe ali ndi khansa ndipo imadziwika ndi sikani.

• Thoracentesis: Kuchotsa kwamadzimadzi kuchokera pakati pazamkati mwa chifuwa ndi mapapo, pogwiritsa ntchito singano. Wodwala amawona madzi amadzimadzi pansi pa microscope kuti ayang'ane maselo a khansa.

• Paracentesis: Kuchotsa kwamadzimadzi pakati pamkati pamimba ndi ziwalo zam'mimba, pogwiritsa ntchito singano. Wodwala amawona madzi amadzimadzi pansi pa microscope kuti ayang'ane maselo a khansa.

Zotsatira zamayesero ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ndi kuzindikira zotupa za ana zotupa m'maselo aubwana zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito polemba.

Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira kudzera mu minofu, ma lymph system, ndi magazi:

• Minofu. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikukula kupita kumadera oyandikana nawo.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba polowa m'mitsempha. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikulowa m'magazi. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa ikafalikira mbali ina ya thupi, imatchedwa metastasis. Maselo a khansa amachoka pomwe adayamba (chotupa choyambirira) ndikuyenda mumitsempha kapena magazi.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imalowa mumitsempha, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imalowa m'magazi, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

Chotupa cha metastatic ndi khansa yofanana ndi chotupa chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chotupa cha majeremusi chowonjezera chimafalikira mpaka pachiwindi, maselo a khansa omwe ali pachiwindi ndi ma virus a khansa. Matendawa ndi chotupa cham'mimba chotulutsa kachilombo, osati khansa ya chiwindi.

Masiteji amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zama cell zakunja.

Zilonda zamatenda a testicular mwa odwala ochepera zaka 11

Magawo otsatirawa akuchokera mu Gulu la Ana Oncology.

• Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba ine, khansara imapezeka machende okha. Machende ndi chingwe cha umuna zimachotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni ndipo zotsatirazi ndizowona:

• kapisozi (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho) sichinaphulike (kutseguka) ndipo chidule sichinachitike chotupacho chisanachotsedwe; ndipo

• ma lymph node onse ndi ocheperako kuposa sentimita imodzi m'lifupi mwake pa CT scan kapena MRI.

• Gawo II

Mu gawo lachiwiri, machende ndi chingwe cha umuna zimachotsedwa ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni ndipo chimodzi mwazi ndi chowonadi:

• kapisozi (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho) chinaphulika (chinatseguka) kapena kupimidwa kunachitika asanachite opareshoni; kapena

• Khansara yomwe imangowoneka ndi microscope imakhalabe mu scrotum kapena mu chingwe cha spermatic pafupi ndi scrotum ndipo pambuyo poti opareshoni zotupa zotupa sizibwerera mwakale kapena sizichepera.

Khansa siinafalikire kumatenda am'mimba.

• Gawo III

Mu gawo lachitatu, chimodzi mwazi ndi zoona:

• khansara yafalikira kumatenda amodzi kapena angapo kumbuyo kwa mimba; kapena

• Ma lymph node onse ali osachepera 2 sentimita mulifupi kapena ndi akulu kuposa 1 sentimita koma ochepera kuposa 2 sentimita m'mimba mwake lalifupi kwambiri ndipo mwina sanasinthe kapena akukula CT scan kapena MRI ikabwerezedwa mkati mwa milungu 4 mpaka 6.

• Gawo IV

Pa gawo IV, khansara yafalikira mbali zina za thupi, monga chiwindi, mapapo, fupa, ndi ubongo.

Zilonda zamatenda a testicular mwa odwala azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Khansa ya Testicular kuti mumve zambiri za magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazotupa zamatenda a testicular mwa odwala azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo.

Zilonda zam'mimba zotengera m'mimba

Makina awiri ogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazotupa zamagulu a ovari: Gulu la Ana Oncology ndi International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO).

Magawo otsatirawa akuchokera mu Gulu la Ana Oncology.

• Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba, chotupa chomwe chili m'mimba chimachotsedwa ndi opaleshoni ndipo zotsatirazi zonse ndi zoona:

• kapisozi (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho) sichinaphulike (kutseguka) ndipo chidule sichinachitike chotupacho chisanachotsedwe; ndipo

• palibe chisonyezo chakuti khansara yafalikira kudzera mu kapisozi; ndipo

• palibe maselo a khansa omwe amapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba; ndipo

• palibe khansa yomwe imawoneka m'matumba omwe amayenda m'mimba kapena omwe amapezeka muzitsanzo zamatenda omwe amatengedwa nthawi yolemba; ndipo

• Ma lymph nodes ndi ocheperako kuposa sentimita imodzi m'lifupi mwake pa CT scan kapena MRI kapena palibe khansa yomwe imapezeka m'matenda am'mimba omwe amatengedwa nthawi ya biopsy.

• Gawo II

Gawo lachiwiri, chotupa mu ovary chimachotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni ndipo biopsy imachitika asanachite opareshoni ndipo chimodzi mwa izi ndi chowonadi:

• khansara yafalikira mu kapisozi yonse kapena gawo lina (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho); kapena

• chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita 10 ndipo chimachotsedwa ndi opaleshoni ya laparoscopic; kapena

• chotupacho chimachotsedwa ndikuphwanyika tizing'ono tating'ono ndipo sichidziwika ngati khansara yafalikira kudzera mu kapisozi.

Maselo a khansa samapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba. Khansara sichimawoneka m'mitsempha kapena minofu yomwe imayika pamimba ndi khansa sichipezeka m'mitundu yotengedwa panthawi yopanga.

• Gawo III

Mu gawo lachitatu, chotupa mu ovary chimachotsedwa ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni ndipo chimodzi mwazinthu izi ndi chowonadi:

• Ma lymph node amakhala osachepera 2 sentimita mulifupi kapena okulirapo kuposa 1 sentimita koma ocheperako kuposa masentimita awiri mulifupi mwake ndipo mwina sanasinthe kapena akukula CT scan kapena MRI ikabwerezedwa masabata 4 mpaka 6 atachitidwa opaleshoni; kapena

• chotupacho sichimachotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni kapena biopsy idachitidwa asanachite opareshoni; kapena

• Maselo a khansa (kuphatikizapo mwana wakhanda) amapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba; kapena

• khansa (kuphatikizapo mwana wakhanda teratoma) imapezeka m'mitsempha yam'mimba; kapena

• khansa (kuphatikizapo mwana wakhanda) imapezeka m'minyewa yomwe imayala pamimba.

• Gawo III-X

Mu gawo lachitatu-X, chotupacho chitha kufotokozedwa ngati gawo I kapena gawo II, kupatula:

• maselo okuta pamimba sanasonkhanitsidwe; kapena

• biopsy zamitsempha zazikulu kuposa 1 sentimita m'mimba mwake lalifupi kwambiri sizinachitike; kapena

• biopsy ya minofu kuchokera pakatikati pamimba sinachitike; kapena

• masitepe sanamalizidwe pochita opareshoni koma amalizidwa pomupanga opaleshoni yachiwiri.

• Gawo IV

Mu gawo IV, chimodzi mwa izi ndi chowonadi:

• khansara yafalikira ku chiwindi kapena kunja kwa mimba kumadera ena a thupi, monga fupa, mapapo, kapena ubongo.

• Maselo a khansa amapezeka mumadzimadzi m'mapapu.

Magawo otsatirawa akuchokera ku International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO).

• Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba ine, khansa imapezeka m'modzi kapena m'mimba mwake ndipo siyinafalikire. Gawo I lagawidwa mu gawo IA, gawo IB, ndi gawo IC.

• Gawo IA: Khansa imapezeka mchiberekero chimodzi.

• Gawo IB: Khansa imapezeka m'mimba mwake.

• Gawo IC: Khansa imapezeka m'modzi kapena m'mimba mwake ndipo chimodzi mwazi ndi chowonadi:

• khansara imapezekanso panja pa malo amodzi kapena onse awiri; kapena

• kapisozi (chophimba chakunja) cha chotupacho chinaphulika (chinatseguka) asanachitike kapena nthawi ya opareshoni; kapena

• Maselo a khansa amapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba kapena posamba m'mimbamo (thupi lomwe lili ndi ziwalo zambiri m'mimba).

• Gawo II

Gawo lachiwiri, khansa imapezeka m'modzi kapena m'mimba mwake ndipo yafalikira kumadera ena am'mimba, kapena khansa yoyamba ya peritoneal imapezeka. Gawo II lidagawika gawo IIA ndi gawo IIB.

• Gawo IIA: Khansa yafalikira m'chiberekero ndi / kapena timachubu (timachubu tating'onoting'ono tomwe mazira amachokera m'mimba mwake kupita kuberekero).

• Gawo IIB: Khansa yafalikira kumatenda ena m'chiuno monga chikhodzodzo, rectum, kapena nyini.

• Gawo III

Mu gawo lachitatu, khansa imapezeka m'modzi kapena m'mimba mwake kapena khansa yoyambira ya peritoneal imapezeka. Khansara yafalikira kunja kwa mafupa a chiuno kumadera ena am'mimba ndi / kapena kumatenda am'mimba kumbuyo kwa mimba. Gawo lachitatu lagawidwa gawo IIIA, gawo IIIB, ndi gawo IIIC.

Kukula kwa zotupa nthawi zambiri kumayeza masentimita (cm) kapena mainchesi. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kukula kwa chotupa mu cm zimaphatikizapo: nsawawa (1 cm), chiponde (2 cm), mphesa (3 cm), mtedza (4 cm), laimu (5 cm kapena 2) mainchesi), dzira (6 cm), pichesi (7 cm), ndi manyumwa (masentimita 10 kapena mainchesi 4).

• Mu gawo IIIA, chimodzi mwa izi ndi chowonadi:

• khansa yafalikira kumatenda am'mimba kumbuyo kwamimba kokha; kapena

• Maselo a khansa omwe amangowoneka ndi microscope afalikira pamwamba pa peritoneum kunja kwa mafupa a chiuno. Khansa itha kufalikira kuma lymph lymph node kumbuyo kwa mimba.

• Gawo IIIB: Khansa yafalikira ku peritoneum kunja kwa mafupa a chiuno ndipo khansa mu peritoneum ndi 2 sentimita kapena yaying'ono. Khansa ikhoza kufalikira kumatenda am'mimba kumbuyo kwa mimba.

• Gawo IIIC: Khansa yafalikira ku peritoneum kunja kwa mafupa a chiuno ndipo khansa mu peritoneum ndi yayikulu kuposa masentimita awiri. Khansara itha kufalikira kumatenda am'mimba kumbuyo kwa mimba kapena pamwamba pa chiwindi kapena ndulu.

• Gawo IV

Gawo IV lidagawika gawo la IVA ndi IVB.

• Gawo IVA: Maselo a khansa amapezeka mumadzimadzi owonjezera omwe amakhala m'mapapu.

• Gawo IVB: Khansara yafalikira ku ziwalo ndi ziwalo kunja kwa mimba, kuphatikizapo ma lymph nodes m'mimba.

Zilonda zamtundu wa Extragonadal extracranial cell

Magawo otsatirawa akuchokera mu Gulu la Ana Oncology.

• Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba, chotupacho chimachotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni ndipo zotsatirazi ndizowona:

• palibe maselo a khansa omwe amapezeka mdera lomwe chotupacho chidachotsedwa; ndipo

• kapisozi (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho) sichinaphulike (kutseguka) ndipo chidule sichinachitike chotupacho chisanachotsedwe; ndipo

• Maselo a khansa samapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba, ngati chotupacho chili m'mimba; ndipo

• Ma lymph node ndi ochepera 1 sentimita pa CT scan kapena MRI yamimba, m'chiuno, ndi pachifuwa.

• Gawo II

Mu gawo lachiwiri, khansa siyichotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni ndipo chimodzi mwazi ndi chowonadi:

• khansa yomwe imangowoneka ndi microscope imatsalira pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni; kapena

• khansa yomwe imawoneka ndi diso imatsalira pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni ndipo kapisozi (chophimba chakunja cha chotupacho) chidaphulika (kutseguka) kapena chidule chidachitika.

Maselo a khansa samapezeka mumadzimadzi otengedwa m'mimba. Palibe chizindikiro cha khansa m'matumba am'mimba, m'mimba, kapena pachifuwa pa CT scan kapena MRI.

• Gawo III

Mu gawo lachitatu, chimodzi mwazi ndi zoona:

• khansara sichichotsedwa kwathunthu ndi opareshoni ndi khansa yomwe imawoneka ndi diso kutsalira pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni kapena biopsy yokha idachitika; kapena

• Ma lymph node amakhala osachepera 2 sentimita mulifupi kapena okulirapo kuposa 1 sentimita koma ocheperako kuposa masentimita awiri mufupi mwake ndipo mwina sanasinthe kapena akukula CT scan kapena MRI ikabwerezedwa mkati mwa milungu 4 mpaka 6.

• Gawo IV

Pa gawo IV, khansara yafalikira mbali zina za thupi, monga chiwindi, mapapo, fupa, kapena ubongo.

Matenda Omwe Amabwerera Komwe Achinyamata Amabwereranso

Khansa yapakhungu yotulutsa kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a khansa ndi khansa yomwe yabwereranso (kubwerera) itachiritsidwa. Khansara imatha kubwerera kumalo omwewo kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Chiwerengero cha odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa zomwe zimabwerako ndizochepa. Zotupa zambiri zam'magazi zomwe zimayambiranso zimabweranso patatha zaka zitatu kuchitidwa opaleshoni. Pafupifupi theka la ma teratomas omwe amabwereranso mu sacrum kapena coccyx ndi oyipa, chifukwa chake kutsatira ndikofunikira.

Chithandizo Chosankha Mwachidule

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pali mitundu ingapo yamankhwala yothandizira ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zamagulu akunja.

• Ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zamagulu owonjezera omwe akuyenera kuwonjezera ayenera kukonzekera kukonzedwa ndi gulu la othandizira azaumoyo omwe ndi akatswiri othandiza khansa kwa ana.

• Chithandizo cha zotupa za majeremusi zomwe zimachotsa mwana sichingayambitse mavuto.

• Mitundu itatu yamankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Opaleshoni

• Kuwona

• Chemotherapy

• Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

• Chemotherapy yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi tsinde lama cell

• Thandizo la radiation

• Chithandizo chofuna

• Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

• Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

• Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamankhwala yothandizira ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zamagulu akunja.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamankhwala othandizira ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zam'magazi am'thupi. Mankhwala ena ndi ofanana (mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano), ndipo ena akuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala ndi kafukufuku wofufuza wothandizira kusintha chithandizo chamakono kapena kupeza zidziwitso zamankhwala atsopano kwa odwala khansa. Pamene mayesero azachipatala awonetsa kuti chithandizo chatsopano ndichabwino kuposa chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizocho chitha kukhala chamankhwala wamba.

Chifukwa khansa mwa ana ndiyosowa, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa kwachipatala kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Mayesero ena azachipatala ndi otseguka kwa odwala omwe sanayambe kulandira chithandizo.

Ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zamagulu owonjezera omwe akuyenera kuwonjezera ayenera kukonzekera kukonzedwa ndi gulu la othandizira azaumoyo omwe ndi akatswiri othandiza khansa kwa ana.

Chithandizo chidzayang'aniridwa ndi oncologist wa ana, dokotala yemwe amadziwika bwino pochiza ana omwe ali ndi khansa. Ocologist wa ana amagwira ntchito ndi ena othandizira azaumoyo omwe ndi akatswiri pochiza ana omwe ali ndi zotupa zama cell aposachedwa komanso omwe amakhazikika m'malo ena azamankhwala. Izi zingaphatikizepo akatswiri awa:

• Dokotala wa ana.

• Dokotala wa ana.

• Dokotala wa hematologist.

• Wofufuza oncologist.

• Katswiri wazamaphunziro.

• Katswiri wa namwino wa ana.

• Katswiri wokonzanso.

• Katswiri wamoyo wa ana.

• Katswiri wa zamaganizo.

• Wogwira ntchito.

• Wobadwa kumene.

Chithandizo cha zotupa za majeremusi zomwe zimachotsa mwana sichingayambitse mavuto.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala oyambilira omwe amayamba mukalandira chithandizo cha khansa, onani tsamba lathu la Zotsatira Zotsatira.

Zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwala a khansa omwe amayamba atalandira chithandizo ndikupitilira kwa miyezi kapena zaka amatchedwa zotsatira zakuchedwa. Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa chithandizo cha khansa zitha kuphatikizira izi:

• Mavuto athupi, monga kusabereka, mavuto akumva ndi impso.

• Kusintha kwa malingaliro, malingaliro, kuganiza, kuphunzira, kapena kukumbukira.

• Khansa yachiwiri (mitundu yatsopano ya khansa), monga khansa ya m'magazi.

Zotsatira zina mochedwa zimatha kuthandizidwa kapena kuwongoleredwa. Ndikofunika kulankhula ndi madotolo a mwana wanu zamankhwala omwe khansa imatha kukhala nawo pamwana wanu. (Onani chidule cha pa Zotsatira Zotsiriza za Chithandizo cha Khansa ya Ana kuti mumve zambiri).

Mitundu itatu yamankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Opaleshoni

Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupacho imachitika ngati kuli kotheka. Ngati chotupacho ndi chachikulu kwambiri, chemotherapy imatha kuperekedwa koyamba, kuti chotupacho chikhale chocheperako ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa minofu yomwe imafunika kuchotsedwa pakuchita opaleshoni. Cholinga cha opaleshoni ndikuteteza ntchito kubereka. Mitundu yotsatirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• Kuyamba: Opaleshoni kuchotsa minofu kapena gawo kapena chiwalo chilichonse.

• Radical inguinal orchiectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa machende amodzi kapena onse awiri kudzera podula (podula) m'mimba.

• Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa ovary imodzi ndi chubu chimodzi cha fallopian mbali yomweyo.

Dokotala atachotsa khansa yonse yomwe imawonekera panthawi yochitidwa opaleshoniyi, odwala ena amatha kupatsidwa chemotherapy atachitidwa opareshoni kuti aphe maselo aliwonse a khansa omwe atsala. Chithandizo chomwe chimaperekedwa pambuyo pa opareshoni, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo kuti khansa ibwererenso, amatchedwa adjuvant therapy.

Kuwona

Kuyang'anitsitsa kumayang'anitsitsa matenda a wodwala popanda kupereka chithandizo chilichonse mpaka zizindikilo kapena zizindikiritso zikuwoneka kapena kusintha. Pazotupa zam'magazi zomwe zimatulutsa ana, izi zimaphatikizapo kuyesa thupi, kuyesa kulingalira, ndi kuyesa kwa chotupa.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala a khansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, mwina popha ma cell kapena kuwaletsa kuti asagawane. Chemotherapy ikamamwa pakamwa kapena kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena minofu, mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndipo amatha kufikira ma cell a khansa mthupi lonse (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy ikaikidwa molunjika m'matumbo a cerebrospinal, chiwalo, kapena thupi ngati pamimba, mankhwalawa amakhudza kwambiri ma cell a khansa m'malo amenewo (chemotherapy am'madera).

Momwe chemotherapy imaperekedwa imadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuchitidwa. Chemotherapy yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zotupa zama cell zowonjezera.

Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

Gawo lachiduleli likufotokoza zamankhwala omwe akuwerengedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Sizingatchule chithandizo chilichonse chatsopano chomwe akuphunzira. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala zimapezeka patsamba la NCI.

Chemotherapy yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi tsinde lama cell

Mlingo waukulu wa chemotherapy umaperekedwa kuti uphe ma cell a khansa. Maselo athanzi, kuphatikiza maselo opanga magazi, nawonso amawonongedwa ndi chithandizo cha khansa. Kuika timitengo tating'onoting'ono ndi chithandizo m'malo mwa maselo omwe amapanga magazi. Maselo otchedwa stem cells (maselo a magazi osakhwima) amachotsedwa m'magazi kapena m'mafupa a wodwalayo kapena woperekayo ndipo amaundana ndi kusungidwa. Wodwalayo akamaliza chemotherapy, maselo osungidwa amasungunuka ndikubwezeretsedwanso mwa kulowetsedwa. Maselo amtundu wobwezeretsansowa amakula (ndikubwezeretsanso) maselo amthupi.

Thandizo la radiation

Thandizo la radiation ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray amphamvu kapena mitundu ina ya radiation kuti iphe ma cell a khansa kapena kuti asakule. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala a radiation:

• Mankhwala ochiritsira akunja amagwiritsa ntchito makina kunja kwa thupi kuti atumize cheza chaku khansa.

• Njira yothandizira poizoniyu yamkati imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a radioactive otsekedwa ndi singano, njere, mawaya, kapena ma catheters omwe amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena pafupi ndi khansa.

Momwe mankhwala a radiation amaperekedwera zimadalira mtundu wa khansa komanso ngati yabwereranso. Thandizo la radiation lakunja likuwerengedwa kuti lithandizire zotupa za ana zotengera m'mimba zomwe zabwerera.

Chithandizo chofuna

Chithandizo choyenera ndi mtundu wa chithandizo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zinthu zina kuti ziwononge maselo ena a khansa. Chithandizo chomwe chikuyembekezeredwa chikuwerengedwa pochizira zotupa zama cell zakunja zomwe zabwerera.

Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

Kwa odwala ena, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa chithandizo chachipatala kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. Mayesero azachipatala ndi gawo limodzi la kafukufuku wa khansa. Mayesero azachipatala amachitika kuti apeze ngati mankhwala atsopano a khansa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito kapena abwinoko kuposa mankhwala wamba.

Njira zambiri zamankhwala zochiritsira khansa zimachokera kumayeso am'mbuyomu azachipatala. Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pachipatala atha kulandira chithandizo chofananira kapena kukhala oyamba kulandira chithandizo chatsopano.

Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazoyeserera zamankhwala amathandizanso kukonza momwe khansa idzathandizire mtsogolo. Ngakhale mayesero azachipatala satsogolera kuchipatala chatsopano, nthawi zambiri amayankha mafunso ofunikira ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku.

Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

Mayesero ena azachipatala amangophatikizapo odwala omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Mayesero ena amayesa chithandizo kwa odwala omwe khansa yawo sinakhale bwino. Palinso mayesero azachipatala omwe amayesa njira zatsopano zothetsera khansa kuti isabwererenso (kubwerera) kapena kuchepetsa zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi khansa.

Mayesero azachipatala akuchitika m'malo ambiri mdziko muno. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI zitha kupezeka patsamba lofufuza zamankhwala la NCI. Mayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena amapezeka patsamba la ClinicalTrials.gov.

Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Ena mwa mayesero omwe adachitika kuti apeze khansa kapena kuti adziwe momwe khansa iliri angabwerezedwenso. Mayesero ena adzabwerezedwa kuti awone momwe mankhwalawa akugwirira ntchito. Zisankho zakuti mupitilize, kusintha, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo zitha kutengera zotsatira za mayeso awa.

Kuyesaku kumangopitilira kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mankhwala atatha. Zotsatira zamayesowa zitha kuwonetsa ngati matenda a mwana wanu asintha kapena ngati khansa yabwereranso (kubwerera). Mayesowa nthawi zina amatchedwa kuyesa kutsata kapena kukayezetsa.

Pazotupa zam'magazi zomwe zimatulutsa ana pambuyo pake, kutsatira kungaphatikizepo mayeso athupi, kuyezetsa chotupa, ndi kuyerekezera kulingalira monga CT scan, MRI kapena chifuwa x-ray.

Njira Zithandizo Zotulutsira Ana M'ma cell Tumors

M'chigawo chino

• Matenda okhwima komanso osakhwima

• Oipa a Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors

• Machende Oipa Kwambiri Mimba Yam'mimba

• Oipa Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors

• Zowawa za Extragonadal Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors

• Matenda Owonjezeka Omwe Amayamba Kubadwa Mwaubwana Achinyamata

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Matenda okhwima komanso osakhwima

Chithandizo cha ma teratomas okhwima chimaphatikizapo izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupacho kenako ndikuwonedwa.

Chithandizo cha ma teratomas osakhwima chimaphatikizapo izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupacho ndikutsatiridwa ndi zotupa za siteji I.

• Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupacho pamatumbo a II-IV. Mwa ana aang'ono, opaleshoni imatsatiridwa ndikuwona; kugwiritsa ntchito chemotherapy pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndikotsutsana. Achinyamata ndi achikulire, chemotherapy imaperekedwa pambuyo pa opaleshoni.

Nthawi zina teratoma yokhwima kapena yosakhwima imakhalanso ndi maselo owopsa. Teratoma yokhala ndi maselo owopsa angafunikire kuthandizidwa mosiyana.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Oipa a Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Machende Oipa Kwambiri Mimba Yam'mimba

Chithandizo cha zotupa zoyipa zamatenda ophatikizika zingaphatikizepo izi:

Kwa anyamata ochepera zaka 11:

• Opaleshoni (radical inguinal orchiectomy) yotsatiridwa ndikuwona zotupa za siteji I.

• Opaleshoni (radical inguinal orchiectomy) yotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy ya zotupa za II-IV.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opareshoni wotsatiridwa ndikuwonera zotupa za siteji kapena chemotherapy ya zotupa za gawo II-IV.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwatsopano kwa chemotherapy regimen ya zotupa za II-IV.

Kwa anyamata azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo:

Zilonda zam'mimba zotupa m'matumbo mwa anyamata azaka 11 kapena kupitilira apo amathandizidwa mosiyana ndi momwe amachitira ndi anyamata achichepere. (Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Khansa ya Testicular kuti mumve zambiri.)

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho. Nthawi zina ma lymph node m'mimba amachotsedwanso.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opareshoni wotsatiridwa ndikuwonera zotupa za siteji kapena chemotherapy ya zotupa za gawo II-IV.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu wa chemotherapy regimen.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Oipa Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors

Kuchulukitsa

Chithandizo cha gawo I dysgerminomas wa ovary atha kuphatikizira izi:

• Opaleshoni (unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) yotsatira ndikuwona. Chemotherapy itha kuperekedwa ngati milingo ya zotupa sizichepera pambuyo pakuchitidwa opaleshoni kapena chotupacho chibwerera.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opaleshoni ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwonera.

Chithandizo cha magawo a II-IV dysgerminomas a ovary atha kuphatikizira izi:

• Opaleshoni (unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) yotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy kuti achepetse chotupacho, kenako opaleshoni (unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opaleshoni wotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu wa chemotherapy regimen.

Nongerminomas

Chithandizo cha nongerminomas a ovary, monga yolk sac tumors, chotupitsa ma cell a zotupa, choriocarcinoma, ndi embryonal carcinomas, mwa atsikana achichepere atha kukhala ndi izi:

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndikuwonera zotupa za siteji I.

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy ya zotupa za I-IV.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opaleshoni ndikutsatiridwa ndikuwona zotupa za siteji I.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu watsopano wa opaleshoni wotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy ya zotupa za gawo lachiwiri-IV.

Chithandizo cha nongerminomas of the ovary in vijana and atsikana atha kuphatikizira izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi chemotherapy ya zotupa za I-IV.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa njira yatsopano yochitira opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndikuwonera kapena chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu wa chemotherapy regimen.

Chithandizo cha ma nongerminomas a ovary omwe sangachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni yoyamba popanda chiopsezo ku minofu yapafupi atha kuphatikizira izi:

• Biopsy yotsatira ndi chemotherapy ndi opaleshoni.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Zowawa za Extragonadal Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Kuchiza kwa ana oopsa a extragonadal extracranial zotupa zam'magazi mwaana zingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi chemotherapy ya zotupa za I-IV.

• Biopsy yotsatira ndi chemotherapy ndipo mwina opaleshoni ya zotupa za gawo lachitatu ndi IV.

Kuphatikiza pa gawo la matendawa, chithandizo cha zotupa zowopsa zakunja kwa khungu zimadaliranso komwe chotupacho chimapangidwa mthupi:

• Kwa zotupa mu sacrum kapena coccyx, chemotherapy yochepetsera chotupacho ndikutsatidwa ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa sacrum ndi / kapena coccyx.

• Kwa zotupa mu mediastinum, chemotherapy isanachitike kapena itatha opaleshoni kuti ichotse chotupacho mu mediastinum.

• Kwa zotupa m'mimba, biopsy yotsatiridwa ndi chemotherapy yochepetsera chotupacho ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupa m'mimba.

• Kwa zotupa m'mutu ndi m'khosi, opareshoni yochotsa chotupacho pamutu kapena m'khosi potsatira chemotherapy.

Kuchiza kwa ana oopsa a extragonadal extracranial zotupa zama cell mu achinyamata komanso achinyamata atha kukhala awa:

• Opaleshoni.

• Chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy kenako opaleshoni yochotsa chotupacho.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa njira yatsopano yochitira opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndikuwonera kapena chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa mtundu wa chemotherapy regimen.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Matenda Owonjezeka Omwe Amayamba Kubadwa Mwaubwana Achinyamata

Chithandizo cha zotupa zamagulu akhungu zopitilira m'mimba zitha kukhala izi:

• Opaleshoni.

• Chemotherapy yomwe imaperekedwa musanachitike kapena mutachitidwa opaleshoni, chifukwa cha zotupa zowononga kwambiri zakutchire kuphatikiza ma teratomas osakhwima, zotupa zoyipa za testicular majeremusi, ndi zotupa zowononga ma ovari.

• Chemotherapy ya zotupa zobwerezabwereza zopweteka za testicular majeremusi ndi ma nongerminomas obwerezabwereza a ovary omwe anali gawo loyamba nditapezeka.

• Mankhwala apamwamba a chemotherapy ndi kusuntha kwa maselo.

• Chithandizo cha radiation kutsatiridwa ndi opaleshoni kuchotsa khansa yomwe yafalikira ku ubongo.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala komwe kumayang'ana chotupa cha wodwalayo ngati majini ena asintha. Mtundu wa mankhwala omwe akulimbikitsidwa omwe adzapatsidwe kwa wodwala umadalira mtundu wa kusintha kwa majini.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy kokha poyerekeza ndi chemotherapy yayikulu yotsatiridwa ndikutsata ma cell a stem.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Kuti mudziwe Zambiri Zokhudza Khansa Yaubwana

Kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku National Cancer Institute yokhudzana ndi zotupa zomwe zimatulutsa ana kunja kwaubwana, onani zotsatirazi.

• Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor (Ubwana) Tsamba Loyambira

• Computed Tomography (CT) Zithunzi ndi Khansa

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa yaubwana ndi zina zothandiza za khansa, onani izi:

• Za Khansa

• Khansa Za Ana

• Cure Search for Cancer ya Ana Tulukani Chodzikanira

• Zotsatira Zochedwetsa Khansa Yaana

• Achinyamata ndi Achinyamata Achikulire ndi Khansa

• Ana omwe ali ndi khansa: Upangiri wa Makolo

• Khansa mwa Ana ndi Achinyamata

• Kusinthana

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso oti mufunse dokotala wanu za khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira