Mitundu / ubongo / wodwala / wamkulu-ubongo-chithandizo-pdq

Chithandizo cha Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment (®) -Patient Version

Zambiri Zaotupa Achikulire Apakati Mitsempha

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Chotupa chachikulu cha dongosolo lamanjenje ndi matenda omwe maselo osadziwika amapangika m'matumba aubongo ndi / kapena msana.

• Chotupa chomwe chimayambira mbali ina ya thupi ndikufalikira kuubongo chimatchedwa chotupa chaubongo cha metastatic.

• Ubongo umayang'anira ntchito zambiri zofunika m'thupi.

• Msana wamphongo umalumikiza ubongo ndi mitsempha m'malo ambiri amthupi.

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

• Zotupa za Astrocytic

• Zotupa za Oligodendroglial

• Gliomas osakaniza

• Zotupa za Ependymal

• Medulloblastomas

• Matenda A Pineal Parenchymal

• Zotupa za Meningeal

• Majeremusi Cell Tumors

• Craniopharyngioma (Gawo I)

• Kukhala ndi ma syndromes amtundu wina kumatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha chotupa chapakati chamanjenje.

• Zomwe zimayambitsa matumbo akulu akulu ndi msana sizidziwika.

• Zizindikiro za ubongo wa akulu ndi zotupa za msana sizofanana mwa munthu aliyense.

• Kuyesa komwe kumayesa ubongo ndi msana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

• Biopsy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira chotupa chaubongo.

• Nthawi zina kuyezetsa magazi kapena kuchita opaleshoni sikungachitike.

• Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Chotupa chachikulu cha dongosolo lamanjenje ndi matenda omwe maselo osadziwika amapangika m'matumba aubongo ndi / kapena msana.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana. Zotupazo zimapangidwa ndikukula kwakanthawi kwamaselo ndipo zimatha kuyamba m'malo osiyanasiyana aubongo kapena msana. Pamodzi, ubongo ndi msana zimapanga dongosolo lamanjenje (CNS).

Zotupazo zitha kukhala zoyipa (osati khansa) kapena zoyipa (khansa):

• Zotupa zaubongo wa Benign ndi msana zimakula ndikusindikiza madera oyandikira aubongo. Nthawi zambiri zimafalikira m'matumba ena ndipo zimatha kubwerera (kubwerera).

• Zotupa zaubongo ndi msana zimatha kukula msanga ndikufalikira m'minyewa ina yaubongo.

Chotupa chikamakula kapena kukanikiza malo amubongo, chimatha kuletsa gawo limenelo la ubongo kugwira ntchito momwe liyenera kukhalira. Zotupa zonse zaubongo komanso zoyipa zimayambitsa zizindikilo ndipo zimafunikira chithandizo.

Zotupa zamaubongo ndi msana zimatha kuchitika pakati pa akulu ndi ana. Komabe, chithandizo cha ana chingakhale chosiyana ndi chithandizo cha akulu. (Onani chidule cha pa Ubongo wa Ana ndi Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment mwachidule kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala a ana.)

Kuti mumve zambiri za lymphoma yomwe imayamba muubongo, onani mwachidule pa Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment.

Chotupa chomwe chimayambira mbali ina ya thupi ndikufalikira kuubongo chimatchedwa chotupa chaubongo cha metastatic.

Zotupa zomwe zimayambira mu ubongo zimatchedwa zotupa zoyambirira zamaubongo. Zotupa zoyambirira zaubongo zimatha kufalikira mbali zina zaubongo kapena msana. Kawirikawiri samafalikira ku ziwalo zina za thupi.

Nthawi zambiri, zotupa zomwe zimapezeka muubongo zimayambira kwinakwake mthupi ndikufalikira mbali imodzi kapena zingapo zaubongo. Izi zimatchedwa zotupa zaubongo zama metastatic (kapena metastases yaubongo). Zotupa zamaubongo zama metastatic ndizofala kwambiri kuposa zotupa zoyambirira zamaubongo.

Mpaka theka la zotupa zama ubongo zomwe zimachokera ku khansa yamapapo. Mitundu ina ya khansa yomwe imafalikira ku ubongo ndi iyi:

• Khansa ya pakhungu.

• Khansa ya m'mawere.

• Khansa ya m'matumbo.

• Khansa ya impso.

• Khansa ya Nasopharyngeal.

• Khansa ya tsamba losadziwika.

Khansa imatha kufalikira kuma leptomeninges (nembanemba ziwiri zamkati zophimba ubongo ndi msana). Izi zimatchedwa leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Khansa yofala kwambiri yomwe imafalikira kuma leptomeninges ndi awa:

• Khansa ya m'mawere.

• Khansa ya m'mapapo.

• Khansa ya m'magazi.

• Lymphoma.

Onani zotsatirazi kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku yokhudza khansa yomwe imafalikira kuubongo kapena msana:

• Chithandizo cha Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment

• Chithandizo Cha Akulu Chopanda Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Chithandizo cha Khansa ya m'mawere (Wamkulu)

• Carcinoma ya Unknown Primary Treatment

• Chithandizo cha Khansa ya Colon

• Tsamba la Khansa ya m'magazi

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya khansa

• Chithandizo cha khansa ya Nasopharyngeal (Wamkulu)

• Chithandizo cha Khansa ya M'mapapo Yaying'ono

• Kuchiza Khansa Yam'magazi Amphongo

• Kuchiza Khansa Yaing'ono Yam'mapapo

Ubongo umayang'anira ntchito zambiri zofunika m'thupi.

Ubongo uli ndi magawo atatu akulu:

Cerebrum ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri muubongo. Ili pamwamba pamutu. Ubongo umawongolera kulingalira, kuphunzira, kuthana ndi mavuto, momwe akumvera, kulankhula, kuwerenga, kulemba, komanso kuyenda mwakufuna kwanu.

• Cerebellum ili kumapeto kwenikweni kwaubongo (pafupi ndi pakati pamutu). Imayang'anira kuyenda, kusamala, ndi kukhazikika.

• Tsinde laubongo limalumikiza ubongo ndi msana. Ili m'mbali yotsika kwambiri yaubongo (pamwambapa kumbuyo kwa khosi). Ubongo

• tsinde limayang'anira kupuma, kugunda kwa mtima, komanso misempha ndi minofu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwona, kumva, kuyenda, kulankhula, ndi kudya.

Anatomy yaubongo yowonetsa cerebrum, ma ventricles (okhala ndi cerebrospinal fluid yowonetsedwa yabuluu), cerebellum, tsinde laubongo (pons ndi medulla), ndi mbali zina zaubongo.

Msana wamphongo umalumikiza ubongo ndi mitsempha m'malo ambiri amthupi.

Msana wam'mimba ndi ulusi waminyewa yomwe imachokera kuubongo kutsikira pakati pakumbuyo. Imakutidwa ndi zigawo zitatu zoyonda zotchedwa nembanemba. Nembanemba Izi azunguliridwa ndi vertebrae (kumbuyo mafupa). Mitsempha ya msana imanyamula mauthenga pakati pa ubongo ndi thupi lonse, monga uthenga wochokera kuubongo wopangitsa kuti minofu isunthe kapena uthenga wochokera pakhungu kupita kuubongo kuti umve kukhudza.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

Zotupa zamaubongo ndi msana zimatchulidwa potengera mtundu wamaselo omwe adapangidwira komanso pomwe chotupacho chidayamba mu CNS. Mulingo wa chotupa ungagwiritsidwe ntchito posiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yocheperako komanso yofulumira ya chotupacho. Masukulu otupa a World Health Organisation (WHO) amatengera momwe maselo a khansa amawonekera modabwitsa ndi microscope komanso momwe chotupacho chimakula ndikufalikira mwachangu.

Njira Yotupa Yotupa ya WHO

• Gawo I (low grade) - Maselo otupa amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino pansi pa microscope ndipo amakula ndikufalikira pang'onopang'ono kuposa ma cell cell a II, III, ndi IV. Kawirikawiri sizimafalikira m'matumba oyandikana nawo. Zotupa zamaubongo za Gulu I zitha kuchiritsidwa ngati zingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

• Gawo Lachiwiri - Maselo otupa amakula ndikufalikira pang'onopang'ono kuposa ma cell a chotupa a III ndi IV. Zitha kufalikira m'minyewa yapafupi ndipo zitha kubwereranso (kubwerera). Zotupa zina zimatha kukhala chotupa chapamwamba kwambiri.

• Gawo Lachitatu - Maselo otupa amawoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi maselo abwinobwino omwe amakhala pansi pa microscope ndipo amakula mwachangu kuposa ma cell a chotupa a I ndi II. Zitha kufalikira munyama zapafupi.

• Kalasi IV (masukulu apamwamba) - Maselo otupa samawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino pansi pa microscope ndipo amakula ndikufalikira mwachangu kwambiri. Pakhoza kukhala madera amtundu wakufa pachotupacho. Zotupa za Gulu la IV nthawi zambiri sizingachiritsidwe.

Mitundu yotsatirayi ya zotupa zimatha kupanga muubongo kapena msana:

Zotupa za Astrocytic

Chotupa cha astrocytic chimayamba m'maselo abongo ooneka ngati nyenyezi otchedwa astrocyte, omwe amathandiza kuti maselo amitsempha akhale athanzi. A astrocyte ndi mtundu wamtundu wamphongo. Maselo amadzimadzi nthawi zina amapanga zotupa zotchedwa gliomas. Zotupa za Astrocytic ndi izi:

• Brain stem glioma (nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkulu): Mtundu wa ubongo umayambitsa glioma mu tsinde laubongo, lomwe ndi gawo laubongo wolumikizidwa ndi msana. Nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotupa chapamwamba kwambiri, chomwe chimafalikira kwambiri kudzera mu tsinde laubongo ndipo chimakhala chovuta kuchiza. Maginito am'magazi samapezeka mwa akulu. (Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Ubongo Stem Glioma Treatment kuti mumve zambiri.)

• Pineal astrocytic chotupa (kalasi iliyonse): Chotupa cha pineal astrocytic chimapangidwa munyama mozungulira peal gland ndipo chimatha kukhala chilichonse. Gland ya pineal ndi chiwalo chaching'ono muubongo chomwe chimapanga melatonin, timadzi timene timathandizira kuyendetsa magonedwe ndi kugona.

• Pilocytic astrocytoma (kalasi I): A pilocytic astrocytoma imakula pang'onopang'ono muubongo kapena msana. Zitha kukhala ngati chotupa ndipo sizimafalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Ma pilocytic astrocytomas nthawi zambiri amatha kuchiritsidwa.

• Astrocytoma (grade II): Astrocytoma yofalikira imakula pang'onopang'ono, koma imafalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino. Nthawi zina, matenda a astrocytoma amatha kuchiritsidwa. Amatchedwanso astrocytoma yotsika kwambiri.

• Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III): Anaplastic astrocytoma imakula msanga ndikufalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka mosiyana ndi maselo abwinobwino. Chotupa chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri sichitha. An anaplastic astrocytoma amatchedwanso malignant astrocytoma kapena high-grade astrocytoma.

• Glioblastoma (grade IV): Glioblastoma imakula ndikufalikira mwachangu kwambiri. Maselo otupa amawoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi maselo abwinobwino. Chotupa chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri sichitha. Amatchedwanso glioblastoma multiforme.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Astrocytomas Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za ma astrocytomas mwa ana.

Zotupa za Oligodendroglial

Chotupa cha oligodendroglial chimayamba m'maselo aubongo otchedwa oligodendrocyte, omwe amathandiza kuti maselo amitsempha akhale athanzi. Oligodendrocyte ndi mtundu wamtundu wam'manja. Oligodendrocyte nthawi zina amapanga zotupa zotchedwa oligodendrogliomas. Maphunziro a zotupa za oligodendroglial ndi awa:

• Oligodendroglioma (grade II): Oligodendroglioma imakula pang'onopang'ono, koma imafalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino. Nthawi zina, oligodendroglioma imatha kuchiritsidwa.

• Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (grade III): Anollodendroglioma ya anaplastic imakula mwachangu ndikufalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka mosiyana ndi maselo abwinobwino. Chotupa chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri sichitha.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Astrocytomas Chithandizo cha ana kuti mumve zambiri za zotupa za oligodendroglial mwa ana.

Gliomas osakaniza

Glioma wosakanikirana ndi chotupa chaubongo chomwe chimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya zotupa m'menemo - oligodendrocyte ndi ma astrocyte. Chotupa choterechi chimatchedwa oligoastrocytoma.

• Oligoastrocytoma (kalasi yachiwiri): Oligoastrocytoma ndi chotupa chokula pang'onopang'ono. Maselo otupa amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino. Nthawi zina, oligoastrocytoma imatha kuchiritsidwa.

• Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (grade III): Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma imakula mwachangu ndikufalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka mosiyana ndi maselo abwinobwino. Chotupachi chimakhala choipa kwambiri kuposa oligoastrocytoma (grade II).

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Astrocytomas Chithandizo cha zambiri kuti mumve zambiri za ma gliomas osakanikirana mwa ana.

Zotupa za Ependymal

Chotupa cha ependymal chimayamba m'maselo omwe amayala malo amadzimadzi mu ubongo komanso mozungulira msana. Chotupa cha ependymal chingathenso kutchedwa ependymoma. Maphunziro a ependymomas ndi awa:

• Ependymoma (grade I kapena II): Gawo 1 kapena II ependymoma limakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo limakhala ndi maselo omwe amawoneka ngati maselo abwinobwino. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kalasi yoyamba ependymoma - myxopapillary ependymoma ndi subependymoma. Gulu lachiwiri la ependymoma limakula mu ventricle (malo odzaza madzi muubongo) ndi njira zake zolumikizira kapena mumtsempha wa msana. Nthawi zina, gawo la I kapena II ependymoma limatha kuchiritsidwa.

• Anaplastic ependymoma (grade III): Anaplastic ependymoma imakula msanga ndikufalikira m'matumba oyandikira. Maselo otupa amawoneka mosiyana ndi maselo abwinobwino. Chotupa chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi vuto loyipa kuposa gawo la I kapena II ependymoma.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Ependymoma Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za ependymoma mwa ana.

Medulloblastomas

Medulloblastoma ndi mtundu wa chotupa cha m'mimba. Medulloblastomas amapezeka kwambiri mwa ana kapena achikulire.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za medulloblastomas mwa ana.

Matenda A Pineal Parenchymal

Pineal parenchymal chotupa chimapangidwa m'maselo a parenchymal kapena painiocyte, omwe ndi maselo omwe amapanga gawo lalikulu la pineal gland. Zotupa izi ndizosiyana ndi zotupa za pineal astrocytic. Magulu a zotupa za parenchymal zotupa zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Pineocytoma (kalasi yachiwiri): Pineocytoma ndi chotupa chomwe chimakula pang'onopang'ono.

• Pineoblastoma (kalasi IV): Pineoblastoma ndi chotupa chosowa chomwe chimafalikira.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za pineal parenchymal zotupa mwa ana.

Zotupa za Meningeal

Chotupa cha meningeal, chomwe chimatchedwanso meningioma, chimapangidwa m'mamimba (zigawo zochepa za minofu yomwe imaphimba ubongo ndi msana). Amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaubongo kapena ma cell a msana. Meningiomas amapezeka kwambiri kwa akuluakulu. Mitundu ya zotupa zotsekemera zimaphatikizapo izi:

• Meningioma (kalasi I): Gawo I meningioma ndilo mtundu wofala kwambiri wa chotupa cha meningeal. Gawo I meningioma ndi chotupa chokula pang'onopang'ono. Zimakhala nthawi zambiri nthawi yayitali. Kalasi yoyamba ya meningioma imatha kuchiritsidwa ngati ingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

• Meningioma (grade II and III): Ichi ndi chotupa chosowa cha meningeal. Imakula msanga ndipo imatha kufalikira muubongo ndi msana. Matendawa ndi oyipa kuposa grade I meningioma chifukwa chotupacho nthawi zambiri sichingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

Hemangiopericytoma si chotupa cha meningeal koma imachiritsidwa ngati grade II kapena III meningioma. Hemangiopericytoma nthawi zambiri imakhalapo nthawi yayitali. Matendawa ndi oyipa kuposa grade I meningioma chifukwa chotupacho nthawi zambiri sichingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

Majeremusi Cell Tumors

Chotupa chokhala ndi majeremusi chimapangidwa m'maselo a majeremusi, omwe ndi maselo omwe amasanduka umuna mwa amuna kapena ova (mazira) mwa akazi. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotupa zamagulu anyongolosi. Izi zimaphatikizapo ma germinomas, teratomas, embryonal yolk sac carcinomas, ndi choriocarcinomas. Zilonda zam'magazi zimatha kukhala zoyipa kapena zoyipa.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri zamatenda am'magazi amwana muubongo.

Craniopharyngioma (Gawo I)

Craniopharyngioma ndi chotupa chosowa chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala pakatikati pa ubongo pamwamba pamatenda am'mimba (chiwalo chazakudya chomwe chimakhala pansi paubongo chomwe chimayang'anira ma gland ena). Craniopharyngiomas imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaubongo kapena ma cell a msana.

Onani chidule cha pa Chithandizo cha Childhood Craniopharyngioma Chithandizo kuti mumve zambiri za craniopharyngioma mwa ana.

Kukhala ndi ma syndromes amtundu wina kumatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha chotupa chapakati chamanjenje.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakulitsa mwayi wanu wodwala chimatchedwa chiopsezo. Kukhala ndi chiwopsezo sikutanthauza kuti udzakhala ndi khansa; kusakhala ndi zoopsa sikutanthauza kuti simudzakhala ndi khansa. Lankhulani ndi dokotala ngati mukuganiza kuti mutha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Pali zochepa zoopsa zomwe zimayambitsa zotupa zamaubongo. Zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha mitundu ina ya zotupa zamaubongo:

• Kudziwika ndi vinyl chloride kumatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha glioma.

• Kutenga kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr, kukhala ndi Edzi (yomwe imapeza matenda a immunodeficiency syndrome), kapena kulandira chiwalo cha thupi kungapangitse chiopsezo cha CNS lymphoma. (Onani chidule cha pa Primary CNS Lymphoma kuti mumve zambiri.)

• Kukhala ndi ma syndromes amtundu wina kumatha kuwonjezera ziwopsezo zotenga ubongo:

• Mtundu wa Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) kapena 2 (NF2).

• Matenda a von Hippel-Lindau.

• Tuberous sclerosis.

• Matenda a Li-Fraumeni.

• Mtundu wa Turcot mtundu 1 kapena 2.

• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matumbo akulu akulu ndi msana sizidziwika.

Zizindikiro za ubongo wa akulu ndi zotupa za msana sizofanana mwa munthu aliyense.

Zizindikiro zimadalira izi:

• Kumene chotupacho chimapanga muubongo kapena msana.

• Zomwe gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi ubongo limayang'anira.

• Kukula kwa chotupacho.

Zizindikiro zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi zotupa za CNS kapena zinthu zina, kuphatikiza khansa yomwe yafalikira kuubongo. Funsani dokotala ngati muli ndi izi:

Zizindikiro Zotupa Ubongo

• Mutu wam'mawa kapena mutu womwe umatha pambuyo posanza.

• Kugwidwa.

• Masomphenya, kumva, ndi kulankhula.

• Kutaya njala.

• Pafupipafupi kunyansidwa ndi kusanza.

• Zosintha umunthu, malingaliro, kuthekera, kapena machitidwe.

• Kutayika bwino komanso kuyenda movutikira.

• Kufooka.

• Kugona kwachilendo kapena kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito.

Matenda a Msana Zizindikiro Zotupa

• Ululu wammbuyo kapena ululu womwe umafalikira kuchokera kumbuyo kupita m'manja kapena miyendo.

• Kusintha kwa zizolowezi za matumbo kapena vuto kukodza.

• Kufooka kapena dzanzi m'manja kapena m'miyendo.

• Kuvuta kuyenda.

Kuyesa komwe kumayesa ubongo ndi msana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi mbiri: Kuyesedwa kwa thupi kuti muwone zizindikiritso zaumoyo, kuphatikiza kuyang'ana ngati pali matenda, monga zotupa kapena china chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chachilendo. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso matenda am'mbuyomu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala adzachitidwanso.

• Kuyesa kwamitsempha: Mafunso ndi mayeso angapo owunika ubongo, msana, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha. Mayesowa amawunika momwe munthu amaganizira, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe angayendere bwino, komanso momwe minofu, mphamvu, ndi malingaliro zimagwirira ntchito. Izi amathanso kutchedwa mayeso a neuro kapena mayeso a neurologic.

• Kuyeza kwamasamba owonera: Kuyesa kuti muwone momwe munthu akuwonera (madera onse momwe zinthu zimawonedwera). Kuyesaku kumayang'ana masomphenya apakati (kuchuluka kwa zomwe munthu angawone poyang'ana kutsogolo) ndi masomphenya ozungulira (momwe munthu amatha kuwona mbali zonse kwinaku akuyang'ana patsogolo). Kutaya kulikonse kwamaso kumatha kukhala chizindikiro cha chotupa chomwe chawononga kapena kupondereza mbali zaubongo zomwe zimakhudza kuwona.

• Chizindikiro cha chotupa: Njira yomwe magazi amayesa, mkodzo, kapena minofu imayang'aniridwa kuti izindikire kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi ziwalo, zotupa, kapena zotupa mthupi. Zinthu zina zimalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya khansa ikapezeka m'magulu owonjezeka mthupi. Izi zimatchedwa zolembera zotupa. Mayesowa angachitike kuti mupeze chotupa cha majeremusi.

• Kuyesa kwa Gene: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe maselo kapena minofu imawunikiridwa kuti ifufuze zosintha zamatenda kapena ma chromosomes. Zosinthazi zitha kukhala chizindikiro choti munthu ali kapena ali pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi matenda kapena vuto linalake.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Njira yomwe imapanga zithunzi zingapo zamatupi amthupi, zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Zithunzizo zimapangidwa ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi makina a x-ray. Utoto ukhoza kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena kumeza kuti ziwalo kapena ziwalo ziwoneke bwino. Njirayi imatchedwanso computed tomography, kompyuta tomography, kapena kompyuta axial tomography.

Kuwerengedwa kwa ubongo wa computed tomography (CT). Wodwalayo amagona patebulo lomwe limadutsa mu makina a CT, omwe amatenga zithunzi za x-ray zaubongo.

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) yokhala ndi gadolinium: Njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maginito, mafunde a wailesi, ndi kompyuta kuti ipange zithunzi zingapo zaubongo ndi msana. Chinthu chotchedwa gadolinium chimalowetsedwa mumtsempha. Gadolinium imasonkhanitsa mozungulira maselo a khansa kuti athe kuwonekera pachithunzichi. Njirayi imatchedwanso nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). MRI imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zotupa mumtsempha wamtsempha. Nthawi zina njira yotchedwa magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) imachitika panthawi ya MRI scan. MRS imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zotupa, kutengera momwe amapangira mankhwala.

• SPECT scan (single photon emission computed tomography scan): Njira yopezera zotupa muubongo. Kamodzi kochepa ka mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito radioak jakisoni mumatumbo kapena kupumira mphuno. Pamene chinthucho chimadutsa m'magazi, kamera imazungulira mutu ndikujambula zithunzi za ubongo. Kompyutala imagwiritsa ntchito zithunzizo kupanga chithunzi cha 3-dimensional (3-D) chaubongo. Pakhala kuchulukira kwa magazi ndi zochitika zambiri kumadera komwe maselo a khansa akukula. Maderawa adzawala bwino pachithunzichi.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Njira yopezera maselo oyipa mthupi. Gulu laling'ono la shuga (radio) limabayidwa mumtsempha. Chojambulira cha PET chimazungulira thupi ndikupanga chithunzi cha komwe glucose imagwiritsidwa ntchito muubongo. Maselo otupa owopsa amawonekera pachithunzichi chifukwa amakhala otanganidwa ndipo amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira. PET imagwiritsidwa ntchito posiyanitsa pakati pa chotupa choyambirira ndi chotupa chomwe chafalikira kuubongo kuchokera kwina kulikonse mthupi.

PET (positron emission tomography) sikani. Wodwala amagona patebulo lomwe limadutsa makina a PET. Kupuma kwamutu ndi zingwe zoyera kumathandiza wodwalayo kugona. Kagawidwe kakang'ono ka shuga (radio) kamene kamabayidwa mu mtsempha wa wodwalayo, ndipo sikani yake imapanga chithunzi cha komwe shugawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mthupi. Maselo a khansa amawonekera bwino pachithunzichi chifukwa amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira.

Biopsy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira chotupa chaubongo.

Ngati kuyesa kujambula kumawonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala chotupa muubongo, nthawi zambiri zimachitika. Chimodzi mwazinthu zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• Stereotactic biopsy: Pamene kuyerekezera kwa ziwonetsero kumawonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala chotupa mkati mwaubongo movutikira kuti chifike, chidziwitso chaubongo chitha kuchitidwa. Biopsy yamtunduwu imagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta komanso chida chojambulira cha 3-D (3-D) kuti ipeze chotupacho ndikuwongolera singano yogwiritsira ntchito kuchotsa mnofuwo. Chotupitsa chaching'ono chimapangidwa pamutu ndipo kabowo kakang'ono kakuboola kudzera mu chigaza. Singano yolowetsedwa imalowetsedwa kudzera mu dzenje kuti ichotse maselo kapena ziphuphu kuti ziwoneke pansi pa microscope ndi wodwalayo kuti aone ngati ali ndi khansa.

• Tsegulani biopsy: Pamene kuyerekezera kwa ziwonetsero kumawonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala chotupa chomwe chitha kuchotsedwa mwa opaleshoni, biopsy yotseguka imatha kuchitika. Mbali ya chigaza imachotsedwa mu opaleshoni yotchedwa craniotomy. Chitsanzo cha minofu yaubongo chimachotsedwa ndikuwonedwa ndi microscope ndi wodwala. Ngati maselo a khansa apezeka, chotupa china kapena chotupa chonse chimatha kuchotsedwa pakuchita opareshoni komweko. Kuyesedwa kumachitika asanachitike opareshoni kuti apeze madera ozungulira chotupacho omwe ndi ofunikira kuti ubongo ugwire bwino ntchito. Palinso njira zoyesera ubongo kugwira ntchito panthawi yochita opaleshoni. Dokotala adzagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za mayesowa kuti achotse chotupacho momwe zingathere ndikuwononga minofu yabwinobwino muubongo.

Craniotomy: Chotsegula chimapangidwa ndi chigaza ndipo chidutswa cha chigaza chimachotsedwa kuti chiwonetse gawo laubongo.

Wodwala amayang'ana mtundu wa biopsy kuti adziwe mtundu wa chotupa chaubongo. Mulingo wa chotupacho umadalira momwe ma chotupawo amawonekera pansi pa microscope komanso momwe chotupacho chimakula ndikufalikira mwachangu.

Mayesero otsatirawa atha kuchitidwa pamatumbo omwe amachotsedwa:

• Immunohistochemistry: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito ma antibodies kuti aone ngati ali ndi ma antigen (zolembera) muzitsanzo za minofu ya wodwala. Ma antibodies nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi enzyme kapena utoto wa fulorosenti. Ma antibodies atagwirizana ndi antigen inayake munthawi ya minofu, enzyme kapena utoto umayambitsidwa, ndipo antigen imatha kuwonedwa ndi microscope. Mayeso amtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kuzindikira khansa ndikuthandizira kudziwa khansa yamtundu wina wa khansa.

• Ma microscopy ya kuwala ndi elektroni: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe ma cell amtundu wa minofu amawonedwa pansi pa microscopic yanthawi zonse komanso yamphamvu kwambiri kuti asinthe kusintha m'maselo.

• Kusanthula kwa cytogenetic: Kuyesa kwa labotale komwe ma chromosomes am'magazi omwe ali munthawi ya minofu yaubongo amawerengedwa ndikuwunika ngati pali kusintha kulikonse, monga kusweka, kusowa, kukonzedwanso, kapena ma chromosomes owonjezera. Kusintha kwa ma chromosomes ena kungakhale chizindikiro cha khansa. Kusanthula kwa cytogenetic kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuzindikira khansa, kukonzekera chithandizo, kapena kudziwa momwe chithandizo chikuyendera.

Nthawi zina kuyezetsa magazi kapena kuchita opaleshoni sikungachitike.

Kwa zotupa zina, biopsy kapena opareshoni sizingachitike mosamala chifukwa chakomwe chotupacho chidapangidwa muubongo kapena msana. Zotupa izi zimapezeka ndikuchiritsidwa kutengera zotsatira zoyesa kujambula ndi njira zina.

Nthawi zina zotsatira za mayesero ojambula ndi njira zina zimasonyeza kuti chotupacho chimakhala chosaopsa ndipo chidziwitso sichinachitike.

Zinthu zina zimakhudzanso madandaulo (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala.

Kulosera (mwayi wochira) ndi njira zamankhwala zotengera m'matumbo oyambira ndi msana zimadalira izi:

• Mtundu ndi chotupa cha chotupacho.

• Kumene chotupacho chili muubongo kapena msana.

• Kaya chotupacho chingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

• Kaya maselo a khansa amakhalabe pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni.

• Kaya pali kusintha kwina kwama chromosomes.

• Kaya khansa yapezeka kumene kapena yabwereranso (bwererani).

• Thanzi labwino la wodwalayo.

Kudziwikiratu ndi njira zamankhwala zamatenda am'mimba ndi zotupa za msana zimadalira izi:

• Kaya pali zotupa zoposa ziwiri muubongo kapena msana.

• Kumene chotupacho chili muubongo kapena msana.

• Momwe chotupacho chimayankhira kuchipatala.

• Kaya chotupacho chimapitilira kukula kapena kufalikira.

Magawo Amatenda Aakulu Aakulu Aakulu

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Palibe njira yokhazikika ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

• Kuyesa kuyerekezera kumatha kubwerezedwa pambuyo pa opareshoni kuti athandizire kukonza mankhwala ambiri.

Palibe njira yokhazikika ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana.

Kukula kapena kufalikira kwa khansa nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa ngati magawo. Palibe njira yokhazikika ya zotupa zaubongo ndi msana. Zotupa zamaubongo zomwe zimayambira muubongo zimatha kufalikira mbali zina zaubongo ndi msana, koma sizimafalikira mbali zina za thupi. Chithandizo cha zotupa zoyambirira muubongo ndi msana chimachokera pa izi:

• Mtundu wa selo momwe chotupacho chidayambira.

• Komwe chotupacho chidapangidwa muubongo kapena msana.

• Kuchuluka kwa khansa yomwe yatsalira atachitidwa opaleshoni.

• Mulingo wa chotupacho.

Chithandizo cha zotupa zomwe zafalikira kuubongo kuchokera mbali zina za thupi zimadalira kuchuluka kwa zotupa muubongo.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kumatha kubwerezedwa pambuyo pa opareshoni kuti athandizire kukonza mankhwala ambiri.

Zina mwa mayeso ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ubongo kapena chotupa cha msana zimatha kubwerezedwa mukalandira chithandizo kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa chotupa chomwe chatsala.

Matupi Aakulu Aakulu Amanjenje Yam'mimba

Chotupa chobwerezabwereza chapakati cha mitsempha (CNS) ndi chotupa chomwe chidabwereranso (kubwerera) atachiritsidwa. Zotupa za CNS nthawi zambiri zimabweranso, nthawi zina patadutsa zaka zambiri kuchokera pachotupa choyamba. Chotupacho chimatha kubwerera pamalo omwewo ngati chotupa choyamba kapena mbali zina zamkati mwamanjenje.

Chithandizo Chosankha Mwachidule

MFUNDO ZOFUNIKA

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa zaubongo komanso msana.

• Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Kuyang'anira mwachangu

• Opaleshoni

• Thandizo la radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Chithandizo chofuna

• Thandizo lothandizira limaperekedwa kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matendawa kapena chithandizo chake.

• Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

• Thandizo la proton beam radiation

• Thandizo la biologic

• Kuchiza kwa zotupa zamkati zamanjenje zamkati kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta.

• Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

• Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

• Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cha odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa zaubongo komanso msana.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zotupa zaubongo komanso msana. Mankhwala ena ndi ofanana (mankhwala omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano), ndipo ena akuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala. Kuyesedwa kwachipatala ndi kafukufuku wofufuza wothandizira kusintha chithandizo chamakono kapena kupeza zidziwitso zamankhwala atsopano kwa odwala khansa. Pamene mayesero azachipatala awonetsa kuti chithandizo chatsopano ndichabwino kuposa chithandizo chamankhwala, chithandizocho chitha kukhala chamankhwala wamba. Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa. Mayesero ena azachipatala ndi otseguka kwa odwala omwe sanayambe kulandira chithandizo.

Mitundu isanu yamankhwala amtundu uliwonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

Kuyang'anira mwachangu

Kuyang'anitsitsa mwachidwi kumayang'anitsitsa momwe wodwalayo alili koma osapereka chithandizo chilichonse pokhapokha pakakhala zosintha pazotsatira zoyesa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti vutoli likuipiraipira. Kuyang'anitsitsa mwachidwi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupewa kapena kuchedwetsa kufunikira kwa chithandizo chamankhwala ngati radiation kapena opaleshoni, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zina kapena mavuto ena. Nthawi yogwira, mayeso ndi mayeso ena amachitika nthawi zonse. Yogwira itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazotupa zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono zomwe sizimayambitsa matenda.

Opaleshoni

Opaleshoni itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ndikuchiza zotupa zaubongo komanso msana. Kuchotsa minofu yotupa kumathandiza kuchepetsa kupanikizika kwa chotupacho mbali zoyandikira zaubongo. Onani gawo la General Information pachidule ichi.

Dokotala atachotsa khansa yonse yomwe imawonekera panthawi yochitidwa opaleshoniyi, odwala ena atha kupatsidwa chemotherapy kapena radiation pochita opaleshoni kuti aphe maselo aliwonse a khansa omwe atsala. Chithandizo chomwe chimaperekedwa pambuyo pa opareshoni, kuti muchepetse chiopsezo kuti khansa ibwererenso, amatchedwa adjuvant therapy.

Thandizo la radiation

Thandizo la radiation ndi chithandizo cha khansa chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray amphamvu kapena mitundu ina ya radiation kuti iphe ma cell a khansa kapena kuti asakule. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala a radiation:

• Mankhwala ochiritsira akunja amagwiritsa ntchito makina kunja kwa thupi kuti atumize cheza chaku khansa.

Chithandizo chakuthambo chakunja kwaubongo. Makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira ma radiation amphamvu. Makinawo amatha kuzungulira mozungulira wodwalayo, ndikupereka cheza kuchokera kumakona osiyanasiyana. Chovala chophimba kumaso chimathandiza kuti mutu wa wodwalayo usasunthike panthawi yachipatala. Zizindikiro zazing'ono zazing'ono zimayikidwa pachigoba. Zizindikiro za inki zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza makina a radiation pamalo omwewo asanalandire chithandizo chilichonse.

• Njira zina zoperekera mankhwala a radiation zitha kuthandiza kuti ma radiation asawononge minofu yabwinobwino yapafupi. Mitundu yamankhwalawa ndi awa:

• Conformal radiation therapy: Conformal radiation Therapy ndi mtundu wa mankhwala akunja a radiation omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kupanga chithunzi cha 3-dimensional (3-D) chotupa ndikupanga ma radiation kuti agwirizane ndi chotupacho.

• Mphamvu ya radiation-modulated radiation (IMRT): IMRT ndi mtundu wa 3-dimensional (3-D) mankhwala othandizira ma radiation omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kupanga zithunzi za kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chotupacho. Mitsinje yoonda ya mphamvu zosiyanasiyana (mphamvu) imapangidwira chotupacho m'makona ambiri.

• Stereotactic radiosurgery: Stereotactic radiosurgery ndi mtundu wa mankhwala akunja a radiation. Pamutu pake pamakhala chimango cholimba. Makina amayang'ana mlingo waukulu umodzi wa radiation mwachindunji pachotupacho. Njirayi siimaphatikizapo opaleshoni. Amatchedwanso stereotaxic radiosurgery, radiosurgery, ndi ma radiation opaleshoni.

Njira yothandizira poizoniyu yamkati imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a radioactive otsekedwa ndi singano, njere, mawaya, kapena ma catheters omwe amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena pafupi ndi khansa.

Momwe mankhwala a radiation amaperekedwera zimadalira mtundu ndi kukula kwa chotupacho komanso komwe kuli muubongo kapena msana. Thandizo la radiation lakunja limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira zotupa zamkati zamanjenje zamanjenje.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala a khansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa, mwina popha ma cell kapena kuwaletsa kuti asagawane. Chemotherapy ikamamwa pakamwa kapena kulowetsedwa mumtsempha kapena minofu, mankhwalawa amalowa m'magazi ndipo amatha kufikira ma cell a khansa mthupi lonse (systemic chemotherapy). Chemotherapy ikaikidwa molunjika m'matumbo a cerebrospinal, chiwalo, kapena thupi monga pamimba, mankhwalawa amakhudza kwambiri ma cell a khansa m'malo amenewo (chemotherapy am'madera). Kuphatikiza kwa chemotherapy ndi chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana ambiri opatsirana khansa. Pochizira zotupa zamaubongo, chofufumitsa chomwe chimasungunuka chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuperekera mankhwala opatsirana khansa molunjika kumalo am'matumbo aubongo chotupacho chikachotsedwa ndi opaleshoni. Momwe chemotherapy imaperekedwera zimatengera mtundu ndi chotupa ndi komwe kuli muubongo.

Mankhwala opatsirana khansa omwe amaperekedwa pakamwa kapena mumtsempha kuti athetse zotupa zaubongo ndi msana sizingadutse chotchinga cha magazi ndi kulowa m'madzi ozungulira ubongo ndi msana. M'malo mwake, mankhwala a anticancer amalowetsedwa m'malo amadzimadzi kupha ma cell a khansa pamenepo. Izi zimatchedwa intrathecal chemotherapy.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Zotupa za Ubongo kuti mumve zambiri.

Chithandizo chofuna

Chithandizo choyenera ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zinthu zina kuti azindikire ndikuukira maselo amtundu wa khansa osavulaza maselo abwinobwino.

Mankhwala a monoclonal antibody ndi mtundu wamankhwala omwe amalimbana nawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma laboratory opangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu umodzi wamthupi. Ma antibodies awa amatha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zili m'maselo a khansa kapena zinthu zabwinobwino zomwe zingathandize ma cell a khansa kukula. Ma antibodies amalumikizana ndi zinthuzo ndikupha ma cell a khansa, amalepheretsa kukula kwawo, kapena amalepheretsa kufalikira. Ma antibodies a monoclonal amaperekedwa mwa kulowetsedwa. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito okha kapena kunyamula mankhwala osokoneza bongo, poizoni, kapena zinthu zowononga radio kupita kuma cell a khansa.

Bevacizumab ndi anti-monoclonal antibody yomwe imamangirira ku protein yotchedwa vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) ndipo imatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mitsempha yatsopano yamagazi yomwe zotupa zimayenera kukula. Bevacizumab imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira glioblastoma.

Mitundu ina yamankhwala omwe akuwunikiridwa akuwerengedwa pamatumbo akuluakulu aubongo, kuphatikiza tyrosine kinase inhibitors ndi VEGF inhibitors atsopano.

Onani Mankhwala Ovomerezeka a Zotupa za Ubongo kuti mumve zambiri.

Thandizo lothandizira limaperekedwa kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matendawa kapena chithandizo chake.

Mankhwalawa amathetsa mavuto kapena zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi matendawa kapena chithandizo chake ndikukhalitsa moyo wabwino. Pazotupa zaubongo, chisamaliro chothandizira chimaphatikizapo mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mimba kapena kutupa muubongo.

Mitundu yatsopano yamankhwala ikuyesedwa m'mayesero azachipatala.

Gawo lachiduleli likunena za chithandizo chatsopano chomwe chikuwunikidwa m'mayesero azachipatala, koma mwina sichingatchule chithandizo chilichonse chatsopano chomwe akuphunzira. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala zimapezeka patsamba la NCI.

Thandizo la proton beam radiation

Thandizo la ma radiation la pulotoni ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yayikulu, mankhwala ochokera kunja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitsinje yama proton (tizinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono) kuti apange radiation. Minyewa yamtunduwu imapha ma cell am'mimba osawonongeka pang'ono kumatenda oyandikira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira khansa yamutu, khosi, msana ndi ziwalo monga ubongo, diso, mapapo, ndi prostate. Ma radiation a purotoni ndi osiyana ndi ma X-ray radiation.

Thandizo la biologic

Thandizo la biologic ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha mthupi la wodwalayo polimbana ndi khansa. Zinthu zomwe thupi limapanga kapena zopangidwa mu labotale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa, kuwongolera, kapena kubwezeretsa chitetezo chamthupi cha khansa. Chithandizo cha khansa choterechi chimatchedwanso biotherapy kapena immunotherapy.

Thandizo la biologic likuwerengedwa pochizira mitundu ina ya zotupa zamaubongo. Mankhwalawa atha kukhala ndi izi:

• Mankhwala opatsirana opatsirana pogonana.

• Mankhwala a Gene.

Kuchiza kwa zotupa zamkati zamanjenje zamkati kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala obwera chifukwa cha khansa, onani tsamba lathu la Zotsatira Zotsatira.

Odwala angaganize zopita nawo kukayezetsa.

Kwa odwala ena, kutenga nawo mbali pakuyesa chithandizo chachipatala kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. Mayesero azachipatala ndi gawo limodzi la kafukufuku wa khansa. Mayesero azachipatala amachitika kuti apeze ngati mankhwala atsopano a khansa ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito kapena abwinoko kuposa mankhwala wamba.

Njira zambiri zamankhwala zochiritsira khansa zimachokera kumayeso am'mbuyomu azachipatala. Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pachipatala atha kulandira chithandizo chofananira kapena kukhala oyamba kulandira chithandizo chatsopano.

Odwala omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazoyeserera zamankhwala amathandizanso kukonza momwe khansa idzathandizire mtsogolo. Ngakhale mayesero azachipatala satsogolera kuchipatala chatsopano, nthawi zambiri amayankha mafunso ofunikira ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku.

Odwala amatha kulowa m'mayesero azachipatala asanayambe, asanayambe, kapena atayamba kulandira chithandizo cha khansa.

Mayesero ena azachipatala amangophatikizapo odwala omwe sanalandire chithandizo. Mayesero ena amayesa chithandizo kwa odwala omwe khansa yawo sinakhale bwino. Palinso mayesero azachipatala omwe amayesa njira zatsopano zothetsera khansa kuti isabwererenso (kubwerera) kapena kuchepetsa zovuta zoyambitsidwa ndi khansa.

Mayesero azachipatala akuchitika m'malo ambiri mdziko muno. Zambiri zamayeso azachipatala othandizidwa ndi NCI zitha kupezeka patsamba lofufuza zamankhwala la NCI. Mayesero azachipatala othandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena amapezeka patsamba la ClinicalTrials.gov.

Mayeso otsatirawa angafunike.

Ena mwa mayesero omwe adachitika kuti apeze khansa kapena kuti adziwe momwe khansa iliri angabwerezedwenso. Mayesero ena adzabwerezedwa kuti awone momwe mankhwalawa akugwirira ntchito. Zisankho zakuti mupitilize, kusintha, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo zitha kutengera zotsatira za mayeso awa.

Kuyesaku kumangopitilira kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mankhwala atatha. Zotsatira zamayesowa zitha kuwonetsa ngati vuto lanu lasintha kapena ngati khansa yabwereranso (bwererani). Mayesowa nthawi zina amatchedwa kuyesa kutsata kapena kukayezetsa.

Mayeso ndi njira zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti muwone ngati chotupa chaubongo chabweranso mutalandira chithandizo:

• SPECT scan (single photon emission computed tomography scan): Njira yopezera zotupa muubongo. Kamodzi kochepa ka mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito radioak jakisoni mumatumbo kapena kupumira mphuno. Pamene chinthucho chimadutsa m'magazi, kamera imazungulira mutu ndikujambula zithunzi za ubongo. Kompyutala imagwiritsa ntchito zithunzizo kupanga chithunzi cha 3-dimensional (3-D) chaubongo. Pakhala kuchulukira kwa magazi ndi zochitika zambiri kumadera komwe maselo a khansa akukula. Maderawa adzawala bwino pachithunzichi.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): Njira yopezera maselo oyipa mthupi. Gulu laling'ono la shuga (radio) limabayidwa mumtsempha. Chojambulira cha PET chimazungulira thupi ndikupanga chithunzi cha komwe glucose imagwiritsidwa ntchito muubongo. Maselo otupa owopsa amawonekera pachithunzichi chifukwa amakhala otanganidwa ndipo amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira.

PET (positron emission tomography) sikani. Wodwala amagona patebulo lomwe limadutsa makina a PET. Kupuma kwamutu ndi zingwe zoyera kumathandiza wodwalayo kugona. Kagawidwe kakang'ono ka shuga (radio) kamene kamabayidwa mu mtsempha wa wodwalayo, ndipo sikani yake imapanga chithunzi cha komwe shugawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mthupi. Maselo a khansa amawonekera bwino pachithunzichi chifukwa amatenga shuga wambiri kuposa momwe maselo amachitira.

Njira Zothandizira ndi Mtundu wa Pulayimale Wamkulu Waubongo Tumor

M'chigawo chino

• Zotupa za Astrocytic

• Gliomas Otsitsa Ubongo

• Matenda A Pineal Astrocytic

• Masewera a Pilocytic

• Matenda Astrocytomas

• Aaplastic Astrocytomas

• Mitsempha yamagulu

• Zotupa za Oligodendroglial

• Gliomas osakaniza

• Zotupa za Ependymal

• Medulloblastomas

• Matenda A Pineal Parenchymal

• Zotupa za Meningeal

• Majeremusi Cell Tumors

• Craniopharyngiomas

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Zotupa za Astrocytic

Gliomas Otsitsa Ubongo

Chithandizo cha ma gliomas opangira ubongo chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo la radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Matenda A Pineal Astrocytic

Chithandizo cha zotupa za pineal astrocytic chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation. Kwa zotupa zapamwamba, chemotherapy itha kuperekedwanso.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Masewera a Pilocytic

Chithandizo cha pilocytic astrocytomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho. Mankhwalawa amatha kuperekedwanso ngati chotupa chimatsalira pambuyo pa opaleshoni.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Matenda Astrocytomas

Chithandizo cha kufalikira kwa ma astrocytomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kapena popanda mankhwala a radiation.

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi radiation radiation ndi chemotherapy.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Aaplastic Astrocytomas

Chithandizo cha anaplastic astrocytomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation. Chemotherapy ingaperekedwenso.

• Opaleshoni ndi chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwamankhwala kwa chemotherapy komwe kumayikidwa muubongo nthawi yochita opareshoni.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chithandizo chatsopano chowonjezeredwa pamankhwala wamba.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Mitsempha yamagulu

Chithandizo cha glioblastomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi radiation radiation ndi chemotherapy yoperekedwa nthawi yomweyo, kenako chemotherapy yokha.

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi mankhwala a radiation.

• Chemotherapy yomwe imayikidwa muubongo nthawi yochita opareshoni.

• Mankhwala a radiation ndi chemotherapy amaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chithandizo chatsopano chowonjezeredwa pamankhwala wamba.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Zotupa za Oligodendroglial

Chithandizo cha oligodendrogliomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Kuchita opaleshoni kapena popanda mankhwala a radiation. Chemotherapy imatha kuperekedwa pambuyo pothandizidwa ndi radiation.

Chithandizo cha anaplastic oligodendroglioma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni yotsatiridwa ndi mankhwala a radiation kapena chemotherapy.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chithandizo chatsopano chowonjezeredwa pamankhwala wamba.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Gliomas osakaniza

Chithandizo cha ma gliomas osakanikirana ndi awa:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation. Nthawi zina chemotherapy imaperekedwanso.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Zotupa za Ependymal

Kuchiza kwa grade I ndi grade II ependymomas kungaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho. Mankhwalawa amatha kuperekedwanso ngati chotupa chimatsalira pambuyo pa opaleshoni.

Chithandizo cha grade III anaplastic ependymoma chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Medulloblastomas

Chithandizo cha medulloblastomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation kuubongo ndi msana.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chemotherapy kudawonjezeredwa ku opaleshoni ndi mankhwala a radiation kuubongo ndi msana

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Matenda A Pineal Parenchymal

Chithandizo cha matope a parenchymal zotupa zitha kuphatikizira izi:

• Kwa pineocytomas, opaleshoni ndi mankhwala a radiation.

• Kwa pineoblastomas, opaleshoni, radiation radiation, ndi chemotherapy.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Zotupa za Meningeal

Kuchiza kwa grade I meningiomas kungaphatikizepo izi:

• Yogwira ntchito zotupa zopanda zizindikilo.

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho. Mankhwalawa amatha kuperekedwanso ngati chotupa chimatsalira pambuyo pa opaleshoni.

• Stereotactic radiosurgery ya zotupa zazing'ono kuposa 3 masentimita.

• Thandizo la radiation kwa zotupa zomwe sizingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

Chithandizo cha meningiomas a grade II ndi III ndi hemangiopericytomas atha kuphatikizira izi:

• Opaleshoni ndi radiation radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Majeremusi Cell Tumors

Palibe chithandizo chamankhwala chotupa cha majeremusi (germinoma, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, ndi teratoma). Chithandizo chimadalira momwe ma chotupawo amawonekera pansi pa microscope, zotupa, pomwe chotupacho chili muubongo, komanso ngati chingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Craniopharyngiomas

Chithandizo cha craniopharyngiomas chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa kwathunthu chotupacho.

• Kuchita opaleshoni kuti ndichotse chotupa chonsecho, kenako ndikutsata ma radiation.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Njira Zothandizira Kuchiza Ziphuphu Zapakati Wamkulu Wamkulu Wam'mimba

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Chithandizo cha zotupa za msana zingaphatikizepo izi:

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chithandizo chatsopano.

Njira Zothandizira Pazotupa Zapakati pa Akuluakulu Omwe Amachita Matenda Aakulu

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Palibe chithandizo chamankhwala chotupa chobwerezabwereza chapakati (CNS). Chithandizocho chimadalira momwe wodwalayo aliri, zomwe angayembekezere pamankhwala, pomwe chotupacho chili mu CNS, komanso ngati chotupacho chingachotsedwe ndi opaleshoni. Chithandizo chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Chemotherapy yomwe imayikidwa muubongo nthawi yochita opareshoni

.

• Chemotherapy ndi mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira chotupa choyambirira.

• Chithandizo choyenera cha glioblastoma.

• Thandizo la radiation.

• Opaleshoni kuchotsa chotupacho.

• Kuyesedwa kwachipatala kwa chithandizo chatsopano.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Njira Zothandizira Pazotupa Zam'magazi Aakulu Aakulu

Kuti mumve zambiri zamankhwala omwe atchulidwa pansipa, onani gawo la Chisankho Chachidule.

Chithandizo cha chotupa chimodzi mpaka zinayi chomwe chafalikira kuubongo kuchokera mbali ina ya thupi chingaphatikizepo izi:

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo wonse popanda kapena opaleshoni.

• Thandizo la radiation kuubongo wonse wokhala kapena wopanda stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Ma radiosurgery opatsirana.

• Chemotherapy, ngati chotupa choyambirira ndi chomwe chimayankha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala a radiation.

Chithandizo cha zotupa zomwe zafalikira ku leptomeninges zitha kuphatikizira izi:

• Chemotherapy (systemic ndi / kapena intrathecal). Mankhwalawa amatha kuperekedwanso.

• Chithandizo chothandizira.

Gwiritsani ntchito kusaka kwathu kwamankhwala kuti mupeze mayesero azachipatala omwe amathandizidwa ndi NCI omwe akulandira odwala. Mutha kusaka mayesero kutengera mtundu wa khansa, zaka za wodwalayo, komanso komwe mayeserowo akuchitika. Zambiri pazokhudza mayesero azachipatala zimapezekanso.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za zotupa zamkati mwa akulu akulu

Kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku National Cancer Institute yokhudza zotupa zamkati mwa akulu, onani izi:

• Tsamba Loyambira Khansa Yaubongo

• Mankhwala Ovomerezeka Kwa Zotupa Za Ubongo

• NCI-CONNECT (Comprehensive Oncology Network Kuyesa Ma CNS Tumors)

Kuti mumve zambiri za khansa ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku National Cancer Institute, onani izi:

• Za Khansa

• Kusinthana

• Chemotherapy and You: Kuthandiza Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Khansa

• Thandizo la Radiation ndi Inu: Thandizo kwa Anthu Omwe Ali ndi Khansa

• Kulimbana ndi khansa

• Mafunso oti mufunse dokotala wanu za khansa

• Kwa Opulumuka ndi Owasamalira