Types/childhood-cancers/late-effects-pdq

Zotsatira Zochedwa za Chithandizo cha Khansa ya Ana (®) -Patient Version

Zambiri pazokhudza Zochedwa

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Zotsatira zakubwera ndimatenda azaumoyo omwe amapezeka miyezi kapena zaka chithandizo chitatha.

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa ya mwana zimakhudza thupi ndi malingaliro.

• Pali zinthu zitatu zofunika zomwe zimakhudza ngozi zakuchedwa.

• Mpata wokhala ndi zotsatira mochedwa ukuwonjezeka pakapita nthawi.

• Kusamalira pafupipafupi ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa yaubwana.

• Zizolowezi zabwino zaumoyo ndizofunikanso kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Zotsatira zakubwera ndimatenda azaumoyo omwe amapezeka miyezi kapena zaka chithandizo chitatha.

Chithandizo cha khansa chimatha kubweretsa mavuto azaumoyo kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa miyezi kapena zaka chithandizo chatha. Chithandizo cha khansa chitha kuvulaza ziwalo, minyewa, kapena mafupa amthupi ndipo zimayambitsa mavuto azaumoyo pambuyo pake. Matendawa amatchedwa zotsatira zakuchedwa.

Mankhwala omwe angayambitse zotsatira zake ndi awa:

• Opaleshoni.

• Chemotherapy.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

Madokotala akuphunzira zovuta zakumapeto kwa matenda a khansa. Akugwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo chithandizo cha khansa ndikuletsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira mochedwa. Ngakhale zotsatira zochedwa kwambiri sizowopseza moyo, zimatha kubweretsa mavuto akulu omwe amakhudza thanzi komanso moyo wabwino.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa ya mwana zimakhudza thupi ndi malingaliro.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa atha kukhudza izi:

• Ziwalo, ziwalo, ndi thupi limagwira ntchito.

• Kukula ndi chitukuko.

• Khalidwe, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe.

• Kuganiza, kuphunzira, ndi kukumbukira.

• Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro.

• Kuopsa kwa khansa yachiwiri.

Pali zinthu zitatu zofunika zomwe zimakhudza ngozi zakuchedwa.

Ambiri omwe amapulumuka khansa atha kubwera pambuyo pake. Kuopsa kwa zotsatira mochedwa kumadalira zinthu zokhudzana ndi chotupacho, chithandizo, komanso wodwala. Izi ndi izi:

• Zinthu zokhudzana ndi zotupa

• Mtundu wa khansa.

• Komwe chotupacho chili mthupi.

• Momwe chotupacho chimakhudzira momwe ziphuphu ndi ziwalo zimagwirira ntchito.

• Zinthu zokhudzana ndi chithandizo

• Mtundu wa opaleshoni.

• Chemotherapy mtundu, mlingo, ndi dongosolo.

• Mtundu wa mankhwala a radiation, gawo lina la mankhwala, ndi mlingo.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri kapena ingapo yamankhwala nthawi imodzi.

• Kuikidwa magazi.

• Matenda osokoneza bongo.

• Zinthu zokhudzana ndi odwala

• Kugonana kwa mwanayo.

• Matenda omwe mwanayo anali nawo asanapezeke ndi khansa.

• Msinkhu wa mwana ndi gawo lakukula atapezeka ndikuchiritsidwa.

• Kutalika kwa nthawi kuyambira atapezeka ndi chithandizo.

• Kusintha kwa mahomoni.

• Kutha kwa minofu yathanzi yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi chithandizo cha khansa kuti ikonze.

• Zosintha zina mumtundu wamwana.

• Mbiri ya banja la khansa kapena zina.

• Zizolowezi zaumoyo.

Mpata wokhala ndi zotsatira mochedwa ukuwonjezeka pakapita nthawi.

Mankhwala atsopano a khansa yaubwana achepetsa chiwerengero cha omwalira ndi khansa yoyamba. Chifukwa omwe adapulumuka khansa amakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali, amakhala ndi zovuta pambuyo poti adalandira khansa. Opulumuka sangakhale ndi moyo wautali ngati anthu omwe analibe khansa. Zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa ndi:

• Khansara yoyamba imabwerera.

• Mitundu yachiwiri (yosiyana) ya khansa yoyamba.

• Kuwonongeka kwa mtima ndi mapapo.

Kafukufuku wazomwe zimayambitsa zovuta mochedwa zadzetsa kusintha kwa mankhwala. Izi zakulitsa moyo wa omwe apulumuka khansa ndikuthandizira kupewa matenda ndi imfa ku zotsatira zakuchedwa.

Kusamalira pafupipafupi ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Kutsatila pafupipafupi ndi akatswiri azaumoyo omwe amaphunzitsidwa kuti apeze ndikuchiza zotsatira zake ndikofunikira kwa thanzi la omwe akhala akudwala khansa yaubwana. Chithandizo chotsatira chidzakhala chosiyana kwa munthu aliyense yemwe adalandira khansa. Mtundu wa chisamaliro chimadalira mtundu wa khansa, mtundu wa chithandizo, mawonekedwe amwazi, komanso thanzi la munthu komanso zizolowezi zake. Chithandizo chotsatira chimaphatikizapo kuwunika zizindikilo zakuchedwa komanso maphunziro azaumoyo amomwe mungapewere kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zakuchedwa.

Ndikofunika kuti opulumuka khansa yaubwana ayesedwe kamodzi pachaka. Mayeso akuyenera kuchitidwa ndi katswiri wazachipatala yemwe amadziwa kuwopsa kwa wopulumukayo chifukwa chakutha msanga ndipo amatha kuzindikira zizindikilo zoyambirira zakuchedwa. Mayeso amwazi ndi makanema amathanso kuchitidwa.

Kutsata kwakanthawi kumatha kusintha thanzi ndi moyo waopulumuka khansa. Zimathandizanso madotolo kuphunzira zakumapeto kwa chithandizo cha khansa kuti azitha kupeza njira zotetezeka za ana omwe angopezedwa kumene.

Zizolowezi zabwino zaumoyo ndizofunikanso kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Moyo wabwino kwa omwe apulumuka khansa ukhoza kusinthidwa ndimakhalidwe omwe amalimbikitsa thanzi ndi thanzi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kupita kuchipatala nthawi zonse. Khalidwe lodzisamalira ili lofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa omwe apulumuka khansa chifukwa chowopsa pamavuto azaumoyo okhudzana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. Makhalidwe oyenera atha kuchepetsa zovuta ndikuchepetsa matenda ena.

Kupewa zizolowezi zomwe zimawononga thanzi ndikofunikanso. Kusuta fodya, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuwonetsedwa ndi dzuwa, kapena kusagwira ntchito zitha kuwononga ziwalo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala ndipo zitha kuonjezera khansa yachiwiri.

Khansa Yachiwiri

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Omwe apulumuka khansa ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa yachiwiri pambuyo pake m'moyo.

• Mitundu ina ya majini kapena ma syndromes atha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa yachiwiri.

• Odwala omwe adalandira chithandizo cha khansa amafunika kuyesedwa pafupipafupi kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa yachiwiri.

• Mtundu woyeserera womwe kankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa khansa yachiwiri umadalira gawo la mtundu wa chithandizo cha khansa chomwe wodwalayo anali nacho m'mbuyomu.

Omwe apulumuka khansa ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa yachiwiri pambuyo pake m'moyo.

Khansa yoyamba yosiyana yomwe imachitika miyezi iwiri khansa itatha amatchedwa khansa yachiwiri. Khansara yachiwiri imatha kuchitika miyezi kapena zaka mankhwala atamalizidwa. Mtundu wa khansara wachiwiri womwe umachitika umadalira gawo linalake la khansa ndi chithandizo cha khansa. Zotupa za Benign (osati khansa) zitha kuchitika.

Khansa yachiwiri yomwe imachitika pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi khansa ndi awa:

• Zotupa zolimba.

• Matenda a Myelodysplastic komanso khansa ya m'magazi.

Zotupa zolimba zomwe zitha kuwonekera zaka zopitilira 10 kuchokera pomwe khansa yapadera yodziwika ndi chithandizo chake ndi izi:

• Khansa ya m'mawere. Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mawere pambuyo pothira mankhwala a chifuwa chachikulu cha Hodgkin lymphoma. Odwala omwe amathandizidwa ndi cheza cham'mwamba chomwe sichiphatikizapo ma lymph node m'khwapa amakhala ndi chiopsezo chochepa cha khansa ya m'mawere.

Chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chafalikira pachifuwa kapena m'mapapo ndimayendedwe pachifuwa chitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mawere.

Palinso chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mawere mwa odwala omwe amathandizidwa ndi alkylating agents ndi anthracyclines koma osati ndi chifuwa cha chifuwa. Chiwopsezo chimakhala chachikulu mwa opulumuka a sarcoma ndi khansa ya m'magazi.

• Khansa ya chithokomiro. Khansara ya chithokomiro imatha kupezeka pakamwa kwa radiation kwa Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, kapena zotupa zamaubongo; pambuyo poizoniyu ayodini mankhwala kwa neuroblastoma; kapena pambuyo pathupi lamthupi lathunthu (TBI) ngati gawo lamasamba am'magazi.

• Zotupa zamaubongo. Zotupa zamaubongo zimatha kupezeka pambuyo pochizira kwa radiation kumutu ndi / kapena intrathecal chemotherapy yogwiritsa ntchito methotrexate pachotupa chachikulu chaubongo kapena khansa yomwe yafalikira kuubongo kapena msana, monga acute lymphocytic leukemia kapena non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pamene intrathecal chemotherapy yogwiritsa ntchito methotrexate ndi mankhwala a radiation aperekedwa limodzi, chiopsezo cha chotupa muubongo chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri.

• Zotupa zamafupa komanso zofewa. Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha zotupa za mafupa ndi zofewa pambuyo pochizira ma radiation kwa retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, ndi khansa zina za mafupa.

Chemotherapy yokhala ndi anthracyclines kapena alkylating agents imawonjezeranso chiopsezo cha zotupa za mafupa ndi zofewa.

• Khansa ya m'mapapo. Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mapapo pambuyo pochizira ma radiation pachifuwa cha Hodgkin lymphoma, makamaka odwala omwe amasuta.

• Mimba, chiwindi, kapena khansa yoyipa. Khansa yam'mimba, chiwindi, kapena yaminyewa imatha kuchitika pambuyo pochizira radiation pamimba kapena m'chiuno. Chiwopsezo chikuwonjezeka ndikuchuluka kwa radiation. Palinso chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha ma polyps of colorectal polyps.

Chithandizo cha chemotherapy chokha kapena chemotherapy ndi chithandizo cha radiation palimodzi chimaonjezeranso chiopsezo cha m'mimba, chiwindi, kapena khansa yoyipa.

• Khansa yapakhungu la Nonmelanoma (basal cell carcinoma kapena squamous cell carcinoma). Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa yapakhungu la nonmelanoma pambuyo pa chithandizo cha radiation; imawonekera nthawi zambiri kudera lomwe ma radiation anapatsidwa. Kuwonetsedwa ndi radiation ya UV kumawonjezera ngozi iyi. Odwala omwe amakhala ndi khansa yapakhungu la nonmelanoma atalandira chithandizo chama radiation ali ndi mwayi wambiri wopeza khansa ina mtsogolo. Kuopsa kwa basal cell carcinoma kumawonjezekanso pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi mankhwala a chemotherapy, otchedwa vinca alkaloids, monga vincristine ndi vinblastine.

• Khansa ya khansa yoyipa. Malignant melanoma imatha kupezeka pambuyo pa radiation kapena kuphatikiza chemotherapy ndi ma alkylating agents ndi ma antimitotic mankhwala (monga vincristine ndi vinblastine). Opulumuka ku Hodgkin lymphoma, retinoblastoma yobadwa nayo, minofu yofewa ya sarcoma, ndi zotupa za gonadal mwina amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi khansa ya khansa yoyipa. Malignant melanoma ngati khansa yachiwiri ndi yosafala kwambiri kuposa khansa yapakhungu la nonmelanoma.

• Khansa yapakamwa pakamwa. Khansara yam'kamwa imatha kuchitika pambuyo pobzala ma cell a stem komanso mbiri yamatenda amtsogolo.

Khansa ya impso. Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya impso mutalandira chithandizo cha neuroblastoma, chithandizo cha radiation mpaka kumbuyo, kapena chemotherapy monga cisplatin kapena carboplatin.

• Khansara ya chikhodzodzo. Khansa ya chikhodzodzo imatha kuchitika pambuyo pa chemotherapy ndi cyclophosphamide.

Matenda a Myelodysplastic ndi acute myeloid leukemia amatha kuwonekera zaka zosakwana 10 atadwala khansa yoyamba ya Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, kapena sarcoma ndi chithandizo ndi chemotherapy yomwe ili ndi izi:

• Alkylating wothandizila monga cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, chlorambucil, kapena dacarbazine.

• II inhibitor wothandizira monga etoposide kapena teniposide.

Mitundu ina ya majini kapena ma syndromes atha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa yachiwiri.

Ana ena omwe ali ndi khansa atha kukhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka chotenga khansa yachiwiri chifukwa ali ndi mbiri ya khansa kapena matenda obadwa nawo a khansa monga Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Mavuto momwe DNA imakonzedwera m'maselo komanso momwe mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi thupi amathanso kukhudza chiopsezo cha khansa yachiwiri.

Odwala omwe adalandira chithandizo cha khansa amafunika kuyesedwa pafupipafupi kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa yachiwiri.

Ndikofunikira kwa odwala omwe adalandira chithandizo cha khansa kuti awonetsetse khansa yachiwiri zizindikiro zisanachitike. Izi zimatchedwa kuyezetsa khansa yachiwiri ndipo zitha kuthandiza kupeza khansa yachiwiri koyambirira. Matenda achilendo kapena khansa ikapezeka msanga, zimatha kukhala zosavuta kuchiza. Pomwe zizindikiritso zikuwonekera, khansa iyenera kuti idayamba kufalikira.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti dokotala wa mwana wanu saganiza kuti mwana wanu ali ndi khansa ngati akupatsani mayeso. Kuyezetsa magazi kumaperekedwa ngati mwana wanu alibe khansa. Ngati zotsatira zoyeserera sizachilendo, mwana wanu angafunikire kuyesedwa kangapo kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi khansa yachiwiri. Izi zimatchedwa kuyezetsa matenda.

Mtundu woyeserera womwe kankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa khansa yachiwiri umadalira gawo la mtundu wa chithandizo cha khansa chomwe wodwalayo anali nacho m'mbuyomu.

Odwala onse omwe adalandira chithandizo cha khansa ayenera kuyezetsa thupi komanso mbiri yazachipatala kamodzi kamodzi pachaka. Kuyezetsa thupi kumachitika kuti muwone ngati muli ndi thanzi labwino, kuphatikiza kuwunika kwa matenda, monga zotupa, kusintha pakhungu, kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yazachipatala imatengedwa kuti iphunzire za zizolowezi za wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chake.

Ngati wodwalayo alandila chithandizo chama radiation, mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana khansa yapakhungu, m'mawere, kapena khansa yoyipa:

• Kuyezetsa khungu: Dokotala kapena namwino amayang'ana khungu kuti apeze zotupa kapena mawanga omwe amawoneka osazolowereka, kukula, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe kake, makamaka mdera lomwe ma radiation adapatsidwa. Akuti kuyezetsa khungu kumachitika kamodzi pachaka kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa yapakhungu.

• Kudziyesa mabere : Kuyeza mabere mwa wodwala. Wodwalayo amamva bwino mawere ndi pansi pa mikono chifukwa cha zotumphukira kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Amati azimayi omwe amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala owonjezera poyerekeza ndi chifuwa pamtima pachifuwa amadzipima mwezi uliwonse kuyambira atha msinkhu mpaka zaka 25. Azimayi omwe amathandizidwa ndi radiation yochepa pachifuwa sangafunikire kuyamba kuyang'anitsitsa khansa ya m'mawere akatha msinkhu. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyamba kudziyesa pachifuwa.

• Clinical breast test (CBE): Kuyesedwa kwa bere ndi dokotala kapena katswiri wina wazachipatala. Dokotala amamva mosamala mabere ndi pansi pa mikono chifukwa cha zotumphukira kapena china chilichonse chomwe chimawoneka chachilendo. Amanenanso kuti azimayi omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma radiation ambiri pachifuwa amayesedwa mayeso a m'mawere chaka chilichonse kuyambira kutha msinkhu mpaka zaka 25. Pambuyo pa zaka 25 kapena zaka 8 kutha kwa ma radiation kutha (chilichonse choyambirira), kuyezetsa mawere azachipatala kumachitika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Azimayi omwe amathandizidwa ndi radiation yochepa pachifuwa sangafunikire kuyamba kuyang'anitsitsa khansa ya m'mawere akatha msinkhu. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyamba mayeso a m'mawere.

• Mammogram: X-ray ya m'mawere. Mammogram itha kuchitidwa mwa azimayi omwe anali ndi ma radiation ochulukirapo pachifuwa komanso omwe alibe mabere owirira. Akuti azimayiwa amakhala ndi mammogram kamodzi pachaka kuyambira zaka 8 atalandira chithandizo kapena ali ndi zaka 25, zilizonse zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyamba kukhala ndi mammograms kuti muwone ngati muli ndi khansa ya m'mawere.

• Breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mawailesi, komanso kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za bere. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). MRI itha kuchitidwa mwa azimayi omwe anali ndi ma radiation ochulukirapo pachifuwa komanso omwe ali ndi mabere owirira. Amati azimayiwa amakhala ndi MRI kamodzi pachaka kuyambira zaka 8 atalandira chithandizo kapena ali ndi zaka 25, zilizonse zomwe zingachitike pambuyo pake. Ngati muli ndi radiation pachifuwa, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu ngati mukufuna MRI ya m'mawere kuti muwone ngati muli ndi khansa ya m'mawere.

• Colonoscopy: Njira yoyang'ana mkati mwa rectum ndi colon ya polyps, madera achilendo, kapena khansa. Colonoscope imalowetsedwa kudzera m'matumbo mpaka kumtunda. Colonoscope ndi chida choonda ngati chubu chokhala ndi kuwala ndi mandala owonera. Ikhozanso kukhala ndi chida chotsitsira ma polyps kapena minofu, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati ili ndi khansa. Amati opulumuka khansa yaubwana omwe anali ndi ma radiation ochulukirapo pamimba, m'chiuno, kapena msana amakhala ndi colonoscopy zaka zisanu zilizonse. Izi zimayamba ali ndi zaka 35 kapena zaka 10 chithandizo chitatha, nthawi ina iliyonse. Ngati mutakhala ndi radiation pamimba, m'chiuno, kapena msana, lankhulani ndi dokotala za nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyamba kukhala ndi ma colonoscopies kuti muwone ngati muli ndi khansa yoyipa.

Mitsempha ya Mtima

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa mtima ndi magazi zimakonda kuchitika mutalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Kutentha kwa chifuwa ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera ngozi ya mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi mochedwa.

• Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zotheka zakumapeto kwa mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi zimaphatikizapo kupuma movutikira komanso kupweteka pachifuwa.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mumtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi.

• Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa mtima wathanzi komanso mitsempha yamagazi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa mtima ndi magazi zimakonda kuchitika mutalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana. Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi mochedwa:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa ya m'magazi (AML).

• Zotupa za ubongo ndi msana.

• Khansara ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Kutentha kwa chifuwa ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera ngozi ya mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi mochedwa.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo okhudza mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Kutentha kwa chifuwa, msana, ubongo, khosi, impso, kapena kuwunikira kwathunthu kwa thupi (TBI) ngati gawo la kusanjika kwa khungu. Kuopsa kwamavuto kumadalira dera lomwe thupi limakumana ndi ma radiation, kuchuluka kwa radiation, komanso ngati cheza choperekedwa pang'ono kapena chachikulu.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ndi kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa anthracycline komwe kumaperekedwa. Chemotherapy yokhala ndi anthracyclines monga doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, ndi epirubicin, komanso ndi anthraquinones monga mitoxantrone imawonjezera mavuto amtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Kuopsa kwamavuto kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amaperekedwa ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimadaliranso ngati chithandizo chamankhwala a anthracyclines chinaperekedwa kwa mwana wosakwana zaka 13 komanso ngati mankhwala omwe amatchedwa dexrazoxane anapatsidwa panthawi yachipatala ndi anthracyclines. Dexrazoxane imatha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi mpaka zaka 5 mutalandira chithandizo. Ifosfamide, methotrexate, ndi chemotherapy yokhala ndi platinamu, monga carboplatin ndi cisplatin, amathanso kuyambitsa zotsatira za mtima ndi magazi.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

• Nephrectomy (opaleshoni kuchotsa zonse kapena gawo la impso).

Omwe apulumuka khansa ya ana omwe amathandizidwa ndi radiation kumtima kapena mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Mankhwala atsopano omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe amaperekedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ocheperako a chemotherapy kapena mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu a chemotherapy angachepetse chiopsezo cha mtima ndi chotengera magazi nthawi yayitali poyerekeza ndi mankhwala akale.

Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatira za mtima ndi chotengera magazi:

• Nthawi yayitali kuyambira chithandizo.

• Kukhala ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena zoopsa zina zamatenda amtima, monga mbiri yakubadwa ya matenda amtima, kunenepa kwambiri, kusuta, cholesterol, kapena matenda ashuga. Zinthu zowopsa izi zikaphatikizidwa, chiwopsezo cha zotsatirapo zake chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri.

• Kukhala ndi mahomoni ochepera kuposa chithokomiro, kukula, kapena mahomoni ogonana.

Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe adalandira radiation kapena mitundu ina ya chemotherapy amakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka chakuchepa kwa mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi thanzi. Izi ndi izi:

• Kugunda kwamtima kosazolowereka.

• Minofu yofooka ya mtima.

• Wotupa mtima kapena thumba mozungulira mtima.

• Kuwonongeka kwa mavavu amtima.

• Matenda a mitsempha (kuuma kwa mitsempha ya mtima).

• Kulephera kwa mtima.

• Kupweteka pachifuwa kapena matenda amtima.

• Kuundana kwamagazi kapena sitiroko imodzi kapena zingapo.

• Matenda a mitsempha ya Carotid.

Zizindikiro zotheka zakumapeto kwa mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi zimaphatikizapo kupuma movutikira komanso kupweteka pachifuwa.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilo izi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira za mtima ndi chotengera cha magazi kapena zinthu zina:

• Kuvuta kupuma, makamaka mukamagona pansi.

• Kugunda kwa mtima komwe kumachedwa kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, kapena kosiyana ndi kamvekedwe kabwino ka mtima.

• Kupweteka pachifuwa kapena kupweteka m'manja kapena mwendo.

• Kutupa kwa mapazi, akakolo, miyendo, kapena pamimba.

• Akakumana ndi kuzizira kapena kukhudzidwa kwambiri, zala, zala zakumapazi, makutu, kapena mphuno zimakhala zoyera kenako zimasanduka buluu. Izi zikachitika

• kwa zala, pangakhalenso kupweteka komanso kumva kulira.

• Kufooka mwadzidzidzi kapena kufooka kwa nkhope, mkono, kapena mwendo (makamaka mbali imodzi ya thupi).

• Kusokonezeka mwadzidzidzi kapena kuvuta kuyankhula kapena kumvetsetsa mawu.

• Vuto ladzidzidzi kuwona ndi diso limodzi kapena onse awiri.

• Kuyenda mwadzidzidzi kuyenda kapena kumva chizungulire.

• Kutaya mwadzidzidzi kapena kulumikizana.

• Mutu woopsa mwadzidzidzi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

• Ululu, kutentha, kapena kufiyira mdera limodzi la mkono kapena mwendo, makamaka kumbuyo kwa mwendo wapansi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mumtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi.

Mayeserowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze zotsatira zoyipa za mtima ndi magazi:

• Kuyezetsa thupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesa thupi kuti muwone ngati muli ndi thanzi labwino, kuphatikiza kuwona mtima ngati muli ndi matenda, monga kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Electrocardiogram (EKG): Kujambula zamagetsi zamagetsi pamtima kuti muwone kuchuluka kwake komanso kamvekedwe kake. Mapadi angapo (ma electrode) amaikidwa pachifuwa cha wodwalayo, mikono, ndi miyendo, ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi mawaya pamakina a EKG. Zochita zamtima zimasungidwa ngati graph pamzera. Ntchito zamagetsi zomwe zimathamanga kapena kuzengereza pang'ono kuposa zachilendo zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda amtima kapena kuwonongeka.

• Echocardiogram: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachokera pamtima ndi ziwalo kapena ziwalo zapafupi ndikupanga ma echo. Chithunzi chosuntha chimapangidwa ndimatumba amtima ndi mtima pomwe magazi amapopedwa mumtima.

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati monga mtima ndikupanga ma echoes. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamatupi amthupi, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography. Njirayi imachitika kuti muwone ngati magazi aundana.

• Maphunziro a lipid: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti athe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa triglycerides, cholesterol, komanso low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol m'magazi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zake kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto la mtima ndi chotengera magazi. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa mtima wathanzi komanso mitsempha yamagazi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Omwe apulumuka khansa atha kutsitsa chiopsezo cha mtima ndi chotengera magazi mwazotheka kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, womwe umaphatikizapo:

• Kulemera kwabwino.

• Chakudya chopatsa thanzi.

• Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse.

• Osasuta.

Mchitidwe Wamanjenje Wapakati

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Ubongo ndi msana zimachedwa kuchitika pambuyo pothana ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

• Kutentha kwa ubongo kumawonjezera ngozi ya ubongo ndi msana msana.

• Zotsatira zakubadwa zomwe zimakhudza ubongo ndi msana zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike muubongo ndi msana pambuyo pake zimaphatikizapo kupweteka mutu, kutayika kwa mgwirizano, ndi kugwidwa.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo muubongo ndi msana.

• Opulumuka khansa yaubwana akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa kokhudzana ndi khansa yawo.

• Achinyamata ena omwe ali ndi khansa amakhala ndi vuto lapanja.

• Achinyamata omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi khansa amatha kukhala ndi mavuto azachikhalidwe pambuyo pake.

Ubongo ndi msana zimachedwa kuchitika pambuyo pothana ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse ubongo ndi msana zotsatira zakuchedwa:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Zotupa za ubongo ndi msana.

• Khansa yamutu ndi khosi, kuphatikiza retinoblastoma.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Osteosarcoma.

Kutentha kwa ubongo kumawonjezera ngozi ya ubongo ndi msana msana.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza ubongo kapena msana kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Kutentha kwa ubongo kapena msana, makamaka kuchuluka kwa radiation. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyatsa kwathunthu kwa thupi komwe kumaperekedwa ngati gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Intrathecal kapena intraventricular chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy yokhala ndi methotrexate kapena cytarabine yolemera kwambiri yomwe imatha kuwoloka chotchinga magazi-zotchinga (zotchinga kuzungulira ubongo).

Izi zimaphatikizapo chemotherapy yayikulu yomwe imaperekedwa ngati gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Opaleshoni yochotsa chotupa muubongo kapena msana.

Pamene radiation ku ubongo ndi intrathecal chemotherapy imaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo, chiopsezo chotsatira pambuyo pake chimakhala chachikulu.

Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha ubongo ndi msana kumapeto kwa zotsatira za ana omwe ali ndi zotupa muubongo:

• Kukhala wazaka 5 kapena zochepa panthawi yamankhwala.

• Kukhala wamkazi.

• Kukhala ndi hydrocephalus ndi shunt yoyikidwa kuti ichotse madzi ena owonjezera kuchokera ma ventricles.

• Kukhala ndi vuto lakumva.

• Kukhala ndi cerebellar mutism kutsatira opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupa chaubongo. Cerebellar mutism imaphatikizapo kusakhoza kulankhula, kutayika kwa

• Kulumikizana ndi kusamala, kusinthasintha, kukwiya, komanso kulira mofuula.

• Kukhala ndi mbiri yakukhala ndi sitiroko.

• Kugwidwa.

Zomwe zimachitika pakatikati pamanjenjemera zimakhudzidwanso ndi komwe chotupacho chapangira muubongo ndi msana.

Zotsatira zakubadwa zomwe zimakhudza ubongo ndi msana zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe adalandira radiation, mitundu ina ya chemotherapy, kapena opaleshoni yaubongo kapena msana ali pachiwopsezo chowopsa chakuchedwa kwa ubongo ndi msana ndi zovuta zina zathanzi. Izi ndi izi:

• Kupweteka mutu.

• Kutayika kwa mgwirizano ndi kulingalira.

• Chizungulire.

• Kugwidwa.

• Kutaya kwa sheel myathin komwe kumaphimba mitsempha muubongo.

• Matenda oyenda omwe amakhudza miyendo ndi maso kapena kutha kuyankhula ndi kumeza.

• Mitsempha yawonongeka m'manja kapena m'mapazi.

• Sitiroko. Sitiroko yachiwiri ikhoza kukhala yotheka kwambiri mwa omwe adapulumuka omwe adalandira ma radiation kuubongo, amakhala ndi mbiri ya kuthamanga kwa magazi,

• kapena anali achikulire kuposa zaka 40 pomwe adadwala sitiroko yoyamba.

• Kugona masana.

• Hydrocephalus.

• Kutaya chikhodzodzo ndi / kapena matumbo.

• Cavernomas (masango a mitsempha yachilendo).

• Ululu wammbuyo.

Opulumuka amathanso kukhala ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudza kuganiza, kuphunzira, kukumbukira, momwe akumvera, ndi machitidwe.

Njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito poizoni wocheperako komanso wocheperako poyerekeza ndi ubongo zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha ubongo ndi msana.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike muubongo ndi msana pambuyo pake zimaphatikizapo kupweteka mutu, kutayika kwa mgwirizano, ndi kugwidwa.

Zizindikirozi zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha ubongo ndi msana chifukwa chakuchedwa kapena zinthu zina:

• Mutu womwe ukhoza kutha utatha kusanza.

• Kugwidwa.

• Kutayika bwino, kusowa kwa mgwirizano, kapena kuyenda movutikira.

• Kulephera kulankhula kapena kumeza.

• Vuto loti maso agwire ntchito limodzi.

• Dzanzi, kumva kulasalasa, kapena kufooka m'manja kapena m'mapazi.

• Kulephera kupindika bondo kukweza phazi.

• Kufooka mwadzidzidzi kapena kufooka kwa nkhope, mkono, kapena mwendo (makamaka mbali imodzi ya thupi).

• Kugona kwachilendo kapena kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito.

• Kusintha kosazolowereka pamakhalidwe kapena machitidwe.

• Kusintha kwa zizolowezi za matumbo kapena vuto kukodza.

• Wonjezerani kukula kwa mutu (mwa makanda).

• Kusokonezeka mwadzidzidzi kapena kuvuta kuyankhula kapena kumvetsetsa mawu.

• Vuto ladzidzidzi kuwona ndi diso limodzi kapena onse awiri.

• Mutu woopsa mwadzidzidzi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

Zizindikiro zina ndi izi:

• Mavuto ndi kukumbukira.

• Mavuto akumvetsera.

• Vuto ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

• Vuto lokonzekera malingaliro ndi ntchito.

• Kuchedwa kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano.

• Kuvuta kuphunzira kuwerenga, kulemba, kapena kuchita masamu.

• Zovuta kulumikiza kuyenda pakati pa maso, manja, ndi minofu ina.

• Kuchedwa kukula bwino.

• Kuchoka pagulu kapena kuvuta kukhala bwino ndi ena.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo muubongo ndi msana.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira zaubongo ndi msana:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyesa kwamitsempha: Mafunso ndi mayeso angapo owunika ubongo, msana, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha. Mayesowa amawunika momwe munthu amaganizira, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe angayendere bwino, komanso momwe minofu, mphamvu, ndi malingaliro zimagwirira ntchito. Izi amathanso kutchedwa mayeso a neuro kapena mayeso a neurologic. Nthawi zina, mayeso athunthu amatha kuchitidwa ndi neurologist kapena neurosurgeon.

• Kuyesa kwa Neuropsychological: Mayeso angapo owunika momwe wodwalayo amaganizira ndi momwe amachitira. Madera omwe amayang'aniridwa nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo:

• Kudziwa yemwe muli komanso komwe muli komanso tsiku lanji.

• Kutha kuphunzira ndikukumbukira zatsopano.

• Luntha.

• Kutha kuthana ndi mavuto.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo ndi cholembedwa.

• Kulumikizana kwamanja.

• Kutha kukonza zidziwitso ndi ntchito.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zake kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto laubongo kapena msana. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Opulumuka khansa yaubwana akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa kokhudzana ndi khansa yawo.

Opulumuka khansa yaubwana akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusintha kwakuthupi, kukhala ndi ululu, momwe amawonekera, kapena kuwopa khansa kubwerera. Izi ndi zina zingayambitse mavuto ndi maubale, maphunziro, ntchito, thanzi, komanso zingayambitse kudzipha. Opulumuka pamavuto awa sangakhale ndi mwayi wokhala okha atakula.

Mayeso otsatira omwe adapulumuka khansa ayenera kuphatikiza kuwunika ndi chithandizo cha zovuta zamaganizidwe, monga nkhawa, kukhumudwa, komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha.

Achinyamata ena omwe ali ndi khansa amakhala ndi vuto lapanja.

Kupezeka ndi kuchiritsidwa matenda oopsa kumatha kukhala kopweteka. Izi zitha kubweretsa vuto la post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD imadziwika kuti imakhala ndi machitidwe ena kutsatira chochitika chovutitsa mtima chomwe chimakhudza imfa kapena kuwopsezedwa kuti aphedwa, kuvulala kwambiri, kapena kudziwopseza wekha kapena ena.

PTSD imatha kukhudza opulumuka khansa motere:

• Kubwezeretsa nthawi yomwe adapezeka ndikuthandizidwa ndi khansa, kumaloto olota kapena kuwonekera pang'ono, ndikuganizira za izo nthawi zonse.

• Kupewa malo, zochitika, ndi anthu omwe amawakumbutsa za khansa.

Mwambiri, opulumuka khansa yaubwana amawonetsa kuchepa kwa PTSD, kutengera gawo la momwe odwala ndi makolo awo amapiririra. Opulumuka omwe amalandira chithandizo chama radiation kumutu ali ochepera zaka 4 kapena omwe adapulumuka omwe adalandira chithandizo champhamvu atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha PTSD. Mavuto am'banja, kuthandizidwa pang'ono kapena kusathandizidwa ndi mabanja kapena abwenzi, komanso kupsinjika mtima kosagwirizana ndi khansa kumatha kuwonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi PTSD.

Chifukwa kupewa malo ndi anthu olumikizidwa ndi khansa atha kukhala gawo la PTSD, opulumuka omwe ali ndi PTSD sangalandire chithandizo chomwe angafune.

Achinyamata omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi khansa amatha kukhala ndi mavuto azachikhalidwe pambuyo pake.

Achinyamata omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi khansa amatha kukhala ocheperako kapena kuwafikira pambuyo pake kuposa achinyamata omwe sapezeka ndi khansa. Zochitika pagulu zimaphatikizapo kukhala ndi bwenzi kapena bwenzi loyamba, kukwatiwa, komanso kukhala ndi mwana. Atha kukhala ndi vuto kukhala bwino ndi anthu ena kapena kumverera ngati sakondedwa ndi anzawo amsinkhu wawo.

Opulumuka khansa m'badwo uno akuti sanakhutire ndi thanzi lawo komanso miyoyo yawo yonse poyerekeza ndi ena amisinkhu yofanana omwe alibe khansa. Achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe apulumuka khansa amafunikira mapulogalamu apadera omwe amapereka chithandizo chamaganizidwe, maphunziro, komanso ntchito.

Kugaya Njira

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Mano ndi nsagwada

• Mavuto ndi mano ndi nsagwada ndi zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pothana khansa zina zaubwana.

• Kutentha kwa mutu ndi khosi ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuchepa kwa mano ndi nsagwada.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza mano ndi nsagwada zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike pakuchedwa kwa mano ndi nsagwada zimaphatikizapo kuwola kwa mano (zibowo) ndi kupweteka kwa nsagwada.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mkamwa ndi nsagwada.

• Kusamalira mano nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa yaubwana.

• Kugaya chakudya

• Zakudya zam'mimba zomwe zimachedwa kutha msanga nthawi zambiri zimachitika mukamalandira khansa zina zaubwana.

• Kutentha kwa chikhodzodzo, prostate, kapena machende ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo cham'matumbo mochedwa.

• Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza gawo logaya chakudya zitha kuyambitsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingayambitse kugaya mochedwa zimapweteka m'mimba ndi kutsegula m'mimba.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zam'magazi.

• Chiwindi ndi ndulu

• Zotsatira za chiwindi ndi bile zimachedwa kuchitika pambuyo pothana ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ndi radiation ku chiwindi kapena ma ducts amaonjezera ngozi zakuchedwa.

• Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza chiwindi ndi mitsempha ya bile zimatha kudwala.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha chiwindi ndi bile zotuluka mochedwa zimapweteka m'mimba ndi jaundice.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'chiwindi ndi ndulu.

• Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa chiwindi chathanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

• Miphalaphala

• Thandizo la radiation limawonjezera chiopsezo chamankhwala osokoneza bongo am'mbuyo.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza kapamba zimatha kudwala.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa kapamba zimaphatikizapo kukodza pafupipafupi komanso kumva ludzu.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'mankhwala.

Mano ndi nsagwada

Mavuto ndi mano ndi nsagwada ndi zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pothana khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi ina yaubwana ingayambitse mavuto am'mano ndi nsagwada:

• Khansa ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Matenda a Neuroblastoma.

• Khansa ya m'magazi yomwe imafalikira kuubongo ndi msana.

• Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal.

• Zotupa zamaubongo.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Kutentha kwa mutu ndi khosi ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuchepa kwa mano ndi nsagwada.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza mano ndi nsagwada kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Thandizo la radiation kumutu ndi m'khosi.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) monga gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Chemotherapy, makamaka ndimlingo waukulu wa alkylating agents monga cyclophosphamide.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kumutu ndi m'khosi.

Zowopsa zimawonjezeka mwa omwe adapulumuka omwe anali ochepera zaka 5 panthawi yamankhwala chifukwa mano awo okhazikika anali asanakhazikike bwinobwino.

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza mano ndi nsagwada zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

Mano ndi nsagwada mochedwa zotsatira zake komanso zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Mano amene si abwinobwino.

• Kuwonongeka kwa mano (kuphatikizapo zibowo) ndi matenda a chiseyeye.

• Matumbo a salivary samapanga malovu okwanira.

• Imfa ya mafupa a nsagwada.

• Zosintha momwe nkhope, nsagwada, kapena mawonekedwe amutu.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike pakuchedwa kwa mano ndi nsagwada zimaphatikizapo kuwola kwa mano (zibowo) ndi kupweteka kwa nsagwada.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilo izi zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha mano ndi nsagwada mochedwa kapena zinthu zina:

• Mano ndi ochepa kapena alibe mawonekedwe abwinobwino.

• Mano okhazikika osowa.

• Mano osatha amabwera msinkhu woposa zaka zonse.

• Mano amakhala ndi enamel ochepa kuposa masiku onse.

• Kuwonongeka kwa mano ambiri (zotsekeka) ndi matenda a chingamu kuposa zachilendo.

• Pakamwa pouma.

• Mavuto kutafuna, kumeza, ndi kuyankhula.

• Nsagwada.

• Nsagwada sizitsegula ndi kutseka momwe ziyenera kukhalira.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mkamwa ndi nsagwada.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze kapena kuzindikira zotsatira zakuchedwa mano ndi nsagwada:

• Kuyezetsa mano ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa mano, pakamwa, ndi nsagwada kuti muwone zizindikiritso zamankhwala zamano, kuphatikiza kuwunika kwa matenda, monga zotupa kapena chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso. Izi zitha kutchedwanso kukayezetsa mano.

• Panorex x-ray: X-ray ya mano onse ndi mizu yake. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• X-ray ya nsagwada: X-ray ya nsagwada. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamkati mwa thupi, monga mutu ndi khosi, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, komanso kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo zamkati mwa thupi, monga mutu ndi khosi. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

• Biopsy: Kuchotsa kwa mafupa a nsagwada kuti athe kuwonedwa pansi pa microscope kuti aone ngati ali ndi mafupa atamwalira atalandira chithandizo chama radiation.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi zizindikiro za mano ndi nsagwada. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Kusamalira mano nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe adapulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Madokotala amati opulumuka khansa yaubwana amayenera kukayezedwa mano ndi kuyeretsedwa ndi mankhwala a fluoride miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Ana omwe anali ndi mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito poizoni pakamwa amathanso kuwona orthodontist kapena otolaryngologist. Ngati zilonda zilipo pakamwa, pangafunike biopsy.

Kugaya chakudya

Zakudya zam'mimba zomwe zimachedwa kutha msanga nthawi zambiri zimachitika mukamalandira khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse kuchepa kwa m'mimba (m'mimba, m'mimba, m'matumbo ang'ono ndi akulu, rectum ndi anus):

• Rhabdomyosarcoma ya chikhodzodzo kapena prostate, kapena pafupi ndi machende.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Zilonda zam'magazi.

• Matenda a Neuroblastoma.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

Kutentha kwa chikhodzodzo, prostate, kapena machende ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo cham'matumbo mochedwa.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza gawo logaya chakudya kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Chithandizo cha radiation pamimba kapena madera omwe ali pafupi ndi pamimba, monga kum'mero, chikhodzodzo, prostate, kapena machende, atha kuyambitsa mavuto am'mimba omwe amayamba mwachangu komanso amakhala kwakanthawi kochepa. Kwa odwala ena, komabe, mavuto am'mimba amachedwa ndipo amatenga nthawi yayitali. Zotsatira zakuchedwa izi zimayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala a radiation omwe amawononga mitsempha yamagazi. Kulandila kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a radiation kapena kulandira chemotherapy monga dactinomycin kapena anthracyclines limodzi ndi mankhwala a radiation kumawonjezera ngozi.

• Opaleshoni m'mimba kapena m'chiuno kuchotsa chikhodzodzo.

• Chemotherapy yokhala ndi alkylating agents monga cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, ndi ifosfamide, kapena ndi ma platinamu monga cisplatin kapena carboplatin, kapena ndi anthracyclines monga doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, ndi epirubicin.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

Zotsatirazi zitha kuonjezeranso chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwam'mimba posachedwa:

• Ukalamba mukazindikira kapena mukalandira mankhwala.

• Kuchiza ndi mankhwala onse a radiation ndi chemotherapy.

• Mbiri ya matenda osachiritsika olimbana nawo.

Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza gawo logaya chakudya zitha kuyambitsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Zakudya zam'mimba zimachedwa chifukwa cha zovuta zamatenda awa:

• Kuchepetsa kwa khosi kapena m'matumbo.

• Minofu yam'mimbayi siyigwira bwino ntchito.

• Reflux

• Kutsekula m'mimba, kudzimbidwa, kudzikweza, kapena matumbo otsekedwa.

• Kutulutsa kwa matumbo (dzenje m'matumbo).

• Kutupa kwa matumbo.

• Imfa ya gawo la m'matumbo.

• Matumbo sangathe kuyamwa zakudya kuchokera kuchakudya.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingayambitse kugaya mochedwa zimapweteka m'mimba ndi kutsegula m'mimba.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kugaya kwam'mimba mochedwa kapena zina:

• Vuto kumeza kapena kumverera ngati chakudya chakhazikika pakhosi.

• Kutentha pa chifuwa.

• Malungo ndi ululu waukulu m'mimba ndi nseru.

• Ululu m'mimba.

• Kusintha kwa zizolowezi za matumbo (kudzimbidwa kapena kutsegula m'mimba).

• Nseru ndi kusanza.

• Zowawa zamafuta pafupipafupi, kuphulika, kukhuta, kapena kukokana.

• Minyewa.

• Reflux.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zam'magazi.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire kapena kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake m'matumbo:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesa thupi kuti muwone ngati pali zathanzi, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga kupweteka m'mimba kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyeza kwamakina a digito: Kuyesa kwa rectum. Dokotala kapena namwino amaika chala chopakidwa mafuta, chopukutidwa mu rectum kuti amve ziphuphu kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo.

• Kafukufuku wamagazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• X-ray: X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi. X-ray ikhoza kutengedwa m'mimba, impso, ureter, kapena chikhodzodzo kuti muwone ngati pali matenda.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zake kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto logaya mochedwa. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Chiwindi ndi ndulu

Zotsatira za chiwindi ndi bile zimachedwa kuchitika pambuyo pothana ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi ina yaubwana ingayambitse zotsatira za chiwindi kapena ya ndulu mochedwa:

• Khansa ya chiwindi.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ndi radiation ku chiwindi kapena ma ducts amaonjezera ngozi zakuchedwa.

Chiwopsezo cha chiwindi kapena bile chotulutsa mochedwa chitha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe adapulumuka khansa atachitidwa ndi izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa gawo la chiwindi kapena kumuika chiwindi.

• Chemotherapy yomwe imaphatikizira kuchuluka kwa cyclophosphamide ngati gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Chemotherapy monga 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, ndi methotrexate.

• Thandizo la radiation ku chiwindi ndi ma duct ducts. Kuopsa kumadalira izi:

• Mlingo wa radiation ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwindi komwe kumathandizidwa.

• Zaka zomwe amathandizidwa (aang'ono msinkhu, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu).

• Kaya panali opareshoni yochotsa gawo lina la chiwindi.

• Kaya chemotherapy, monga doxorubicin kapena dactinomycin, idaperekedwa limodzi ndi mankhwala a radiation.

Kuika ma cell a stem (ndi mbiri yanthawi yayitali yolimbana ndi matendawa).

Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza chiwindi ndi mitsempha ya bile zimatha kudwala.

Zotsatira za chiwindi ndi bile mochedwa ndi zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi izi:

• Chiwindi sichigwira ntchito momwe ziyenera kukhalira kapena chimasiya kugwira ntchito.

• Miyala.

• Zilonda za chiwindi cha Benign.

• Matenda a hepatitis B kapena C.

• Kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha veno-occlusive matenda / sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD / SOS).

• Chiwindi fibrosis (kuchuluka kwa minofu yolumikizana m'chiwindi) kapena cirrhosis.

• Chiwindi chamafuta ndi kukana kwa insulin (vuto lomwe thupi limapanga insulini koma osagwiritsa ntchito bwino).

• Minofu ndi ziwalo zimawonongeka chifukwa chachitsulo chowonjezera pambuyo powaika magazi ambiri.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha chiwindi ndi bile zotuluka mochedwa zimapweteka m'mimba ndi jaundice.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi chiwindi ndi bile bile zotuluka mochedwa kapena zinthu zina:

• Kulemera kapena kuwonda.

• Kutupa pamimba.

• Nseru ndi kusanza.

• Ululu m'mimba. Ululu ukhoza kuchitika pafupi ndi nthiti, nthawi zambiri kumanja, kapena mutadya chakudya chamafuta.

• Jaundice (chikasu chachikopa ndi azungu amaso).

• Matumbo ofiira owala.

• Mkodzo wamtundu wakuda.

• Mpweya wambiri.

• Kusowa kwa njala.

• Kumva kutopa kapena kufooka.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Nthawi zina sipangakhale zizindikilo za chiwindi kapena ya ndulu yotuluka mochedwa ndipo chithandizo sichingakhale chofunikira.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'chiwindi ndi ndulu.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za chiwindi kapena bile pambuyo pake:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kafukufuku wamagazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zazikulu kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda Mwachitsanzo, pakhoza kukhala mulingo wapamwamba wa bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ndi aspartate aminotransferase (AST) m'thupi ngati chiwindi chili ndi zawonongeka.

• Mulingo wa Ferritin: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa ferritin. Ferritin ndi puloteni yomwe imamangiriza kuchitsulo ndikusungira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi thupi. Pambuyo pakuika khungu la tsinde, mulingo wapamwamba wa ferritin ukhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda a chiwindi.

• Kafukufuku wamagazi kuti muwone momwe magazi aundana bwino: Njira yomwe magazi amayang'aniridwa kuti aone kuchuluka kwa ma platelet mthupi kapena kuti amatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti magazi aume.

• Kuyesa kwa matenda a chiwindi: Njira yomwe magazi amayang'aniridwa ngati ali ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis. Muyeso wamagazi ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa matenda a chiwindi a m'magazi omwe ali m'magazi. Odwala onse omwe adathiridwa magazi chaka cha 1972 chisanafike ayenera kuyezetsa matenda a hepatitis B. Odwala omwe adathiridwa magazi chaka cha 1993 chisanafike ayenera kuyezetsa matenda a hepatitis C.

Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amphamvu kwambiri (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati, monga chikhodzodzo cha ndulu, ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

• Biopsy: Kuchotsa kwa maselo kapena ziwindi m'chiwindi kuti athe kuwonedwa ndi microscope kuti aone ngati pali chiwindi chamafuta.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi chiwindi kapena bile. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa chiwindi chathanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha chiwindi ayenera kusamala kuti ateteze thanzi lawo, kuphatikiza:

• Kukhala ndi thupi lolemera.

• Osamwa mowa.

• Kupeza katemera wa ma virus a hepatitis A ndi hepatitis B.

Miphalaphala

Thandizo la radiation limawonjezera chiopsezo chamankhwala osokoneza bongo am'mbuyo.

Ziwopsezo zakuchedwa kwa pancreatic zitha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa atalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) monga gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza kapamba zimatha kudwala.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa Pancreatic ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi thanzi ndi awa:

• Kukaniza insulini: Mkhalidwe womwe thupi siligwiritsa ntchito insulin momwe liyenera kukhalira. Insulini imafunika kuthandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga (mtundu wa shuga) m'thupi. Chifukwa insulin siyigwira ntchito momwe imayenera kukhalira, shuga ndi mafuta zimakwera.

• Diabetes mellitus: Matenda omwe thupi silipanga insulini yokwanira kapena siligwiritsa ntchito momwe liyenera kukhalira. Insulini ikakhala kuti siyokwanira, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonjezeka ndipo impso zimapanga mkodzo wambiri.

Zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa kapamba zimaphatikizapo kukodza pafupipafupi komanso kumva ludzu.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira za kapamba kapena zochitika zina:

• Kukodza pafupipafupi.

• Kumva ludzu kwambiri.

• Kumva njala kwambiri.

• Kuchepetsa thupi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

• Kumva kutopa kwambiri.

• Matenda omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi, makamaka pakhungu, m'kamwa, kapena m'chikhodzodzo.

• Masomphenya olakwika.

• Mabala kapena mikwingwirima yomwe imachedwa kuchira.

• Dzanzi kapena kumva kulasalasa m'manja kapena m'mapazi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'mankhwala.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira zoyipa za kapamba:

• Mayeso a Glycated hemoglobin (A1C): Njira yomwe magazi amatengedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi maselo ofiira amayeza. Kuchuluka kwa shuga wokhazikika pamtundu wamagazi ofiira kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda ashuga.

• Kusala kudya kuyesa kwa magazi: Kuyesedwa komwe kuyezetsa magazi kumayeza kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuyesaku kumachitika wodwalayo atasowa kanthu koti adye usiku umodzi. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda a shuga.

Makina a Endocrine

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Chithokomiro

• Zotsatira za chithokomiro zimatha kupezeka pambuyo pochiza khansa zina zaubwana.

• Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya mutu ndi khosi amachulukitsa chiopsezo cha zotsatira za chithokomiro.

• Zotsatira zakumaso zomwe zimakhudza chithokomiro zimatha kudwala.

• Zizindikiro za chithokomiro mochedwa zimadalira ngati pali mahomoni a chithokomiro ochepa kwambiri m'thupi.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zamatenda a chithokomiro.

• Matenda a pituitary

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa Neuroendocrine zimatha kuyambitsidwa mukalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Chithandizo chomwe chimakhudza hypothalamus kapena pituitary gland chimakulitsa chiopsezo cha neuroendocrine system mochedwa.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza hypothalamus zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu neuroendocrine system.

• Machende ndi thumba losunga mazira

• Matenda amadzimadzi

• Matenda a kagayidwe kachakudya amatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Mankhwala a radiation amawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda amadzimadzi.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira matenda amadzimadzi.

• Matenda a kagayidwe kachakudya angayambitse matenda amtima ndi wamagazi ndi matenda ashuga.

• Kulemera

• Kukhala wonenepa kwambiri, wonenepa kwambiri, kapena wonenepa kwambiri ndizotsatira zomwe zimatha kuchitika mukalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Mankhwala a radiation amachulukitsa chiopsezo chonenepa, onenepa kwambiri, kapena onenepa kwambiri.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira kusintha kwakulemera.

Chithokomiro

Zotsatira za chithokomiro zimatha kupezeka pambuyo pochiza khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse chithokomiro mochedwa:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Zotupa zamaubongo.

• Khansa ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Matenda a Neuroblastoma.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya mutu ndi khosi amachulukitsa chiopsezo cha zotsatira za chithokomiro.

Kuopsa kwa zotsatira za chithokomiro kumatha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa atalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Chithandizo cha ma radiation ku chithokomiro monga gawo la mankhwala othandizira poizoni kumutu ndi m'khosi kapena kumtundu wa ubongo mu ubongo.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) monga gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Mankhwala a MIBG (radioactive ayodini) a neuroblastoma.

Chiwopsezo chimakulanso mwa akazi, mwa omwe adapulumuka omwe anali achichepere panthawi yamankhwala, mwa omwe adapulumuka omwe anali ndi kuchuluka kwa radiation, ndipo nthawi kuyambira pomwe matenda ndi chithandizo chimatenga nthawi yayitali.

Zotsatira zakumaso zomwe zimakhudza chithokomiro zimatha kudwala.

Zotsatira za chithokomiro ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi thanzi lanu ndi izi:

• Hypothyroidism (osakwanira mahomoni a chithokomiro): Awa ndimomwe amathandizira kwambiri pakachedwa. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika zaka 2 mpaka 5 mankhwala atatha koma amatha kuchitika pambuyo pake. Amakonda kwambiri atsikana kuposa anyamata.

• Hyperthyroidism (mahomoni ambiri a chithokomiro): Amachitika zaka 3 mpaka 5 chithandizo chitatha.

Goiter (chithokomiro chokulitsa).

• Ziphuphu mu chithokomiro: Nthawi zambiri zimachitika zaka 10 kapena kupitilira apo mankhwala atatha. Amakonda kwambiri atsikana kuposa anyamata. Izi zimatha kukhala zoyipa (osati za khansa) kapena zoyipa (khansa).

Zizindikiro za chithokomiro mochedwa zimadalira ngati pali mahomoni a chithokomiro ochepa kwambiri m'thupi.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha chifukwa cha chithokomiro mochedwa kapena zina:

Hypothyroidism (mahomoni ochepa kwambiri a chithokomiro)

• Kumva kutopa kapena kufooka.

• Kukhala ozindikira kwambiri kuzizira.

• Wotuwa, khungu louma.

• Tsitsi louma komanso loonda.

• Zipilala zopyapyala.

• Mawu okweza.

• Nkhope yotupa.

• Kupweteka kwa minofu ndi olumikizana.

• Kudzimbidwa.

• Kusamba komwe kumalemera kuposa zachilendo.

• Kunenepa mopanda chifukwa chodziwika.

• Kukhumudwa kapena kuvuta ndikumakumbukira kapena kukhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika.

Nthawi zambiri, hypothyroidism siyimayambitsa zizindikiro zilizonse.

Hyperthyroidism (mahomoni ambiri a chithokomiro)

• Kumva mantha, kuda nkhawa, kapena kukhumudwa.

• Kuvuta kugona.

• Kumva kutopa kapena kufooka.

• Kukhala ndi manja ogwedezeka.

• Kukhala ndi kugunda kwamtima.

• Kukhala ndi khungu lofiira, lotentha lomwe limatha kuyabwa.

• Kukhala ndi tsitsi labwino, lofewa lomwe likugwa.

• Kukhala ndi matumbo pafupipafupi kapena omasuka.

• Kuchepetsa thupi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zamatenda a chithokomiro.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za chithokomiro:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Maphunziro a mahomoni amwazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ena omwe amatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zapamwamba kapena zotsika kuposa zachilendo) zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda m'chiwalo kapena minofu yomwe imapangitsa. Magazi amatha kufufuzidwa ngati ali ndi mahomoni olimbikitsa chithokomiro (TSH) kapena thyroxine yaulere (T4).

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake. Njirayi imatha kuwonetsa kukula kwa chithokomiro komanso ngati pamakhala zotupa pa chithokomiro.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunikira ngati ali ndi vuto la chithokomiro. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Matenda a pituitary

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa Neuroendocrine zimatha kuyambitsidwa mukalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

Dongosolo la neuroendocrine ndi dongosolo lamanjenje komanso dongosolo la endocrine logwirira ntchito limodzi.

Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse zotsatira za neuroendocrine:

• Zotupa za ubongo ndi msana.

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal.

• Khansa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ma radiation onse m'thupi (TBI) isanachitike.

Chithandizo chomwe chimakhudza hypothalamus kapena pituitary gland chimakulitsa chiopsezo cha neuroendocrine system mochedwa.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha zotsatira za neuroendocrine mochedwa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala a radiation kuubongo mdera la hypothalamus. Hypothalamus imayang'anira momwe mahomoni amapangidwira ndikutulutsidwa m'magazi ndimatenda a pituitary. Mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito radiation amatha kuperekedwa kuti athetse khansa pafupi ndi hypothalamus kapena thupi lonse la radiation (TBI) isanachitike. Zotsatirazi zimayambanso chifukwa cha opaleshoni m'dera la hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kapena optic pathways.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe ali ndi vuto la neuroendocrine atha kukhala ndi mahomoni ochepa otsatirawa opangidwa ndimatumbo am'magazi ndikutulutsidwa m'magazi:

• Hormone yokula (GH; imathandizira kulimbikitsa kukula ndikuwongolera kagayidwe kake).

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; imayang'anira kupanga kwa glucocorticoids).

• Prolactin (amawongolera kupanga mkaka wa m'mawere).

• Mahomoni otulutsa chithokomiro (TSH; amawongolera kapangidwe ka mahomoni a chithokomiro).

• Mahomoni a Luteinizing (LH; amawongolera kubereka).

• Hormone yolimbikitsa (FSH; amawongolera kubereka).

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza hypothalamus zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa Neuroendocrine ndi zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Kulephera kwa mahomoni okula msinkhu : Mahomoni ochepa amakula ndimomwe amathandizira pakutha kwa radiation kwa ubongo mwa omwe adapulumuka khansa yaubwana. Kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa radiation komanso kutalika kwa nthawi kuchokera kuchipatala, kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuchedwa kumeneku. Kukula kwakuchepa kwa mahomoni kumathanso kupezeka muubwana ONSE komanso opulumuka omwe amalandila omwe amalandira chithandizo chama radiation kuubongo ndi msana ndi / kapena chemotherapy.

Kukula kochepa kwa mahomoni okula muubwana kumabweretsa msinkhu wachikulire womwe ndi waufupi kuposa wabwinobwino. Ngati mafupa a mwanayo sanakule bwino, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ocheperako kumatha kuthandizidwa ndimankhwala othandizira kukula kwa mahomoni kuyambira chaka chimodzi chatha.

Kuperewera kwa Adrenocorticotropin: Kuchepetsa kwa mahomoni a adrenocorticotropic kumakhala kosazolowereka mochedwa. Zitha kuchitika muubwana wopulumuka chotupa mu ubongo, opulumuka omwe ali ndi kuchepa kwamahomoni ochepa kapena chapakati cha hypothyroidism, kapena atalandira chithandizo chama radiation kuubongo.

Zizindikiro zakusowa mwina sizingakhale zazikulu ndipo mwina sizingazindikiridwe. Zizindikiro za kuchepa kwa adrenocorticotropin ndi izi:

• Kuchepetsa thupi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

• Kusamva njala.

• Nseru.

• Kusanza.

• Kuthamanga kwa magazi.

• Kumva kutopa.

Magulu otsika a adrenocorticotropin amatha kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala a hydrocortisone.

• Hyperprolactinemia: Mulingo wambiri wa mahomoni a prolactin amatha kuchitika pambuyo poipa kwambiri ma radiation kuubongo kapena opaleshoni yomwe imakhudza gawo lina la chiberekero cha pituitary. Mulingo wapamwamba wa prolactin ungayambitse izi:

• Kutha msinkhu pakadutsa msinkhu kuposa masiku onse.

• Kuyenda kwa mkaka wa m'mawere mwa mayi yemwe alibe pakati kapena akuyamwitsa.

• Osasamba pafupipafupi kapena osasamba kapena kusamba kosalala kwambiri.

• Kutentha kotentha (mwa akazi).

• Kulephera kutenga pakati.

• Kulephera kukhala ndi erection yofunikira pakugonana.

• Kugonana kotsika (mwa amuna ndi akazi).

• Osteopenia (kuchepa kwa mafupa amchere).

Nthawi zina palibe zizindikiro. Chithandizo sichofunikira kwenikweni.

• Kuperewera kwa mahomoni otulutsa chithokomiro (central hypothyroidism): Mahomoni ochepa a chithokomiro amatha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi kuchokera kuchipatala kupita kuubongo.

Nthawi zina zizindikiro zakusowa kwa timadzi ta chithokomiro sizimadziwika. Kuchepetsa mahomoni a chithokomiro kumatha kubweretsa kukula pang'ono ndikuchedwa kutha msinkhu, komanso zizindikilo zina. Mahomoni ochepa a chithokomiro amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala a chithokomiro m'malo mwake.

• Mahomoni a Luteinizing kapena kuchepa kwa mahomoni: Ma kuchepa kwama mahomoni amtunduwu amatha kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Mtundu wamavuto umadalira mtundu wa radiation.

Omwe amapulumuka khansa omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma radiation ochepa muubongo amatha kutha msinkhu (zomwe zimayambitsa kutha msinkhu kuyambira zaka 8 za atsikana ndi zaka 9 mwa anyamata). Vutoli limatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala a gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH) agonist kuti achepetse msinkhu ndikuthandizira kukula kwa mwanayo. Hydrocephalus amathanso kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha izi mochedwa.

Omwe apulumuka khansa ya ana omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma radiation ochulukirapo kuubongo amatha kukhala ndi mahomoni ochepa kapena mahomoni olimbikitsira. Vutoli limatha kuchiritsidwa ndimankhwala ogonana omwe amalowetsa m'malo mwake. Mlingowo umadalira msinkhu wa mwanayo komanso ngati mwanayo wafika paunyamata.

• Central diabetes insipidus: Central diabetes insipidus imatha kupezeka chifukwa chakupezeka kapena kuchuluka kwa mahomoni onse opangidwa kutsogolo kwa gland ndikumasulidwa m'magazi. Zitha kuchitika kuti omwe adapulumuka khansa atachitidwa opaleshoni m'dera la hypothalamus kapena pituitary gland. Zizindikiro za matenda a shuga insipidus atha kukhala ndi izi:

• Kukhala ndi mkodzo wambiri kapena matewera onyowa modabwitsa.

• Kumva ludzu kwambiri.

• Mutu.

• Vuto ndi masomphenya.

• Kukula pang'onopang'ono ndikukula.

• Kuchepetsa thupi popanda chifukwa chodziwika.

Chithandizochi chingaphatikizepo mankhwala obwezeretsa mahomoni ndi vasopressin, mahomoni omwe amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mkodzo womwe umapangidwa mthupi.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu neuroendocrine system.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za chithokomiro:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kafukufuku wama chemistry a magazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, monga glucose, yotulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• Maphunziro a mahomoni amwazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa mahomoni ena omwe amatulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zapamwamba kapena zotsika kuposa zachilendo) zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda m'chiwalo kapena minofu yomwe imapangitsa. Magazi amatha kufufuzidwa ngati mulingo wosakhazikika wamahomoni, ma hormone a luteinizing, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, kapena thyroxine yaulere (T4).

• Maphunziro a lipid: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti athe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa triglycerides, cholesterol, komanso low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol m'magazi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi vuto la neuroendocrine. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Machende ndi thumba losunga mazira

Onani gawo la Njira Yoberekera ya chidule ichi kuti mumve zambiri zakuchedwa kwa machende ndi thumba losunga mazira.

Matenda amadzimadzi

Matenda a kagayidwe kachakudya amatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

Matenda a metabolism ndi gulu lazachipatala lomwe limaphatikizapo kukhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo pamimba komanso zosachepera ziwiri izi:

• Kuthamanga kwa magazi.

• Kuchuluka kwa ma triglycerides komanso kutsika kwa cholesterol chambiri cha lipoprotein (HDL) m'magazi.

• Kuchuluka kwa shuga (shuga) m'magazi.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi ina yaubwana ingayambitse matenda amadzimadzi kuchitika mtsogolo m'moyo:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi radiation kumimba, monga chotupa cha Wilms kapena neuroblastoma.

Mankhwala a radiation amawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda amadzimadzi.

Kuopsa kwa matenda amadzimadzi kumatha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa atalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Thandizo la radiation ku ubongo kapena pamimba.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) monga gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira matenda amadzimadzi.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kapena kuzindikira matenda amadzimadzi:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Maphunziro a zamagetsi am'magazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, monga glucose, yotulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• Maphunziro a lipid: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti athe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa triglycerides, cholesterol, komanso low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol m'magazi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi matenda amadzimadzi. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Matenda a kagayidwe kachakudya angayambitse matenda amtima ndi wamagazi ndi matenda ashuga.

Matenda amadzimadzi amalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda amtima ndi wamagazi ndi matenda ashuga. Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimachepetsa zoopsazi ndizo:

• Kukhala ndi thupi lolemera.

• Kudya chakudya chopatsa thanzi.

• Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse.

• Osasuta.

Kulemera

Kukhala wonenepa kwambiri, wonenepa kwambiri, kapena wonenepa kwambiri ndizotsatira zomwe zimatha kuchitika mukalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana. Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse kulemera:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Zotupa zamaubongo, makamaka craniopharyngiomas.

• Khansa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ma radiation kuubongo, kuphatikiza kutentha kwa thupi lonse (TBI) ngati gawo limodzi lama cell a tsinde.

Mankhwala a radiation amachulukitsa chiopsezo chonenepa, onenepa kwambiri, kapena onenepa kwambiri.

Chiwopsezo chochepa thupi chimawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Kutulutsa thupi kwathunthu kwa thupi (TBI) kwa akazi.

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba kwa amuna.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy (alkylating agents ndi anthracyclines).

Kuopsa kwa kunenepa kwambiri kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo.

• Opaleshoni yomwe imawononga hypothalamus kapena pituitary gland, monga opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupa cha ubongo cha craniopharyngioma.

Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kunenepa kwambiri:

• Kupezeka ndi khansa ali ndi zaka 5 mpaka 9.

• Kukhala wamkazi.

• Kukhala ndi kuchepa kwamahomoni okula kapena kuchepa kwa mahomoni a leptin.

• Osachita zolimbitsa thupi zokwanira kuti mukhale athanzi labwino.

• Kutenga mankhwala opatsirana otchedwa paroxetine.

Omwe amapulumuka khansa ya ana omwe amalimbitsa thupi mokwanira komanso amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri amakhala ndi chiopsezo chochepa kwambiri cha kunenepa kwambiri.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira kusintha kwakulemera.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kapena kuzindikira kusintha kwakulemera kwake:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kulemera kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Maphunziro a zamagetsi am'magazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, monga glucose, yotulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.

• Maphunziro a lipid: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti athe kuyeza kuchuluka kwa triglycerides, cholesterol, komanso low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol m'magazi.

Kuchepetsa thupi, kunenepa kwambiri, kapena kunenepa kwambiri kumatha kuyezedwa ndi kulemera, kuchuluka kwa thupi, kuchuluka kwamafuta amthupi, kapena kukula kwa m'mimba (mafuta am'mimba).

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi vuto losintha. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Chitetezo cha Mthupi

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa ndulu kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha chitetezo chamthupi pambuyo pake.

• Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi zitha kuyambitsa matenda.

• Ana omwe adachotsa nthata zawo angafunike maantibayotiki kuti achepetse kutenga kachilombo.

Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa ndulu kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha chitetezo chamthupi pambuyo pake.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa ndulu.

• Mankhwala oteteza ku radiation ku ndulu omwe amachititsa kuti ndulu iwonongeke.

• Kuika ma cell a tsinde kumatsatiridwa ndi matenda olumikizidwa motsutsana ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ndulu iwonongeke.

Zotsatira zakuchedwa zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi zitha kuyambitsa matenda.

Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi zitha kuonjezera chiwopsezo cha matenda opatsirana kwambiri a bakiteriya. Vutoli limakhala lokwera kwambiri kwa ana ocheperako kuposa ana okalamba ndipo limatha kukhala lalikulu mzaka zoyambirira nthenda itasiya kugwira ntchito kapena itachotsedwa opaleshoni. Zizindikirozi zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha matenda:

• Kufiira, kutupa, kapena kutentha kwa gawo lina la thupi.

• Zowawa zomwe zili mgawo limodzi la thupi, monga diso, khutu, kapena pakhosi.

• Malungo.

Matendawa amatha kuyambitsa zisonyezo zina zomwe zimadalira gawo la thupi lomwe lakhudzidwa. Mwachitsanzo, matenda am'mapapo amatha kuyambitsa chifuwa komanso kuvuta kupuma.

Ana omwe adachotsa nthata zawo angafunike maantibayotiki kuti achepetse kutenga kachilombo.

Maantibayotiki a tsiku ndi tsiku atha kuperekedwa kwa ana ochepera zaka 5 omwe nthenda zawo sizikugwiranso ntchito kapena kwa chaka chimodzi atachitidwa opaleshoni kuti achotse nduluyo. Kwa odwala ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, maantibayotiki a tsiku ndi tsiku amatha kupatsidwa mankhwala kuyambira ali mwana mpaka atakula.

Kuphatikiza apo, ana omwe ali ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezeka chotenga kachilombo ayenera katemera pa nthawi kudzera paunyamata motsutsana ndi izi:

• Matenda a pneumococcal.

• Matenda a Meningococcal.

• Matenda a Haemophilus influenzae a b (Hib).

• Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP).

• Chiwindi B.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati katemera wina waubwana woperekedwa asanalandire chithandizo cha khansa ayenera kubwerezedwa.

Njira ya Musculoskeletal

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa mafupa komanso zolumikizana zimatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Opaleshoni, chemotherapy, radiation radiation, ndi mankhwala ena zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha mafupa ndi olumikizana pambuyo pake.

• Thandizo la radiation

• Opaleshoni

• Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa mafupa ndi mafupipafupi zimaphatikizapo kutupa pamfupa kapena fupa komanso kupweteka kwamalumikizidwe.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'mafupa ndi olumikizana.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa mafupa komanso zolumikizana zimatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse mafupa ndi zolumikizana mochedwa:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa ya mafupa.

• Zotupa za ubongo ndi msana.

• Kusuta sarcoma.

• Khansa ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Matenda a Neuroblastoma.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Osteosarcoma.

• Retinoblastoma.

• Matenda ofewa a sarcoma.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Kudya moperewera komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi mokwanira kumayambitsanso mafupa.

Opaleshoni, chemotherapy, radiation radiation, ndi mankhwala ena zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha mafupa ndi olumikizana pambuyo pake.

Thandizo la radiation

Mankhwalawa amatha kuletsa kapena kuchepetsa kukula kwa fupa. Mtundu wa mafupa ndi olumikizana mochedwa zimadalira gawo la thupi lomwe lidalandira chithandizo cha radiation. Thandizo la radiation lingayambitse izi:

• Zosintha momwe nkhope kapena chigaza zimapangidwira, makamaka ngati mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito chemotherapy amaperekedwa kwa ana asanakwanitse zaka 5.

• Msinkhu waufupi (kukhala wamfupi kuposa wabwinobwino).

• Scoliosis (kupindika kwa msana) kapena kyphosis (kuzungulira msana).

• Dzanja limodzi kapena mwendo ndi wamfupi kuposa mkono wina kapena mwendo wina.

• Osteoporosis (mafupa ofooka kapena owonda omwe amatha kutuluka mosavuta).

• Osteoradionecrosis (ziwalo za nsagwada zimafa chifukwa chosowa magazi).

• Osteochondroma (chotupa chosaopsa cha mafupa).

Opaleshoni

Kuchotsa ziwalo kapena opaleshoni yopulumutsa ziwalo kuti athetse khansa ndikuitchinjiriza kuti isabwererenso kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira mochedwa kutengera komwe chotupacho chinali, zaka za wodwalayo, ndi mtundu wa opareshoni. Mavuto azaumoyo mutadulidwa kapena kuchitidwa opaleshoni yopulumutsa miyendo ingaphatikizepo:

• Kukhala ndi zovuta ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku

• Kulephera kukhala achangu ngati mwakale.

• Kupweteka kosatha kapena matenda.

• Mavuto ndi momwe ma prosthetics amakwanira kapena kugwira ntchito.

• Fupa losweka.

• Fupa silikhoza kuchira bwino atachita opaleshoni.

• Dzanja limodzi kapena mwendo ndi waufupi kuposa winayo.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa moyo wa omwe adapulumuka khansa omwe adadulidwa poyerekeza ndi omwe adachitidwa opaleshoni yopulumutsa ziwalo.

Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo

Zowopsa zitha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana omwe amalandira mankhwala opatsirana khansa omwe amaphatikizapo methotrexate kapena corticosteroids kapena glucocorticoids monga dexamethasone. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo angayambitse izi:

• Osteoporosis (mafupa ofooka kapena owonda omwe amatha kutuluka mosavuta).

• Osteonecrosis (gawo limodzi kapena angapo am'mafupa amafa chifukwa chosowa magazi), makamaka m'chiuno kapena bondo.

Kupanga khungu la tsinde

Kuphatikizidwa kwa tsinde kumatha kukhudza mafupa ndi mafupa m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• Kutulutsa thupi kwathunthu (TBI) komwe kumaperekedwa ngati gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde kumatha kukhudza kuthekera kwa thupi kupanga mahomoni okula ndikupangitsa kuti thupi likhale lalifupi (kufupikitsa kuposa masiku onse). Zitha kuchititsanso kufooka kwa mafupa (mafupa ofooka kapena owonda omwe amatha kutuluka mosavuta).

• Osteochondroma (chotupa chosaopsa cha mafupa ataliatali, monga mkono kapena mafupa amiyendo) atha kupanga.

• Matenda amtengowo amatha kuchitika pambuyo poti ma cell amamera ndikuyambitsa mgwirizano (kulimbitsa minofu yomwe imapangitsa kuti mgwirizano ufupike ndikukhala wolimba). Zingayambitsenso osteonecrosis (gawo limodzi kapena angapo am'mafupa amafa chifukwa chosowa magazi).

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa mafupa ndi mafupipafupi zimaphatikizapo kutupa pamfupa kapena fupa komanso kupweteka kwamalumikizidwe.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha chifukwa cha mafupa ndi olowa mochedwa zotsatira zake kapena mikhalidwe ina:

• Kutupa ndi fupa kapena mafupa mbali ya thupi.

• Ululu wa fupa kapena olowa.

• Kufiira kapena kutentha pamfupa kapena palimodzi.

• Kuuma kophatikizana kapena vuto losuntha mwachizolowezi.

• Fupa lomwe limathyoka popanda chifukwa kapena kudziwika mosavuta.

• Msinkhu waufupi (kukhala wamfupi kuposa wabwinobwino).

• Mbali imodzi ya thupi imawoneka yayitali kuposa mbali inayo kapena thupi limakhazikika mbali imodzi.

• Nthawi zonse kukhala pansi kapena kuyimirira pamalo ogona kapena wowoneka ngati wobwerera kumbuyo.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'mafupa ndi olumikizana.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za mafupa ndi olowa:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri ya zizolowezi za wodwalayo, matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chake chidzatengedwanso. Kuyeza kwa mafupa ndi minofu ndi katswiri kumatha kuchitidwanso.

• Kufufuza kwa mafupa amchere: Kuyesa kujambula komwe kumayeza kuchuluka kwa mafupa (kuchuluka kwa mafupa amtundu wina wa mafupa) podutsa ma x-ray ndimphamvu ziwiri zosiyana kudzera mu fupa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kufooka kwa mafupa (mafupa ofooka kapena owonda omwe amatha kutuluka mosavuta). Amatchedwanso BMD scan, DEXA, DEXA scan, dual energy x-ray absorptiometric scan, dual x-ray absorptiometry, ndi DXA.

• X-ray: X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mkati mwa thupi, monga mafupa.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi vuto la mafupa ndi zolumikizana. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Njira Yoberekera

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Machende

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa chiwonetsero zimatha kuchitika pambuyo pa chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Kuchita maopareshoni, chithandizo chama radiation, ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuchepa komwe kumakhudza machende.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza machende zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

• Zosunga

• Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa ovari zimatha kuchitika pambuyo poti mwalandira khansa zina zaubwana.

• Chithandizo cha ma radiation kumimba ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera chiopsezo chamatenda oyambira.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza thumba losunga mazira zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa nthawi yam'chiberekero zimaphatikizapo kusamba mosasamba kapena kusakhalako komanso kutentha.

• Kubereka ndi kubereka

• Chithandizo cha khansa chingayambitse kusabereka kwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa.

• Opulumuka khansa ya ana atha kukhala ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudza mimba.

• Pali njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza opulumuka khansa ya ana kukhala ndi ana.

• hildren ya omwe adadwala khansa yaubwana samakhudzidwa ndimankhwala am'mbuyomu a kholo lawo.

Machende

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa chiwonetsero zimatha kuchitika pambuyo pa chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse kuchepa kwa testicular:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Zilonda zam'magazi.

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Sarcoma.

• Khansa ya testicular.

• Khansa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ma radiation onse m'thupi (TBI) isanachitike.

Kuchita maopareshoni, chithandizo chama radiation, ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuchepa komwe kumakhudza machende.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza machende kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo chimodzi kapena zingapo zotsatirazi:

• Kuchita maopareshoni, monga kuchotsa thukuta, gawo la prostate, kapena ma lymph node m'mimba.

• Chemotherapy yokhala ndi alkylating agents, monga cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, procarbazine, ndi ifosfamide.

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba, m'chiuno, kapena mdera la hypothalamus muubongo.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) kusanachitike.

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza machende zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa machende ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo ndi awa:

• Kuchuluka kwa umuna: Kuwerengera kwa umuna wa zero kapena kuchuluka kwa umuna kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi kapena kosatha. Izi zimadalira kuchuluka kwa ma radiation ndi nthawi yake, dera lomwe thupi limasamalidwa, komanso msinkhu wothandizidwa.

• Kusabereka: Kulephera kubereka mwana.

• Kubwezeretsanso umuna: Umuna wocheperako kapena wopanda ubwamuna umatuluka mu mbolo nthawi yamaliseche.

Pambuyo pochiritsidwa ndi chemotherapy kapena radiation, kuthekera kwa thupi kupanga umuna kumatha kubwereranso pakapita nthawi.

Zosunga

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa ovari zimatha kuchitika pambuyo poti mwalandira khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ingayambitse kuchepa kwa mazira:

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Zilonda zam'magazi.

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Khansara yamchiberekero.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

• Khansa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ma radiation onse m'thupi (TBI) isanachitike.

Chithandizo cha ma radiation kumimba ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera chiopsezo chamatenda oyambira.

Kuopsa kwa kuchepa kwa mazira kumatha kuwonjezeka mutalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa m'modzi kapena onse m'mimba mwake.

• Chemotherapy yokhala ndi alkylating agents, monga cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, ifosfamide, lomustine, busulfan, makamaka procarbazine.

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba, m'chiuno, kapena kumbuyo. Kwa opulumuka omwe anali ndi cheza pamimba, kuwonongeka kwa thumba losunga mazira kumadalira kuchuluka kwa radiation, zaka zakubadwa panthawi yothandizidwa, komanso ngati m'mimba mwonse mwapatsidwa radiation.

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba kapena m'chiuno limodzi ndi alkylating agents.

• Thandizo la radiation kumalo omwe ali pafupi ndi hypothalamus muubongo.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) kusanachitike.

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza thumba losunga mazira zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa ovari ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi thanzi ndi awa:

• Kutha msinkhu koyambirira, makamaka kwa azimayi omwe adachotsedwa m'mimba mwake kapena amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamimba.

• Kusintha kwa msambo.

• Kusabereka (kulephera kutenga pakati).

• Kutha msinkhu sikuyamba.

Pambuyo pochiritsidwa ndi chemotherapy, thumba losunga mazira limatha kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa nthawi yam'chiberekero zimaphatikizapo kusamba mosasamba kapena kusakhalako komanso kutentha.

Izi ndi zizindikiritso zina zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira zoyipa za ovarian kapena zina:

• Kusamba kosasamba kapena kusamba.

• Kutentha kotentha.

• Kutuluka thukuta usiku.

• Kuvuta kugona.

• Khalidwe limasintha.

• Kutsika pagalimoto.

• Kuuma kwa nyini.

• Kulephera kutenga pakati.

• Zizolowezi zogonana, monga kukhala ndi mkono, pubic, ndi tsitsi lamiyendo kapena kukulitsa mabere, sizimachitika msinkhu.

• Osteoporosis (mafupa ofooka kapena owonda omwe amatha kutuluka mosavuta).

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Kubereka ndi kubereka

Chithandizo cha khansa chingayambitse kusabereka kwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa.

Kuopsa kwa kusabereka kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Kwa anyamata, chithandizo chamankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito radiation kuchokera kumachende.

• Atsikana, chithandizo chamankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito radiation kuchokera m'chiuno, kuphatikizapo thumba losunga mazira ndi chiberekero.

• Thandizo la radiation kumalo omwe ali pafupi ndi hypothalamus muubongo kapena kumbuyo kumbuyo.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) kusanachitike.

• Chemotherapy yokhala ndi alkylating agents, monga cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, busulfan, lomustine, ndi procarbazine.

• Kuchita maopareshoni, monga kuchotsa thukuta kapena ovary kapena ma lymph node pamimba.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana atha kukhala ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudza mimba.

Zotsatira zakuchedwa kutenga mimba zimaphatikizapo chiopsezo chotsatira cha izi:

• Kuthamanga kwa magazi.

• Shuga pa mimba.

• Kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi.

• Kupita padera kapena kubereka ana akufa.

• Ana obadwa ochepa.

• Ntchito yoyambirira ndi / kapena kubereka.

• Kutumiza ndi gawo la Kaisara.

• Mwana wosabadwayo sakhala woyenera kubadwa (mwachitsanzo, phazi kapena matako amatha kutuluka asanafike mutu).

Kafukufuku wina sanawonetse chiopsezo chowonjezeka chakuchedwa kutenga mimba.

Pali njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza opulumuka khansa ya ana kukhala ndi ana.

Njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti opulumuka khansa atha kukhala ndi ana:

• Kuzizira mazira kapena umuna asanalandire chithandizo cha khansa kwa odwala omwe atha msinkhu.

• Kutulutsa umuna wa testicular (kuchotsa khungu lochepa lomwe lili ndi umuna kuchokera ku testicle).

• Intracytoplasmic umuna (dzira limakumana ndi umuna umodzi womwe umalowetsedwa dzira kunja kwa thupi).

• In vitro feteleza (IVF) (mazira ndi umuna zimayikidwa palimodzi mu chidebe, ndikupatsa umuna mwayi wolowera dzira).

Ana omwe amapulumuka khansa sanakhudzidwe ndi zomwe kholo lawo limachita kale ndi khansa.

Ana omwe amapulumuka khansa akuwoneka kuti alibe chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha kupunduka kwa kubadwa, matenda amtundu, kapena khansa.

Dongosolo la Kupuma

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Zotsatira zamapapo zimatha kuchitika pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ndi radiation kwa mapapu zimawonjezera chiopsezo chamapapu kumapeto.

• Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza mapapu zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapapo mochedwa zimaphatikizaponso kupuma movutikira komanso kutsokomola.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zam'mapapo.

• Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa mapapu athanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Zotsatira zamapapo zimatha kuchitika pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse zotsatira zamapapu:

• Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Chotupa cha Wilms.

• Khansa imathandizidwa ndi kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy ndi radiation kwa mapapu zimawonjezera chiopsezo chamapapu kumapeto.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza mapapu kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Opaleshoni yochotsa zonse kapena gawo la mapapo kapena chifuwa.

• Chemotherapy. Mwa opulumuka omwe amathandizidwa ndi chemotherapy, monga bleomycin, busulfan, carmustine, kapena lomustine, komanso mankhwala a radiation pachifuwa, pamakhala chiopsezo chachikulu cha mapapo.

• Thandizo la radiation pachifuwa. Kwa opulumuka omwe anali ndi cheza pachifuwa, kuwonongeka kwa mapapo ndi khoma la chifuwa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa radiation, kaya mapapo onse kapena khoma lachifuwa alandila radiation, kaya radiation idaperekedwa yaying'ono, yogawanika tsiku lililonse, ndi msinkhu wa mwana akuchipatala.

• Kutulutsa thupi kwathunthu (TBI) kapena mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kusanachitike.

Chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwamapapo chimakhala chachikulu kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana omwe amachitidwa opaleshoni, chemotherapy, ndi / kapena radiation. Chiwopsezo chikuwonjezeka mwa opulumuka omwe ali ndi mbiri ya izi:

• Matenda kapena matenda opatsirana pogonana pambuyo pokhazikitsidwa ndi khungu.

• Matenda kapena matenda am'mlengalenga, monga mphumu, asanalandire chithandizo cha khansa.

• Khoma lachifuwa lachilendo.

• Kusuta ndudu kapena zinthu zina.

Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza mapapu zimatha kubweretsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Zotsatira zamapapo ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi thanzi ndi awa:

• Radiation pneumonitis (mapapu otupa amayamba chifukwa cha radiation radiation).

• Pulmonary fibrosis (kumanga kwa zipsera m'mapapo).

• Mavuto ena am'mapapo ndi mayendedwe am'mapapo monga matenda osokoneza bongo (COPD), chibayo, chifuwa chomwe sichitha, ndi mphumu.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapapo mochedwa zimaphatikizaponso kupuma movutikira komanso kutsokomola.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira zamapapo mochedwa kapena zina:

• Dyspnea (kupuma pang'ono), makamaka mukamagwira ntchito.

• Kutentha.

• Malungo.

• Chifuwa chachikulu.

• Kuchulukana (kumverera kodzaza m'mapapu kuchokera pamatope owonjezera).

• Matenda a m'mapapo.

• Kumva kutopa.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Zovuta zam'mapapo mwa omwe adapulumuka khansa amatha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi kapena sipangakhale zizindikilo. Nthawi zina kuwonongeka kwa mapapo kumatha kuzindikirika pokhapokha pongoyerekeza kapena kuyesa ntchito yamapapo. Zotsatira zamapapo zimatha kusintha pakapita nthawi.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zam'mapapo.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira zamapapu mochedwa:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• X-ray pachifuwa : X-ray ya ziwalo ndi mafupa mkati mwa chifuwa. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• Ntchito ya pulmonary test (PFT): Kuyesedwa kuti muwone momwe mapapo akugwirira ntchito. Imayeza kuchuluka kwa mapapo omwe mpweya ungasunge komanso momwe mpweya umalowera ndikutuluka m'mapapu. Imafotokozanso kuchuluka kwa oxygen yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa kaboni dayokisaidi popuma. Izi zimatchedwanso kuti "lung function test".

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi zotulukapo zamapapu. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa mapapu athanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe amakhala ndi zotupa m'mapapo ayenera kusamalira kuteteza thanzi lawo, kuphatikiza:

• Osasuta.

• Kupeza katemera wa chimfine ndi pneumococcus.

Zizindikiro

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Kumva

• Mavuto akumva amatenga nthawi yocheperako omwe amatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

• Chithandizo cha radiation kuubongo ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera ngozi yakumva.

• Kutaya kwakumva ndichizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri chakumva zotsatira zakuchedwa.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zamakutu ndikumva.

• Powona

• Mavuto amaso ndi masomphenya ndizotsatira mochedwa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo poti mulandira khansa zina zaubwana.

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo kapena kumutu kumawonjezera ngozi yamavuto amaso kapena kutayika kwamaso.

• Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza diso zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike pakuchepetsa kwa diso ndi masomphenya zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa masomphenya ndi maso owuma.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'maso ndi m'maso.

Kumva

Mavuto akumva amatenga nthawi yocheperako omwe amatha kuchitika atalandira chithandizo cha khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa iyi ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ingachititse kumva zotsatira zakumapeto:

• Zotupa zamaubongo.

• Khansa ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Matenda a Neuroblastoma.

• Retinoblastoma.

• Khansa ya chiwindi.

• Zilonda zam'magazi.

• Khansa ya mafupa.

• Matenda ofewa a sarcoma.

Chithandizo cha radiation kuubongo ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera ngozi yakumva.

Chiwopsezo chakumva kumawonjezeka mwa omwe adapulumuka khansa atalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy, monga cisplatin kapena carboplatin.

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo.

Chiwopsezo chakumva chimakulira kwambiri mwa omwe adatsala ndi khansa yaubwana omwe anali achichepere panthawi yamankhwala (mwana wamng'ono, ndiye kuti anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu), adathandizidwa chotupa chaubongo, kapena adalandira mankhwala a radiation kuubongo ndi chemotherapy chimodzimodzi nthawi.

Kutaya kwakumva ndichizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri chakumva zotsatira zakuchedwa.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kubwera chifukwa chakumva zakuchedwa kapena zinthu zina:

• Kutaya kwakumva.

• Kulira m'makutu.

• Kumva chizungulire.

• Sera yolimba kwambiri khutu.

Kutaya kwakumva kumatha kuchitika mukamalandira chithandizo, mankhwala akangotha ​​kutha, kapena miyezi ingapo kapena zaka chithandizo chitatha ndikuchulukirachulukira pakapita nthawi. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira zovuta zamakutu ndikumva.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zovuta zakumva:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyeza kwa Otoscopic: Kuyesa khutu. Otoscope imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana ngalande ya khutu ndi khutu kuti muwone ngati pali matenda kapena kutayika kwakumva. Nthawi zina otoscope imakhala ndi babu ya pulasitiki yomwe imafinyidwa kuti itulutse mpweya wawung'ono mumtsinje wamakutu. Ndi khutu labwino, khutu limayenda. Ngati pali madzi kumbuyo kwa khutu, sakusuntha.

• Kuyesedwa kwakumva : Kuyesedwa kwakumva kumatha kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana kutengera msinkhu wa mwana. Kuyesaku kumachitika kuti muwone ngati mwanayo akumva mawu omveka komanso omveka bwino komanso mawu otsika komanso otsika. Khutu lililonse limayang'aniridwa padera. Mwanayo amathanso kufunsidwa ngati akumva phokoso lalitali kwambiri la foloko yomwe ikukonzedwa kumbuyo kwa khutu kapena pamphumi.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zake kuti awone ngati ali ndi vuto lakumva mochedwa. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Powona

Mavuto amaso ndi masomphenya ndizotsatira mochedwa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo poti mulandira khansa zina zaubwana.

Chithandizo cha khansa izi ndi zina zaubwana zingayambitse zotsatira zamaso ndi masomphenya:

• Retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, ndi zotupa zina zamaso.

• Zotupa zamaubongo.

• Khansa ya mutu ndi khosi.

• Khansa ya m'magazi (ALL).

• Khansa yomwe imathandizidwa ndi ma radiation onse m'thupi (TBI) isanachitike.

Thandizo la radiation kuubongo kapena kumutu kumawonjezera ngozi yamavuto amaso kapena kutayika kwamaso.

Kuopsa kwamavuto amaso kapena kutayika kwamaso kumatha kuwonjezeka mwa omwe adzapulumuke khansa atalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo, diso, kapena thumba lamaso.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuchotsa diso kapena chotupa pafupi ndi mitsempha yamawonedwe.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy, monga cytarabine ndi doxorubicin kapena busulfan ndi corticosteroids ngati gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Kuchulukitsa kwa thupi lonse (TBI) monga gawo la kusanjikiza kwa tsinde.

• Kuika ma cell a stem (ndi mbiri yanthawi yayitali yolimbana ndi matendawa).

Zotsatira zakomwe zimakhudza diso zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zina zathanzi.

Zotsatira zakuchedwa kwa diso ndi zovuta zina zathanzi zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Kukhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhudza mawonekedwe amaso a mwana akamakula.

• Kutaya masomphenya.

• Mavuto amaso, monga khungu kapena glaucoma.

• Kulephera kutulutsa misozi.

• Kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yamawonedwe ndi diso.

• Zotupa za chikope.

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike pakuchepetsa kwa diso ndi masomphenya zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa masomphenya ndi maso owuma.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira za m'maso ndi masomphenya mochedwa kapena mikhalidwe ina:

• Zosintha m'masomphenya, monga:

• Kusakhoza kuwona zinthu zomwe zili pafupi.

• Kusakhoza kuwona zinthu zomwe zili kutali.

• Masomphenya awiri.

• Kuthwa kapena kusawona bwino.

• Mitundu imawoneka ngati yazimiririka.

• Kukhala tcheru ndi kuwala kapena kuvutikira kuwona usiku.

• Kuwona kunyezimira kapena halo mozungulira magetsi usiku.

• Maso owuma omwe angamve ngati akuyabwa, akuyaka, kapena kutupa, kapena ngati pali china m'maso.

• Kupweteka kwa diso.

• Kufiira kwamaso.

• Kukhala ndi chotupa pachikope.

• Kutsikira kwa chikope chapamwamba.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo m'maso ndi m'maso.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zovuta zam'maso ndi masomphenya:

• Kuyezetsa diso ndi mwana wochepetsedwa: Kuyesa kwa diso komwe mwana amakulitsidwa (kukulitsidwa) ndimadontho amaso opatsa mwayi kuti adotolo ayang'ane kudzera mu disolo ndi mwana wa diso. Mkati mwa diso, kuphatikizapo diso ndi mitsempha ya optic, amayang'anitsitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chida chomwe chimapanga kuwala kochepa. Izi nthawi zina zimatchedwa kuyesa kwa nyali. Ngati pali chotupa, adotolo amatha kujambula zithunzi pakapita nthawi kuti azindikire zosintha pakukula kwa chotupacho komanso kuti chikukula msanga.

• Ophthalmoscopy yosadziwika: Kuyesa mkatikati mwa diso pogwiritsa ntchito mandala ang'onoang'ono ndi kuwala.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zake kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto la maso ndi masomphenya mochedwa. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Njira Yamikodzo

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Impso

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera vuto la impso.

• Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza impso zitha kuyambitsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

• Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa impso zimaphatikizapo mavuto okodza ndi kutupa kwa mapazi kapena manja.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu impso.

• Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa impso zathanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

• Chikhodzodzo

• Kuchita opaleshoni m'chiuno ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatira za chikhodzodzo.

• Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza chikhodzodzo zimatha kudwala.

• Zizindikiro zotheka za chikhodzodzo mochedwa zimaphatikizapo kusintha pokodza ndi kutupa kwa mapazi kapena manja.

• Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu chikhodzodzo.

Impso

Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy imawonjezera vuto la impso.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza impso kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Chemotherapy kuphatikiza cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, ndi methotrexate.

• Thandizo la radiation pamimba kapena pakati pamsana.

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa gawo kapena impso zonse.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

Kuopsa kwa zotsatira za impso ndizochulukirapo kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana omwe amachitidwa opaleshoni, chemotherapy, ndi / kapena radiation.

Zotsatirazi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatira za impso:

• Kukhala ndi khansa mu impso zonse ziwiri.

• Kukhala ndi matenda amtundu womwe kumawonjezera ngozi za impso, monga matenda a Denys-Drash kapena matenda a WAGR.

• Kuchiritsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo yamankhwala.

Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza impso zitha kuyambitsa mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Zotsatira zakumapeto kwa impso kapena zovuta zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo za impso zomwe zimasefa ndikuyeretsa magazi.

• Kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo za impso zomwe zimachotsa madzi owonjezera m'magazi.

• Kutaya ma electrolyte, monga magnesium, calcium, kapena potaziyamu, kuchokera mthupi.

• Kuthamanga kwa magazi (kuthamanga kwa magazi).

Zizindikiro zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakumapeto kwa impso zimaphatikizapo mavuto okodza ndi kutupa kwa mapazi kapena manja.

Izi ndi zizindikilo ndi zina zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira za impso mochedwa kapena zina:

• Kumva kufunika kokodza popanda kutero.

• Pafupipafupi pokodza (makamaka usiku).

• Kuvuta kukodza.

• Kumva kutopa kwambiri.

• Kutupa kwa miyendo, akakolo, mapazi, nkhope, kapena manja.

• Khungu loyabwa.

• Nseru kapena kusanza.

• Kukoma konga chitsulo pakamwa kapena kununkha koipa.

• Mutu.

Nthawi zina sipakhala zizindikilo kumayambiliro. Zizindikiro zimatha kuwoneka ngati kuwonongeka kwa impso kukupitilira pakapita nthawi. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu impso.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za impso:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kafukufuku wama chemistry a magazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, monga magnesium, calcium, ndi potaziyamu, yotulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zazikulu kapena zotsika kuposa zachilendo) zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda a impso.

• Urinalysis: Kuyesa kuyesa mtundu wa mkodzo ndi zomwe zili mkatimo, monga shuga, mapuloteni, maselo ofiira, ndi maselo oyera amwazi.

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amphamvu kwambiri (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati, monga impso, ndikupanga ma echoes. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi vuto la impso. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Zizolowezi zaumoyo zomwe zimalimbikitsa impso zathanzi ndizofunikira kwa omwe apulumuka khansa yaubwana.

Opulumuka khansa ya ana omwe anachotsa zonse kapena gawo la impso zawo ayenera kuyankhula ndi dokotala za izi:

• Kaya ndi zotetezeka kusewera masewera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokhudza kukhudzidwa kapena zovuta monga mpira kapena hockey.

• Chitetezo panjinga ndikupewa kuvulala kwamagalimoto.

• Kuvala lamba m'chiuno, osati m'chiuno.

Chikhodzodzo

Kuchita opaleshoni m'chiuno ndi mitundu ina ya chemotherapy kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsatira za chikhodzodzo.

Kuopsa kwa mavuto azaumoyo omwe amakhudza chikhodzodzo kumawonjezeka mukalandira chithandizo ndi izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa zonse kapena gawo la chikhodzodzo.

• Kuchita opaleshoni m'chiuno, msana, kapena ubongo.

• Mitundu ina ya chemotherapy, monga cyclophosphamide kapena ifosfamide.

• Thandizo la radiation kumadera oyandikira chikhodzodzo, m'chiuno, kapena kwamikodzo.

• Kupanga khungu la tsinde.

Zotsatira zakumapeto zomwe zimakhudza chikhodzodzo zimatha kudwala.

Zotsatira za chikhodzodzo mochedwa ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo ndi awa:

• Hemorrhagic cystitis (kutupa mkati mwa chikhodzodzo khoma, komwe kumabweretsa magazi).

• Kukula kwa chikhodzodzo khoma.

• Zovuta kutulutsa chikhodzodzo.

• Kusadziletsa.

• Kutsekeka mu impso, ureter, chikhodzodzo, kapena urethra.

• Matenda a mkodzo (osatha).

Zizindikiro zotheka za chikhodzodzo mochedwa zimaphatikizapo kusintha pokodza ndi kutupa kwa mapazi kapena manja.

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotsatira za chikhodzodzo kapena zina:

• Kumva kufunika kokodza popanda kutero.

• Pafupipafupi pokodza (makamaka usiku).

• Kuvuta kukodza.

• Kumva ngati chikhodzodzo sikukhala kwathunthu mukakodza.

• Kutupa kwa miyendo, akakolo, mapazi, nkhope, kapena manja.

• Kulamulira pang'ono kapena kulibe chikhodzodzo.

• Magazi mkodzo.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu ali ndi vuto ili.

Mayeso ndi njira zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze (kupeza) ndikuzindikira mavuto azaumoyo mu chikhodzodzo.

Mayesowa ndi njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muzindikire zotsatira za chikhodzodzo mochedwa:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kafukufuku wama chemistry a magazi: Njira yoyeserera magazi kuti ayese kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, monga magnesium, calcium, ndi potaziyamu, yotulutsidwa m'magazi ndi ziwalo ndi minyewa mthupi. Kuchuluka kwazinthu zosazolowereka (zakumwamba kapena zochepa) kungakhale chizindikiro cha mavuto a chikhodzodzo.

• Urinalysis: Kuyesa kuyesa mtundu wa mkodzo ndi zomwe zili mkatimo, monga shuga, mapuloteni, maselo ofiira, ndi maselo oyera amwazi.

• Chikhalidwe cha mkodzo: Kuyesedwa kuti muwone ngati mabakiteriya, yisiti, kapena tizilombo tina mumkodzo pakakhala zizindikiro zakutenga matenda. Chikhalidwe cha mkodzo chingathandize kuzindikira mtundu wa tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda. Chithandizo cha matendawa chimadalira mtundu wa tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matendawa.

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amphamvu kwambiri (ultrasound) amatulutsidwa mkati mwa ziwalo kapena ziwalo, monga chikhodzodzo, ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzicho chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu ngati mwana wanu akuyenera kuyezetsa ndi njira zowunika ngati ali ndi chikhodzodzo mochedwa. Ngati mayeso akufunika, fufuzani kuti akuyenera kuchitidwa kangati.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamankhwala omwe angayambitse khansa ya ana

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala akumwa mochedwa khansa ya ana, onani izi:

• Malangizo Otsata Kwa Nthawi Yaitali Opulumuka Ana, Achinyamata, ndi Khansa Ya Akulu AchinyamataExit Disclaimer

• Zotsatira Zochedwa Directory of ServicesExit Disclaimer

• Computed Tomography (CT) Zithunzi ndi Khansa

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa yaubwana komanso zinthu zina za khansa zochokera ku National Cancer Institute, onani izi:

• Khansa Za Ana

• Cure Search for Cancer ya Ana Tulukani Chodzikanira

• Achinyamata ndi Achinyamata Achikulire ndi Khansa

• Ana omwe ali ndi khansa: Upangiri wa Makolo

• Khansa mwa Ana ndi Achinyamata

• Kusinthana

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso Ofunsa Dokotala Wanu Ponena za Khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira