Mitundu / khomo lachiberekero / wodwala / khomo lachiberekero-pdq

Mtundu wa Chithandizo cha Khansa ya M'chiberekero

Zambiri Zokhudza Khansa ya M'chiberekero

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansara ya pachibelekero ndi matenda omwe ma cell owopsa (khansa) amapangika m'matumba a khomo lachiberekero.

• Matenda a papillomavirus (HPV) a anthu ndiye chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Nthawi zambiri palibe zizindikilo za khansa yoyambirira ya khomo lachiberekero koma imatha kuzindikiridwa koyambirira ndikuwunika pafupipafupi.

• Zizindikiro za khansa ya pachibelekero zimaphatikizapo kutuluka magazi kumaliseche ndi ululu wamimba.

• Kuyesa komwe kumayang'ana chiberekero kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira (kupeza) ndikuzindikira khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Khansara ya pachibelekero ndi matenda omwe ma cell owopsa (khansa) amapangika m'matumba a khomo lachiberekero.

Khomo lachiberekero ndilo kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chiberekero, chopapatiza, chowoneka ngati peyala pomwe mwana amakula). Khomo lachiberekero limatsogolera kuchokera pachiberekero kupita kumaliseche (njira yobadwira).

Kutengera kwa ziwalo zoberekera zazimayi. Ziwalo zam'mimba zoberekera zazimayi zimaphatikizapo chiberekero, thumba losunga mazira, timachubu, ziwalo zoberekera, ndi nyini. Chiberekero chimakhala ndi chingwe chakunja chotchedwa myometrium komanso mkati mwake chotchedwa endometrium.

Khansa ya pachibelekero imayamba pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi. Khansara isanatuluke m'chibelekero, maselo a khomo lachiberekero amasintha momwe amadziwika kuti dysplasia, momwe maselo achilendo amayamba kuwonekera m'chiuno cha khomo lachiberekero. Popita nthawi, ma cell osazolowereka amatha kukhala maselo a khansa ndikuyamba kukula ndikufalikira kwambiri kuberekero ndi madera oyandikana nawo.

Khansara ya chiberekero mwa ana ndiyosowa.

Onani zidule zotsatirazi za kuti mumve zambiri za khansa ya pachibelekero:

• Kupewa Khansa ya M'chiberekero

• Kuwunika Khansa Yachiberekero

• Khansa Yachilendo Ya Chithandizo Chaubwana

Matenda a papillomavirus (HPV) a anthu ndiye chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya pachibelekero.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa mwayi wanu wodwala chimatchedwa chiopsezo. Kukhala ndi chiwopsezo sikutanthauza kuti udzakhala ndi khansa; kusakhala ndi zoopsa sikutanthauza kuti simudzakhala ndi khansa. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu ngati mukuganiza kuti mutha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha khansa ya pachibelekero.

Zowopsa za khansa ya pachibelekero ndi izi:

• Kukhala ndi kachilombo ka papillomavirus ya anthu (HPV). Ichi ndiye chiopsezo chofunikira kwambiri cha khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Kuwonetsedwa ndi mankhwala a DES (diethylstilbestrol) muli m'mimba mwa mayi.

Kwa amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HPV, zifukwa zotsatirazi zimawonjezera chiwopsezo cha khansa ya pachibelekero:

• Kubala ana ambiri.

• Kusuta ndudu.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera zakumwa ("mapiritsi") kwa nthawi yayitali.

Palinso zoopsa zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a HPV:

• Kukhala ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi chitetezo chamthupi. Kupanikizika kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kumafooketsa kuthekera kwa thupi kulimbana ndi matenda ndi matenda ena. Kukhoza kwa thupi kulimbana ndi matenda a HPV kumatha kutsitsidwa ndikutetezedwa kwa thupi kwanthawi yayitali kuchokera ku:

• kukhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV.

• kumwa mankhwala kuti muteteze kukanidwa kwa ziwalo mukatha kumuika.

• Kugonana ndidakali wamng'ono.

• Kukhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri.

Ukalamba ndiwo chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa yambiri. Mwayi wokhala ndi khansa ukuwonjezeka mukamakula.

Nthawi zambiri palibe zizindikilo za khansa yoyambirira ya khomo lachiberekero koma imatha kuzindikiridwa koyambirira ndikuwunika pafupipafupi.

Khansara yoyambirira ya khomo lachiberekero siyingayambitse zizindikiro. Amayi amayenera kukayezetsa pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza mayeso kuti awone ngati papillomavirus ya anthu (HPV) kapena maselo achilendo m'chiberekero. Kulosera (mwayi wochira) kumakhala bwino khansa ikapezeka msanga.

Zizindikiro za khansa ya pachibelekero zimaphatikizapo kutuluka magazi kumaliseche ndi ululu wamimba. Zizindikiro ndi zizindikilozi zimatha kubwera chifukwa cha khansa ya pachibelekero kapena zina. Funsani dokotala ngati muli ndi izi:

• Kutaya magazi kumaliseche (kuphatikizapo kutuluka magazi mutagonana).

• Kutulutsa kwachilendo kwachilendo.

• Kupweteka kwa m'mimba.

• Zowawa panthawi yogonana.

Kuyesa komwe kumayang'ana chiberekero kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira (kupeza) ndikuzindikira khansa ya pachibelekero.

Njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuyezetsa thupi komanso mbiri yaumoyo: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyezetsa magazi: Kuyesa kumaliseche, khomo pachibelekeropo, chiberekero, machubu, mazira, ndi thumbo. A speculum amalowetsedwa mumaliseche ndipo dokotala kapena namwino amayang'ana kumaliseche ndi chiberekero ngati ali ndi matenda. Kuyezetsa magazi kwa khomo pachibelekeropo kumachitika nthawi zambiri. Dotolo kapena namwino amalowetsanso chala chimodzi kapena ziwiri zopaka mafuta, zokutira zanja lamanja kumaliseche ndikuyika dzanja linalo pamimba pamunsi kuti mumve kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi malo oberekera komanso thumba losunga mazira. Dotolo kapena namwino amalowetsanso chala chopaka mafuta, chopukutira mu rectum kuti amve ziphuphu kapena malo abwinobwino.

Kuyesa kwapelvic. Dokotala kapena namwino amalowetsa chala chimodzi kapena ziwiri zopaka mafuta, zokutidwa ndi dzanja limodzi kumaliseche ndikudina pamimba pamunsi ndi dzanja linalo. Izi zachitika kuti mumve kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi mawonekedwe a chiberekero ndi thumba losunga mazira. Nyini, khomo pachibelekeropo, machubu opatsira mazira oyenda, ndi thumbo timayang'ananso.

• Kuyesedwa kwa pap: Njira yosonkhanitsira maselo kumtunda kwa khomo pachibelekeropo ndi kumaliseche. Chidutswa cha thonje, burashi, kapena ndodo yaying'ono yamatabwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeputsa bwino ma cell kuchokera pachibelekero ndi kumaliseche. Maselo amayang'aniridwa ndi microscope kuti adziwe ngati ali achilendo. Njirayi imatchedwanso Pap smear.

Kuyesa kwa pap. A speculum amalowetsedwa mumaliseche kuti afutukule. Kenako, burashi imalowetsedwa kumaliseche kuti itenge ma cell kuchokera pachibelekeropo. Maselo amayang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati ali ndi matenda.

• Kuyezetsa kwa papillomavirus ya anthu (HPV): Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe kumayang'aniridwa ndi DNA kapena RNA ngati kuli mitundu ina ya matenda a HPV. Maselo amatengedwa kuchokera ku khomo pachibelekeropo ndipo DNA kapena RNA yochokera m'maselo amawunika kuti adziwe ngati matenda amayamba chifukwa cha mtundu wa HPV womwe umalumikizidwa ndi khansa ya pachibelekero. Mayesowa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito maselo omwe adachotsedwa paphunziro la Pap. Kuyesaku kutha kuchitidwanso ngati zotsatira za mayeso a Pap zikuwonetsa maselo ena achilendo achiberekero.

• Therapy ya Endocervical: Njira yosonkhanitsira ma cell kapena minofu kuchokera ku ngalande ya khomo lachiberekero pogwiritsa ntchito curette (chida chooneka ngati supuni). Zitsanzo zamatenda zimatengedwa ndikuwunika pansi pa microscope ngati pali zizindikiro za khansa. Njirayi nthawi zina imachitika nthawi yofanana ndi colposcopy.

• Colposcopy: Njira yomwe colposcope (chida chowala, chokulitsira) imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana kumaliseche ndi khomo lachiberekero kuti kuli malo abodza. Zitsanzo zamatenda zimatha kutengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chida chochiritsa (chooneka ngati supuni) kapena burashi ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati pali matenda.

• Biopsy: Ngati ma cell osazolowereka amapezeka pakuyesedwa kwa Pap, adotolo amatha kupanga biopsy. Zitsanzo za minofu imadulidwa kuchokera pachibelekeropo ndipo imawonedwa ndi microscope ndi wodwala kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa. Biopsy yomwe imachotsa minofu yocheperako nthawi zambiri imachitika kuofesi ya dokotala. Mzimayi angafunike kupita kuchipatala kukayezetsa kachilombo ka khomo lachiberekero (kuchotsa kachilombo kakang'ono kooneka ngati kondomu).

Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Kulosera (mwayi wochira) zimatengera izi:

• Gawo la khansa (kukula kwa chotupacho komanso ngati chimakhudza gawo lina la chiberekero kapena khomo lachiberekero lonse, kapena lafalikira kumatenda am'mimba kapena malo ena m'thupi).

• Mtundu wa khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Msinkhu wa wodwalayo komanso thanzi lake lonse.

• Kaya wodwalayo ali ndi mtundu wina wamtundu wa papillomavirus (HPV).

• Kaya wodwalayo ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV (HIV).

• Kaya khansa yapezeka kumene kapena yabwereranso (bwererani).

Njira zochiritsira zimadalira izi:

• Gawo la khansa.

• Mtundu wa khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Kufuna kwa wodwalayo kukhala ndi ana.

• Msinkhu wa wodwalayo.

Chithandizo cha khansa ya pachibelekero panthawi yoyembekezera chimadalira gawo la khansa komanso gawo la mimba. Kwa khansa ya pachibelekero yomwe imapezeka msanga kapena khansa yomwe imapezeka mkati mwa miyezi itatu yapitayi yamimba, mankhwala amatha kuchedwa mpaka atabadwa. Kuti mumve zambiri, onani gawo lonena za khansa ya pachibelekeropo panthawi yapakati.

Magawo a Khansa Yachiberekero

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Khansa ya pachibelekero itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira m'chibelekero kapena mbali zina za thupi.

• Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

• Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Maselo achilendo amatha kupangika pachibelekeropo (carcinoma in situ).

• Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya pachibelekero:

• Gawo I

• Gawo II

• Gawo III

• Gawo IV

Khansa ya pachibelekero itapezeka, amayesedwa kuti apeze ngati maselo a khansa afalikira m'chibelekero kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ngati khansara yafalikira m'chiberekero kapena mbali zina za thupi imatchedwa staging. Zomwe amapeza kuchokera pakukonzekera zimatsimikizira gawo la matendawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa siteji kuti mukonzekere chithandizo.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza:

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamatupi amthupi, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Njira yopezera maselo oyipa mthupi. Gulu laling'ono la shuga (radio) limabayidwa mumtsempha. Chojambulira cha PET chimazungulira thupi ndikupanga chithunzi cha komwe glucose imagwiritsidwa ntchito mthupi. Maselo otupa owopsa amawonekera pachithunzichi chifukwa amakhala otanganidwa ndipo amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, ndi kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo za malo amkati mwa thupi. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

• Kuyesa kwa Ultrasound: Njira yomwe mafunde amawu amphamvu (ultrasound) amachotsedwa pamatumba kapena ziwalo zamkati ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zolembawo amapanga chithunzi cha matupi amthupi otchedwa sonogram. Chithunzichi chimatha kusindikizidwa kuti chiwonedwe pambuyo pake.

• X-ray pachifuwa : X-ray ya ziwalo ndi mafupa mkati mwa chifuwa. X-ray ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamphamvu yomwe imatha kupyola thupi ndikupita mufilimu, ndikupanga chithunzi cha madera omwe ali mthupi.

• Lymph node biopsy: Kuchotsa zonse kapena gawo la mwanabele. Katswiri wazachipatala amawona minofu yamagulu pansi pa microscope kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa.

• Cystoscopy: Njira yoyang'ana mkati mwa chikhodzodzo ndi urethra kuti muwone ngati pali zovuta zina. Cystoscope imayikidwa kudzera mu urethra kupita mu chikhodzodzo. Cystoscope ndi chida chopyapyala, chokhala ngati chubu chokhala ndi kuwala ndi mandala owonera. Ikhozanso kukhala ndi chida chothandizira kuchotsa minofu, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi microscope ngati ili ndi khansa.

• Laparoscopy: Njira yochitira opaleshoni yoyang'ana ziwalo zamkati mwa mimba kuti muwone ngati pali matenda. Tizinthu tating'onoting'ono (todulira) timapangidwa pakhoma pamimba ndipo laparoscope (chubu chowonda, chowunikira) imayikidwa mchimodzi mwazinthuzo. Zida zina zitha kulowetsedwa mwanjira yomweyo kapena zina kuti achite njira monga kuchotsa ziwalo kapena kutenga zitsanzo zamatenda kuti zikawunikidwe ndi microscope ngati ali ndi matenda.

• Malo opangira opaleshoni asanachitike: Opaleshoni (opareshoni) yachitika kuti apeze ngati khansara yafalikira m'chibelekero kapena mbali zina za thupi. Nthawi zina, khansa ya pachibelekero imatha kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuchita opaleshoni yochitidwa kale kumachitika kokha ngati gawo la zoyeserera zamankhwala.

Zotsatira zamayesowa zimawonedwa limodzi ndi zotsatira za chotupa choyambirira kuti mudziwe khansa ya pachibelekero.

Pali njira zitatu zomwe khansa imafalikira mthupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira kudzera mu minofu, ma lymph system, ndi magazi:

• Minofu. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikukula kupita kumadera oyandikana nawo.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba polowa m'mitsempha. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta kupita mbali zina za thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imafalikira kuchokera pomwe idayamba ndikulowa m'magazi. Khansara imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa imatha kufalikira pomwe idayamba kupita mbali zina za thupi.

Khansa ikafalikira mbali ina ya thupi, imatchedwa metastasis. Maselo a khansa amachoka pomwe adayamba (chotupa choyambirira) ndikuyenda mumitsempha kapena magazi.

• Lymph dongosolo. Khansara imalowa mumitsempha, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamafuta, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

• Magazi. Khansara imalowa m'magazi, imadutsa m'mitsempha yamagazi, ndikupanga chotupa (chotupa cha metastatic) gawo lina la thupi.

Chotupa cha metastatic ndi khansa yofanana ndi chotupa chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khansara ya chiberekero imafalikira m'mapapu, maselo a khansa m'mapapo alidi khansa ya khomo lachiberekero. Matendawa ndi khansa ya pachibelekero, osati khansa yamapapu.

Maselo achilendo amatha kupangika pachibelekeropo (carcinoma in situ).

Mu carcinoma in situ, maselo osadziwika amapezeka mumkati mwa chiberekero. Maselo achilendowa amatha kukhala khansa ndikufalikira m'minyewa yabwinobwino.

Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya pachibelekero:

Gawo I

Pachigawo choyamba ine, khansara yapangidwa ndipo imapezeka mu khomo pachibelekeropo kokha.

Gawo I lagawidwa m'magawo IA ndi IB, kutengera kukula kwa chotupacho komanso malo ozama kwambiri olowerera chotupa.

• Gawo IA: Gawo IA lagawidwa m'magawo IA1 ndi IA2, kutengera kuzama kwakukulu kwa chiwopsezo cha chotupa.

• Pa gawo IA1, khansa yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe imangowoneka ndi microscope imapezeka m'matumba a khomo pachibelekeropo. Mfundo yakuya kwambiri yolowa pachotupa ndi mamilimita atatu kapena kuchepera.

• Mu gawo IA2, khansa yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe imangowoneka ndi microscope imapezeka m'matumba a khomo pachibelekeropo. Malo ozama kwambiri olowerera chotupa ndiopitilira mamilimita atatu koma osapitilira mamilimita asanu.

Mamilimita (mm). Pensulo yakuthwa ili pafupifupi 1 mm, krayoni yatsopano ndi pafupifupi 2 mm, ndipo chofufutira pensulo chatsopano ndi pafupifupi 5 mm.

• Gawo IB: Gawo IB lagawidwa m'magawo IB1, IB2, ndi IB3, kutengera kukula kwa chotupacho komanso malo ozama kwambiri am'mimba.

• Munthawi IB1, chotupacho chili 2 sentimita kapena ocheperako ndipo malo ozama kwambiri olowerera chotupa amapitilira mamilimita asanu.

• Pa siteji IB2, chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita awiri koma osaposa 4 sentimita.

• Mu gawo la IB3, chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita 4.

Kukula kwa zotupa nthawi zambiri kumayeza masentimita (cm) kapena mainchesi. Zakudya zodziwika bwino zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kukula kwa chotupa mu cm zimaphatikizapo: nsawawa (1 cm), chiponde (2 cm), mphesa (3 cm), mtedza (4 cm), laimu (5 cm kapena 2) mainchesi), dzira (6 cm), pichesi (7 cm), ndi manyumwa (masentimita 10 kapena mainchesi 4).

Gawo II

Mu gawo lachiwiri, khansa yafalikira kumtunda magawo awiri mwa atatu anyini kapena minofu kuzungulira chiberekero.

Gawo II lagawidwa magawo IIA ndi IIB, kutengera momwe khansara yafalikira.

• Gawo IIA: Khansa yafalikira kuchokera pachibelekeropo mpaka magawo awiri mwa atatu anyini koma siyinafalikire mpaka kumatupi a chiberekero. Gawo IIA lagawidwa magawo IIA1 ndi IIA2, kutengera kukula kwa chotupacho.

• Mu gawo IIA1, chotupacho ndi masentimita 4 kapena ocheperako.

• Gawo IIA2, chotupacho chimakhala chachikulu kuposa masentimita 4.

• Gawo IIB: Khansa yafalikira kuchokera pachibelekeropo kupita kumatenda ozungulira chiberekero.

Gawo III

Gawo lachitatu, khansara yafalikira kumunsi kwachitatu kumaliseche ndi / kapena kukhoma m'chiuno, ndipo / kapena yadzetsa mavuto a impso, ndipo / kapena imakhudzanso ma lymph node.

Gawo lachitatu lagawidwa magawo IIIA, IIIB, ndi IIIC, kutengera momwe khansara yafalikira.

• Gawo IIIA: Khansa yafalikira mpaka kumunsi kwachitatu kumaliseche koma siyinafalikire kukhoma lachiuno.

• Gawo IIIB: Khansa yafalikira kukhoma la m'chiuno; ndipo / kapena chotupacho chakhala chokulira mokwanira kutchinga m'modzi kapena onse awiri kapena chachititsa impso imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri kukula kapena kusiya kugwira ntchito.

• Gawo IIIC: Gawo IIIC lagawika magawo IIIC1 ndi IIIC2, kutengera kufalikira kwa khansa kumatope am'mimba.

• Gawo lachiwiri IIIC1, khansa yafalikira kumatenda am'mimba.

• Gawo lachiwiri IIIC2, khansa yafalikira kumatenda am'mimba m'mimba pafupi ndi aorta.

Gawo IV

Gawo lachitatu, khansa yafalikira kupitirira mafupa a chiuno, kapena yafalikira mpaka kumapeto kwa chikhodzodzo kapena rectum, kapena yafalikira mbali zina za thupi.

Gawo IV limagawika magawo a IVA ndi IVB, kutengera komwe khansara yafalikira.

• Gawo IVA: Khansa yafalikira ku ziwalo zapafupi, monga chikhodzodzo kapena rectum.

• Gawo IVB: Khansa yafalikira mbali zina za thupi, monga chiwindi, mapapo, mafupa, kapena ma lymph node akutali.

Khansa Yachiberekero Yobwerezabwereza

Khansa yapamtima yaberekayi ndi khansa yomwe yabwereranso (kubwerera) itachiritsidwa. Khansara imatha kubwerera mchiberekero kapena mbali zina za thupi.

Chithandizo Chosankha Mwachidule

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Opaleshoni

• Thandizo la radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Chithandizo chofuna

• Chitetezo chamatenda

• Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya pachibelekero chingayambitse mavuto.

• Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

• Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

• Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya pachibelekero.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansa ya pachibelekero. Mankhwala ena ndi ofanana (mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano), ndipo ena akuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala ndi kafukufuku wofufuza wothandizira kusintha chithandizo chamakono kapena kupeza zidziwitso zamankhwala atsopano kwa odwala khansa. Pamene mayesero azachipatala awonetsa kuti chithandizo chatsopano ndichabwino kuposa chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizocho chitha kukhala chamankhwala wamba. Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa. Mayesero ena azachipatala ndi otseguka kwa odwala omwe sanayambe kulandira chithandizo.

Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Opaleshoni

Kuchita opaleshoni (kuchotsa khansara mu opaleshoni) nthawi zina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya pachibelekero. Njira zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• Conization: Njira yochotsera kakhosi kooneka ngati khola pachibelekeropo ndi ngalande ya khomo lachiberekero. Wodwala amayang'ana minofu pansi pa microscope kuti ayang'ane maselo a khansa. Conization itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kapena kuchiza matenda amchiberekero. Njirayi imatchedwanso kuti cone biopsy.

Kukonzekera kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira izi:

• Kuzizira kwa mpeni wozizira: Njira yochitira opaleshoni yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito scalpel (mpeni wakuthwa) kuti ichotse minofu kapena khansa yachilendo.

• Njira yochotseka ya loop electrosurgical (LEEP): Njira yochitira opaleshoni yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi imadutsa pama waya opyapyala ngati mpeni wochotsa minofu kapena khansa yachilendo.

• Opaleshoni ya Laser: Njira yochitira opaleshoni yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mtanda wa laser (kamtengo kakang'ono kowala kwambiri) ngati mpeni wopangira zopanda magazi m'magazi kapena kuchotsa zotupa zapamtunda monga chotupa.

Mtundu wa njira yolumikizira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatengera komwe ma cell a khansa ali pachibelekeropo ndi mtundu wa khansa ya pachibelekero.

• Chiwombankhanga chonse: Opaleshoni yochotsa chiberekero, kuphatikizaponso khomo pachibelekeropo. Ngati chiberekero ndi khomo lachiberekero atulutsidwa kudzera mu nyini, opaleshoniyi amatchedwa kachilombo ka nyini. Ngati chiberekero ndi khomo pachibelekeropo atulutsidwa kudzera pachobvala chachikulu pamimba, opaleshoniyi amatchedwa kuti kutsekeka m'mimba kwathunthu. Ngati chiberekero ndi khomo lachiberekero amatulutsidwa kudzera pobowola pang'ono pamimba pogwiritsa ntchito laparoscope, opaleshoniyi amatchedwa laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Kutsekemera. Chiberekero chimachotsedwa mwa opaleshoni kapena popanda ziwalo zina kapena zotupa. Chiberekero chonse, chiberekero ndi khomo pachibelekeropo zimachotsedwa. Mchiberekero chonse chokhala ndi salpingo-oophorectomy, (a) chiberekero kuphatikiza chubu chimodzi (chimodzi) chokhala ndi mazira ndi mazira chimachotsedwa; kapena (b) chiberekero kuphatikiza tinthu tambirimbiri tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timatulutsidwa. Mu hysterectomy yowopsa, chiberekero, khomo pachibelekeropo, mazira onse awiri, machubu, komanso minofu yoyandikana nayo imachotsedwa. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podula pang'ono kapena kuwongolera mozungulira.

• Radical hysterectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa chiberekero, khomo pachibelekeropo, gawo lina la nyini, ndi malo ambiri amitsempha ndi ziwalo kuzungulira ziwalozi. Mimba, mazira, mazira oyandikira, kapena ma lymph node apafupi amathanso kuchotsedwa.

• Kusintha koopsa kwa hysterectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa chiberekero, khomo pachibelekeropo, kumtunda kwa nyini, ndi mitsempha ndi ziwalo zomwe zimazungulira ziwalozi. Ma lymph node apafupi amathanso kuchotsedwa. Mu opaleshoni yamtunduwu, sizinthu zambiri kapena / kapena ziwalo zambiri zomwe zimachotsedwa mu hysterectomy.

• Radical trachelectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa khomo pachibelekeropo, minofu yapafupi ndi ma lymph node, komanso kumtunda kwa nyini. Chiberekero ndi thumba losunga mazira sizichotsedwa.

• Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Opaleshoni yochotsa thumba losunga mazira onse komanso machubu oyambira.

• Mkwiyo wa m'mimba: Opaleshoni yochotsa m'matumbo, m'matumbo, ndi m'chikhodzodzo. Khomo lachiberekero, nyini, thumba losunga mazira, ndi ma lymph node omwe ali pafupi nawonso amachotsedwa. Malo otsegulira (stoma) amapangidwira mkodzo ndi chopondapo kutuluka kuchokera mthupi kupita kuchikwama chosonkhanitsira. Opaleshoni yapulasitiki ingafunike kuti apange nyini yokumba pambuyo pa opaleshoniyi.

Thandizo la radiation

Thandizo la radiation ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray amphamvu kapena mitundu ina ya radiation kuti iphe ma cell a khansa kapena kuti asakule. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala a radiation:

• Mankhwala ochiritsira akunja amagwiritsa ntchito makina kunja kwa thupi kuti atumize cheza chaku khansa. Njira zina zoperekera mankhwala a radiation zitha kuthandiza kuti ma radiation asawononge minofu yabwinobwino yapafupi. Mtundu uwu wa radiation umaphatikizapo izi:

• Mphamvu ya radiation-modulated radiation (IMRT): IMRT ndi mtundu wa 3-dimensional (3-D) mankhwala othandizira ma radiation omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kupanga zithunzi za kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chotupacho. Mitsinje yoonda ya mphamvu zosiyanasiyana (mphamvu) imapangidwira chotupacho m'makona ambiri.

• Njira yothandizira poizoniyu yamkati imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a radioactive otsekedwa ndi singano, njere, mawaya, kapena ma catheters omwe amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena pafupi ndi khansa.

Momwe mankhwala a radiation amaperekedwera zimadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuthandizidwa. Thandizo la radiation lakunja ndi lamkati limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya pachibelekero, ndipo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala ochepetsa ululu kuti athetse zizindikiritso ndikukhalitsa moyo wabwino.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala a khansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, mwina popha ma cell kapena kuwaletsa kuti asagawane. Chemotherapy ikamamwa pakamwa kapena kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena minofu, mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndipo amatha kufikira ma cell a khansa mthupi lonse (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy ikaikidwa molunjika m'matumbo a cerebrospinal, chiwalo, kapena thupi ngati pamimba, mankhwalawa amakhudza kwambiri ma cell a khansa m'malo amenewo (chemotherapy am'madera). Momwe chemotherapy imaperekedwa imadalira mtundu ndi gawo la khansa yomwe ikuchitidwa.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Khansa Yachiberekero kuti mumve zambiri.

Chithandizo chofuna

Chithandizo choyenera ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zinthu zina kuti azindikire ndikuukira maselo amtundu wa khansa osavulaza maselo abwinobwino.

Mankhwala a monoclonal antibody ndi mtundu wamankhwala omwe amalimbana nawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma laboratory opangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi wamthupi. Ma antibodies awa amatha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zili m'maselo a khansa kapena zinthu zabwinobwino zomwe zingathandize ma cell a khansa kukula. Ma antibodies amalumikizana ndi zinthuzo ndikupha ma cell a khansa, amalepheretsa kukula kwawo, kapena amalepheretsa kufalikira. Ma antibodies a monoclonal amaperekedwa mwa kulowetsedwa. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito okha kapena kunyamula mankhwala osokoneza bongo, poizoni, kapena zinthu zowononga radio kupita kuma cell a khansa.

Bevacizumab ndi anti-monoclonal antibody yomwe imamangirira ku protein yotchedwa vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) ndipo imatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mitsempha yatsopano yamagazi yomwe zotupa zimayenera kukula. Bevacizumab imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa ya pachibelekero yomwe yasintha (kufalikira mbali zina za thupi) ndi khansa yapachimake yabwinobwino.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Khansa Yachiberekero kuti mumve zambiri.

Chitetezo chamatenda

Immunotherapy ndi chithandizo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha mthupi cha wodwalayo kuthana ndi khansa. Zinthu zomwe thupi limapanga kapena zopangidwa mu labotale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa, kuwongolera, kapena kubwezeretsa chitetezo chamthupi cha khansa. Chithandizo cha khansa choterechi chimatchedwanso biotherapy kapena biologic therapy.

Mankhwala oteteza chitetezo cha mthupi ndi mtundu wa immunotherapy.

• Mankhwala oteteza ku chitetezo cha mthupi: PD-1 ndi mapuloteni pamwamba pa ma T omwe amathandiza kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezedwe. PD-1 ikamangirira puloteni ina yotchedwa PDL-1 pakhungu la khansa, imayimitsa T cell kuti isaphe khungu la khansa. PD-1 inhibitors amadziphatika ku PDL-1 ndikulola ma T maselo kupha ma cell a khansa. Pembrolizumab ndi mtundu wa chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa yapabanja yabwinobwino.

Chitetezo cha chitetezo cha mthupi. Mapuloteni owunika, monga PD-L1 pama cell a chotupa ndi PD-1 pama cell a T, amathandizira kuyang'anira mayankho amthupi. Kumanga kwa PD-L1 mpaka PD-1 kumapangitsa kuti ma T asaphe ma cell am'mimba (gulu lakumanzere). Kuletsa kumangiriza kwa PD-L1 mpaka PD-1 yokhala ndi chitetezo chodzitetezera (anti-PD-L1 kapena anti-PD-1) kumalola ma T maselo kupha ma cell a chotupa (gulu lamanja).

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Khansa Yachiberekero kuti mumve zambiri.

Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala zimapezeka patsamba la NCI.

Chithandizo cha khansa ya pachibelekero chingayambitse mavuto.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala obwera chifukwa cha khansa, onani tsamba lathu la Zotsatira Zotsatira.

Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

Kwa odwala ena, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa chithandizo chachipatala kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. Mayesero azachipatala ndi gawo limodzi la kafukufuku wa khansa. Mayesero azachipatala amachitika kuti apeze ngati mankhwala atsopano a khansa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito kapena abwinoko kuposa mankhwala wamba.

Njira zambiri zamankhwala zochiritsira khansa zimachokera kumayeso am'mbuyomu azachipatala. Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pachipatala atha kulandira chithandizo chofananira kapena kukhala oyamba kulandira chithandizo chatsopano.

Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazoyeserera zamankhwala amathandizanso kukonza momwe khansa idzathandizire mtsogolo. Ngakhale mayesero azachipatala satsogolera kuchipatala chatsopano, nthawi zambiri amayankha mafunso ofunikira ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku.

Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

Mayesero ena azachipatala amangophatikizapo odwala omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Mayesero ena amayesa chithandizo kwa odwala omwe khansa yawo sinakhale bwino. Palinso mayesero azachipatala omwe amayesa njira zatsopano zothetsera khansa kuti isabwererenso (kubwerera) kapena kuchepetsa zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi khansa.

Mayesero azachipatala akuchitika m'malo ambiri mdziko muno. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI zitha kupezeka patsamba lofufuza zamankhwala la NCI. Mayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena amapezeka patsamba la ClinicalTrials.gov.

Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Ena mwa mayesero omwe adachitika kuti apeze khansa kapena kuti adziwe momwe khansa iliri angabwerezedwenso. Mayesero ena adzabwerezedwa kuti awone momwe mankhwalawa akugwirira ntchito. Zisankho zakuti mupitilize, kusintha, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo zitha kutengera zotsatira za mayeso awa.

Kuyesaku kumangopitilira kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mankhwala atatha. Zotsatira zamayesowa zitha kuwonetsa ngati vuto lanu lasintha kapena ngati khansa yabwereranso (bwererani). Mayesowa nthawi zina amatchedwa kuyesa kutsata kapena kukayezetsa.

Dokotala wanu akufunsani ngati muli ndi zizindikilo kapena zizindikilo izi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti khansa yabwerera:

• Ululu m'mimba, kumbuyo, kapena mwendo.

• Kutupa mwendo.

• Kuvuta kukodza.

• Tsokomola.

• Kumva kutopa.

Kwa khansa ya pachibelekero, kuyezetsa komwe kumachitika kawiri kawiri kumachitika miyezi itatu kapena inayi pazaka ziwiri zoyambirira, ndikutsatiridwa ndikuwunika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Kufufuzaku kumaphatikizapo mbiri yathanzi komanso kuyezetsa thupi kuti muwone ngati ali ndi khansa ya khomo lachiberekero komanso zotsatira za mankhwalawa.

Njira Zothandizira ndi Gawo

M'chigawo chino

• Carcinoma ku Situ

• Gawo IA Khansa Yachiberekero

• Magawo IB ndi IIA Khansa Yachiberekero

• Magawo IIB, III, ndi IVA Cervical Cancer

• Gawo la Khansa Yachiberekero Yachiberekero

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Carcinoma ku Situ

Chithandizo cha carcinoma in situ chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Conization, monga ozizira mpeni conization, kuzungulira electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), kapena laser opaleshoni.

• Hysterectomy ya azimayi omwe sangathe kapena sakufunanso kukhala ndi ana. Izi zimachitika pokhapokha ngati chotupacho sichingachotsedwe kwathunthu.

• Thandizo la radiation lamkati la azimayi omwe sangachite opareshoni.

Gawo IA Khansa Yachiberekero

Khansa ya khomo lachiberekero ya IA imasiyanitsidwa ndi IA1 ndi IA2.

Chithandizo cha gawo IA1 chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Conization.

• Chiwombankhanga chonse chokhala ndi salpingo-oophorectomy kapena popanda mayiko awiri.

Chithandizo cha gawo IA2 chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kusinthidwa kwakukulu kwa hysterectomy ndikuchotsa ma lymph node.

• Wopambana trachelectomy.

• Thandizo la radiation lamkati la azimayi omwe sangachite opareshoni.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Magawo IB ndi IIA Khansa Yachiberekero

Chithandizo cha gawo IB komanso khansa yachiwiri ya khomo lachiberekero ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo la radiation ndi chemotherapy yoperekedwa nthawi yomweyo.

• Kutsekeka kwapadera ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ma lymph node okhala ndi mankhwala a radiation m'chiuno, kapena chemotherapy.

• Wopambana trachelectomy.

• Chemotherapy kenako opaleshoni.

• Thandizo la radiation lokha.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Magawo IIB, III, ndi IVA Cervical Cancer

Kuchiza kwa gawo IIB, gawo III, ndi khansa ya khomo lachiberekero IVA itha kuphatikizira izi:

• Thandizo la radiation ndi chemotherapy yoperekedwa nthawi yomweyo.

• Opaleshoni yochotsa ma lymph node pelvic kenako ndi mankhwala a radiation kapena chemotherapy.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy kuti muchepetse chotupacho kenako ndikuchitidwa opaleshoni.

• Kuyesedwa kwamankhwala a chemotherapy ndi ma radiation omwe amaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo, kenako chemotherapy.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Gawo la Khansa Yachiberekero Yachiberekero

Kuchiza kwa khansa ya khomo lachiberekero la IVB kungaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo la radiation ngati mankhwala ochepetsa nkhawa kuti athetse zovuta zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi khansa ndikusintha moyo.

• Chemotherapy ndi chithandizo chofunikira.

• Chemotherapy monga mankhwala ochepetsa nkhawa kuti athetse zovuta zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi khansa ndikusintha moyo.

• Kuyesedwa kwamankhwala kwamankhwala atsopano a anticancer kapena kuphatikiza mankhwala.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Khansa Yachiberekero Yakubwereza

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Chithandizo cha khansara yobwerezabwereza chitha kukhala ndi izi:

• Chitetezo chamatenda.

• Thandizo la radiation ndi chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy ndi chithandizo chofunikira.

• Chemotherapy monga mankhwala ochepetsa nkhawa kuti athetse zovuta zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi khansa ndikusintha moyo.

• Kukwiya kwam'mimba.

• Kuyesedwa kwamankhwala kwamankhwala atsopano a anticancer kapena kuphatikiza mankhwala.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

M'chigawo chino

• Zambiri Zokhudza Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

• Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Khansa Yachiberekero Pakati Pathupi

• Carcinoma mu Situ Pakati pa Mimba

• Gawo I Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

• Gawo lachiwiri, III, ndi IV Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

Zambiri Zokhudza Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

Chithandizo cha khansa ya pachibelekero panthawi yoyembekezera chimadalira gawo la khansa komanso kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe wodwalayo ali ndi pakati. Kuyesedwa kwa biopsy ndi kulingalira kungachitike kuti mudziwe gawo la matendawa. Pofuna kupewa kuti mwana atenge poizoniyu, kugwiritsa ntchito MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Khansa Yachiberekero Pakati Pathupi

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Carcinoma mu Situ Pakati pa Mimba

Kawirikawiri, palibe chithandizo chofunikira pa carcinoma in situ panthawi yoyembekezera. Colposcopy itha kuchitidwa kuti ifufuze khansa yowopsa.

Gawo I Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

Amayi apakati omwe ali ndi gawo lochepera pang'onopang'ono khansa ya khomo lachiberekero imatha kuchedwetsa chithandizo mpaka trimester yachiwiri yapakati kapena atabereka.

Amayi apakati omwe akukula msanga khansa ya khomo lachiberekero angafunikire chithandizo mwachangu. Chithandizo chingaphatikizepo:

• Conization.

• Wopambana trachelectomy.

Amayi ayenera kuyezetsa kuti adziwe ngati khansara yafalikira ku ma lymph node. Ngati khansara yafalikira kumatenda am'mimba, angafunikire chithandizo mwachangu.

Gawo lachiwiri, III, ndi IV Khansa ya M'chiberekero Pakati Pathupi

Chithandizo cha gawo lachiwiri, gawo lachitatu, ndi khansa ya khansa ya khomo lachiberekero panthawi yapakati ingaphatikizepo izi:

• Chemotherapy yochepetsera chotupacho mu trimester yachiwiri kapena yachitatu ya mimba. Opaleshoni kapena radiation imatha kuchitika pambuyo pobereka.

• Thandizo la radiation komanso chemotherapy. Lankhulani ndi adotolo za zotsatira za radiation pa mwana wosabadwayo. Kungakhale kofunika kuthetsa mimba mankhwala asanayambe.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za khansa ya pachibelekero

Kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku National Cancer Institute yokhudza khansa ya pachibelekero, onani izi:

• Tsamba Lapansi La Khansa Yachiberekero

• Kupewa Khansa ya M'chiberekero

• Kuwunika Khansa Yachiberekero

• Khansa Yachilendo Ya Chithandizo Chaubwana

• Mankhwala Ovomerezeka pa Khansa ya M'chiberekero

• Lasers mu Chithandizo cha Khansa

• Kumvetsetsa Kusintha Kwachiberekero: Upangiri Wathanzi Kwa Akazi

• Katemera wa Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

• Kuyesedwa kwa HPV ndi Pap

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku National Cancer Institute, onani izi:

• Za Khansa

• Kusinthana

• Chemotherapy and You: Kuthandiza Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Khansa

• Thandizo la Radiation ndi Inu: Thandizo kwa Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Khansa

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso oti mufunse dokotala wanu za khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira