Nā ʻano / ʻili / ahonui / melanoma-lapaʻau-pdq

Mālama ʻo Melanoma

ʻO ka ʻike ākea e pili ana iā Melanoma

NA MANA KUNI

• He maʻi ʻo Melanoma kahi e hana ai nā hunaola malignant (cancer) i nā melanocytes (nā hunaola i kala i ka ʻili).

• Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hoʻomaka i ka ʻili.

• Hiki i Melanoma ke hana ma nā wahi āpau o ka ʻili.

• ʻO nā mole maʻamau, ke kū ʻana i ka lā, a me ka mōʻaukala olakino hiki ke hoʻopili i ka makaʻu o melanoma.

• Aia nā hōʻailona o melanoma i kahi loli i ke ʻano o kahi mole a i ʻole kahi wahi pigmented.

• Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e nānā i ka ʻili e ʻike (loaʻa) a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka melanoma.

• Kū kekahi mau kumu i ka wānana (kahi o ke ola ʻana) a me nā koho lapaʻau.

He maʻi ʻo Melanoma kahi e hana ai nā hunaola malignant (cancer) i nā melanocytes (nā hunaola i kala i ka ʻili).

ʻO ka ʻili ke kino nui o ke kino. Pale ia i ka wela, ka lā, ka ʻeha, a me ka maʻi. Kōkua pū ka ʻili i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino a mālama i ka wai, momona, a me ka wikamina D. He mau ʻāpana ko ka ʻili, akā ʻo nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua ʻo ia ka epidermis (ma luna a ma waho paha) a me nā dermis (papa ma lalo a i loko). Hoʻomaka ka maʻi ʻaʻai o ka ʻili i ka epidermis, i hana ʻia i ʻekolu ʻano keena.

• Nā pūnaewele squamous: lahilahi, nā pūnaewele pālahalaha e hana i ka papa luna o ka epidermis.

• Nā kele basal: Nā kolo āpau ma lalo o nā hunaola squamous.

• Melanocytes: Nā pūnaewele e hana melanin a loaʻa i ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka epidermis. ʻO Melanin ka pigment e hāʻawi i kaʻili i kona kala maoli. Ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻili i ka lā a i ʻole ka malamalama hana ʻole, hana nā melanocytes i nā pigment hou aʻe a pouli ka ʻili.

Ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā hihia hou o melanoma i loko o 30 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka melanoma ka mea maʻamau i nā mākua, akā ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio. (E ʻike i ka hōʻuluʻulu e pili ana i nā Cancers manuahi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kamaliʻi no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka melanoma i nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio.)

ʻO Anatomy o ka ʻili, e hōʻike ana i nā epidermis, dermis, a me nāʻiʻo subcutaneous. Aia nā melanocytes i ka papa o nā hunaola basal ma kahi hohonu o ka epidermis.

Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hoʻomaka i ka ʻili. Aia he ʻano nui ʻelua o ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili: melanoma a me nonmelanoma.

ʻO Melanoma kahi ʻano laha ʻole o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻOi aku paha ia e lele aku i nā pūnaewele kokoke a pāhola i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino ma mua o nā ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili. Ke hoʻomaka ka melanoma i loko o ka ʻili, kapa ʻia ia ʻo cutane melanoma. Hiki i ka Melanoma ke hana i nā membrane mucous (lahilahi, pulu o nā aʻa i uhi i nā papa e like me nā lehelehe). ʻO kēia hōʻuluʻulu e pili ana i ka cutaneous (ʻili) melanoma a me ka melanoma e hoʻopili i nā membrane mucous.

ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili ka maʻi ʻaʻa basal a me ka carcinoma squamous cell. ʻO lākou nā maʻi ʻili nonmelanoma. ʻAʻole hoʻolaha iki nā maʻi ʻili nonmelanoma i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. (E ʻike i ka hōʻuluʻulu e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka cell basal a me ka maʻi ʻaʻa squamous cell.

Hiki i Melanoma ke hana ma nā wahi āpau o ka ʻili. I nā kāne, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka melanoma ma ke kumu (kahi mai nā poʻohiwi a i nā hiʻupuʻu) a i ʻole ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. I nā wahine, hana pinepine ka melanoma ma nā lima a me nā wāwae.

Ke loaʻa ka melanoma i ka maka, ua kapa ʻia ʻo intraocular a i ʻole ocular melanoma. (E nānā i ka hōʻuluʻulu ma Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Hana no ka ʻike hou aku.)

ʻO nā mole maʻamau, ke kū ʻana i ka lā, a me ka mōʻaukala olakino hiki ke hoʻopili i ka makaʻu o melanoma.

ʻO nā mea āpau e hoʻonui i kou makaʻu i ka loaʻa ʻana i kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia he kumu weliweli. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea pilikia ʻaʻole ia he kumu e loaʻa ʻoe i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻaʻohe o nā kumu pilikia ʻaʻole ia he kumu ʻaʻole ʻoe e loaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka inā manaʻo ʻoe ua makaʻu paha ʻoe.

ʻO nā kumu pilikia no ka melanoma e komo pū me kēia:

• Loaʻa i kahi helehelena maikaʻi, e hoʻopili me kēia:

• ʻO ka ʻili maikaʻi e freckles a wela ka wela, ʻaʻole e tan, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole ke kani.

• Blue a ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā ​​maka ʻulaʻula māmā.

• ʻO ka lauoho ʻulaʻula a blond paha.

• Ke waiho ʻia nei i ka lā kūlohelohe a i ʻole ka lā kukulu (e like me mai nā moena ʻano ʻili).
• Ke hōʻike ʻia nei i kekahi mau mea i ke kaiapuni (i ka lewa, kou home a wahi hana, a me kāu meaʻai a me ka wai). ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia pilikia o ke kaiapuni no ka melanoma ka radiation, solvents, vinyl chloride, a me PCBs.

• Ke loaʻa nei i ka mōʻaukala o ka nui o nā lā wela makaʻu, ʻoiai ʻo ke keiki a ʻōpio paha.

• Loaʻa i nā mole liʻiliʻi a nui paha.

• Ke loaʻa nei i kahi moʻolelo ʻohana o nā mole like ʻole (atypical nevus syndrome).

• Loaʻa i kahi ʻohana a pilikino paha o ka melanoma.

• Keʻokeʻo.

• Loaʻa i kahi ʻōnaehana pale nāwaliwali.

• Loaʻa i kekahi mau hoʻololi i nā gen i hoʻopili ʻia me melanoma.

Ke keʻokeʻo a i ʻole he ʻili kūpono e hoʻonui ai i ka makaʻu o melanoma, akā hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa ka melanoma, me nā kānaka me ka ʻili ʻeleʻele.

E ʻike i nā hōʻuluʻulu e hiki mai ana no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā pilikia no ka melanoma.

• Nā genetics o ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili

• Kāohi ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili

Aia nā hōʻailona o melanoma i kahi loli i ke ʻano o kahi mole a i ʻole kahi wahi pigmented.

ʻO Melanoma a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻē aʻe nā kumu a me nā ʻōuli ʻē aʻe. E hōʻoia me kāu kauka inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi o kēia mau mea:

• ʻO kahi mole e:

• nā hoʻololi i ka nui, ke ʻano, a me ke kala.

• loaʻa nā kihi kaulike a i ʻole nā ​​palena.

• ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kala.

• asymmetrical (inā mahele ka mole i ka hapalua, ʻokoʻa ka 2 ʻāpana i ka nui a i ʻole ke ʻano.

• ʻalalā.

• ʻokiʻoki, hoʻokahe, a i ʻole ulcerated (puka kahi puka i ka ʻili ke haki ka papa luna o nā hunaola a hōʻike ʻia ka mea ma lalo).

• ʻO kahi hoʻololi i ka ʻili pigmented (kala).

• Nā mole ukali (nā mole hou e ulu kokoke i kahi mole e kū nei).

No nā kiʻi a me nā wehewehe ʻana o nā mole a me nā melanoma maʻamau, e ʻike i nā Mole Kaulana, Dysplastic Nevi, a me ka Pilikia o Melanoma.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e nānā i ka ʻili e ʻike (loaʻa) a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka melanoma.

Inā hoʻololi a mole a ʻāpana pigment paha o ka ʻili a i ʻole nānā ʻole paha, hiki i nā hoʻokolohua a me nā kaʻina hana ke kōkua a loaʻa a kuhi i ka melanoma.

• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo kino a me ka mōʻaukala olakino: kahi hōʻike o ke kino e nānā i nā hōʻailona laulā o ke olakino, e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi, e like me nā puʻupuʻu a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe e ʻano ʻē. E lawe ʻia kahi moʻolelo o nā ʻano olakino o ka mea maʻi a me nā maʻi i hala a me nā mālama ʻana.

• ʻImi ʻili: Nānā ke kauka a kahu hānai paha i ka ʻili no nā mole, nā hōʻailona hānau, a i ʻole nā ​​wahi pigment e nānā ʻē aʻe i ke kala, ka nui, ke ʻano, a me ke ʻano.

• ʻO Biopsy: kahi hana e hemo ai i nā aʻa kūlohelohe a me kahi liʻiliʻi o nā mea maʻamau a puni ia. Nānā kahi pathologist i ke kiko ma lalo o kahi microscope e nānā ai i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Hiki ke paʻakikī ke haʻi aku i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mole kala a me kahi leona melanoma wawe. Makemake paha nā mea maʻi e loaʻa kahi laʻana o nā kiko i nānā ʻia e ka pathologist ʻelua. Inā he maʻi ʻaʻai ka mole ʻole a i ʻole ka leona ʻino, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia kahi hāpana o ke kino no kekahi mau loli.

ʻEhā ʻano nui o ka biopsies o ka ʻili. Pili ke ʻano o ka biopsy i kahi o ka ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i hana ʻia a me ka nui o ia wahi.

• ʻO kahi biopsy e kahiʻu: Hoʻohana ʻia kahi pahi kahiumi e "kahiʻumi" i ka ulu ʻike ʻole.

• Punch biopsy: Hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hana kūikawā i kapa ʻia he punch a i ʻole trephine e wehe ai i kahi pōʻai o nā mea mai ka ulu ʻike ʻole ʻia.

Kīʻī biopsy. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hollow, scalpel āpau e ʻoki ai i kahi leona ma ka ʻili. Huli ʻia ka mea kani i ka uaki a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻoki e ʻoki ma kahi o 4 millimeter (mm) i ka papa o nā mea momona ma lalo o ka dermis. Lawe ʻia kahi ʻōpana liʻiliʻi o ke kiko e nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻOkoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino.

• Biopsy incisional: hoʻohana ʻia kahi scalpel e wehe i kahi ʻāpana o kahi ulu.

• Biopsy kūikawā: Hoʻohana ʻia kahi scalpel e wehe i ka ulu holoʻokoʻa.

Kū kekahi mau kumu i ka wānana (kahi o ke ola ʻana) a me nā koho lapaʻau.

ʻO ka wānana (loaʻa o ke ola) a me nā koho lapaʻau e pili i kēia:

• Ka mānoanoa o ka tumo a ma hea i loko o ke kino.

• Pehea ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hunaola maʻi ʻea.

• Inā he kahe ʻana a he ulceration paha o ka tumo.

• Ehia nā maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph node.

• Ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka helu o nā wahi maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ke kino.

• ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) i loko o ke koko.

• Inā loaʻa i nā kanesa kekahi mau hoʻololi (hoʻololi) i kahi ʻāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo BRAF.

• ʻO ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui a me ke olakino laulā.

Nā pae o Melanoma

NA MANA KUNI

• Ma hope o ke kuhi ʻia ʻana o ka melanoma, hana ʻia paha nā hoʻokolohua e ʻike inā ua pāhola nā hunaola maʻi ʻino i loko o ka ʻili a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

• ʻEkolu ala e hoʻolaha ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ke kino.

• E laha paha ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai kahi i hoʻomaka ai i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

• Aia ke kahua o melanoma i ka mānoanoa o ka tumo, inā paha ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā pūnana lymph a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

• Hoʻohana ʻia nā pae aʻe no melanoma:

• Kahua 0 (Melanoma ma Situ)

• Ke kahua I

• Kahua II

• Kahua III

• Kahua IV

Ma hope o ke kuhi ʻia ʻana o ka melanoma, hana ʻia paha nā hoʻokolohua e ʻike inā ua pāhola nā hunaola maʻi ʻino i loko o ka ʻili a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana e ʻike ai inā ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ka ʻili a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino i kapa ʻia he staging. ʻO ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ke kaʻina hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka pae o ka maʻi. He mea nui ia e ʻike i ke kahua i mea e hoʻolālā ai i ka lāʻau.

No ka melanoma e palahalaha aku ana i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino a i ʻole hoʻi hou, ʻaʻole pono e pono hou ʻia nā hōʻike. No ka melanoma e pāhola paha i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino a i ʻole hoʻi hou, e hana ʻia paha nā hoʻokolohua a me nā kaʻina hana ma hope o ke kaha ʻana e wehe i ka melanoma.

• Lymph node mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy: Ka lawe ʻana i ka lymph node sentinel i ka wā o ke ʻoki. ʻO ka lymph node sentinel ka lua o nā lymph node i kahi hui o nā lymph node e loaʻa ai ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka lymphatic mai ka tumo mua. ʻO ia ka pūnana lymph mua e laha aku ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai a ka tumo mua. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea lekiō a me / a i ʻole ke kala polū ma kahi kokoke i ka tumo. Kahe ka mea a kala paha ma o nā kahena lymph i nā lymph node. Lawe ʻia ka pona lymph mua e loaʻa ai ka waiwai a kala paha. ʻIke kahi pathologist i ke kiko ma lalo o kahi microscope e nānā no nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai, ʻaʻole pono paha e hemo i nā pūnana lymph. I kekahi manawa, loaʻa kahi lymph node sentinel i kahi ʻoi aku o hoʻokahi hui o nā aka.

• CT scan (CAT scan): Kahi hana e hana ai i ka moʻo o nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā wahi i loko o ke kino i lawe ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa. Hana ʻia nā kiʻi e kahi kamepiula i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi mīkini x-ray. Hoʻokomo ʻia paha ke kala i loko o ke aa a i ʻole ale ʻia e kōkua i nā ʻōpū a i ʻole nā ​​kino i hōʻike hou aku me ka maopopo. Kāhea ʻia kēia kaʻina hana he tomography i helu ʻia, kamepiula tomography, a i ʻole he tomography axial computerized. No ka melanoma, kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi o ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma, ʻōpū, a me ke pelvis.

• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): kahi hana e loaʻa ai nā puʻupuʻu tumo malignant i loko o ke kino. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka glucose radioactive (kō) i loko o kahi aa koko. Hoʻopili ka scanner PET a puni ke kino a hana i kahi kiʻi o kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka glucose i ke kino. ʻOi aku ka mālamalama o nā hunaola tumo ma ke kiʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka hana a lawe i ka glucose ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā hunaola maʻamau.

• MRI (kiʻi resonance ʻume mākenēki) me gadolinium: kahi hana e hoʻohana ai i ka magnet, nā nalu lekiō, a me kahi kamepiula e hana i kahi o nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā wahi i loko o ke kino, e like me ka lolo. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo gadolinium i kahi aa koko. Hōʻiliʻili ka gadolinium a puni nā hunaola maʻi ʻula i mea e mālamalama ai lākou i ke kiʻi. Kāhea ʻia kēia kaʻina hana he kiʻi nukelea kiʻi resonance (NMRI).

• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Ultrasound: kahi kaʻina hana e kipaku ʻia ai nā nalu kani ikaika (ultrasound) mai nā pūnaewele o loko, e like me nā lymph node, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻokanika a hana i nā leo. Hoʻokumu nā leo i kahi kiʻi o nā kino o ke kino i kapa ʻia he sonogram. Hiki ke paʻi ʻia ke kiʻi e nānā ma hope.

• Nā aʻo kemika koko: kahi hana e nānā ʻia ai kahi hāpana koko e ana i ka nui o kekahi mau mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke koko e nā mea a me nā mea i loko o ke kino. No ka melanoma, nānā ʻia ke koko no kahi enzyme i kapa ʻia ʻo lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Hiki i nā pae LDH kiʻekiʻe ke wānana i kahi pane maikaʻi ʻole i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi metastatic.

Nānā pū ʻia nā hopena o kēia mau hoʻāʻo me nā hopena o ka biopsy tumo e ʻike ai i ke kahua o ka melanoma.

ʻEkolu ala e hoʻolaha ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ke kino.

Hiki ke pālahalaha ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma o nā meaola, ka ʻōnaehana lymph, a me ke koko.

• Kāpena. Hoʻolahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai kahi i hoʻomaka ai i ka ulu ʻana i nā wahi kokoke.

• ʻŌnaehana Lymph. Hoʻolahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai kahi i hoʻomaka ai i ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana lymph. Hele ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma o nā kīʻaha lymph i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

• Koko. Hoʻolahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai kahi i hoʻomaka ai i ke komo ʻana i ke koko. Hele ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma o nā kīʻaha koko i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

E laha paha ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai kahi i hoʻomaka ai i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

Ke pālahalaha ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai i kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino, ua kapa ʻia ia ʻo metastasis. E haki nā hunaola maʻi 'aʻai mai kahi a lākou i hoʻomaka ai (ka tumo mua) a hele i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lymph a i ʻole ke koko.

ʻŌnaehana Lymph. Komo ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lymph, hele ma waena o nā kīʻaha lymph, a hana i kahi tumo (tumo metastatic) i kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino.

Koko. Komo ke kanesa i loko o ke koko, hele ma waena o nā kīʻaha koko, a hana i kahi tumo (tumo metastatic) i kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino. ʻO ka tumo metastatic ka ʻano like o ke kanesa me ka tumo mua. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā pālahalaha ka melanoma i ka hāhā, ʻo nā pūnana maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ka akemā he mau melanoma maoli ia. ʻO ka melanoma metastatic ka maʻi, ʻaʻole ka maʻi ʻaʻa maʻi.

Aia ke kahua o melanoma i ka mānoanoa o ka tumo, inā paha ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā pūnana lymph a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino.

No ka ʻike ʻana i ke kahua o melanoma, hemo loa ka tumo a nānā ʻia nā lymph node no nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pae o ka maʻi ʻaʻai e hoʻoholo ai i kahi lāʻau e ʻoi aku ai ka maikaʻi. E hōʻoia me kāu kauka e ʻike i ke kahua o ke kanesa i loaʻa iā ʻoe.

Aia ke kahua o melanoma i kēia mau mea:

• Ka mānoanoa o ka tumo. Ana ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka tumo mai ka ʻili o ka ʻili a i ka ʻaoʻao hohonu o ka tumo.

• Inā ulcerated ka tumo (ua haki i loko o ka ʻili).

• Inā loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph nodes e kahi hoʻokolohua kino, nā hoʻokolohua kiʻi ʻana, a i ʻole kahi biopsy lymph node sentinel.

• Inā kuhi ʻia nā lymph nodes (hui pū ʻia).

• Aia paha:

• ʻO nā tumele ukali: nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā hunaola tumola i pālahalaha ʻia ma waena o 2 mau kenimika o ka tumo mua.

• Nā tumors microsatellite: nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā hunaola tumola i pālahalaha aʻe i kahi ʻākau ma ka ʻaoʻao a ma lalo paha o ka tumo mua.

• Nā metastases kūlohelohe: ʻO nā tumors i palahalaha aʻe i nā kīʻaha lymph i ka ʻili ma mua o 2 centimita mai ka tumo mua, akā ʻaʻole i nā lymph node.

• Inā ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, e like me ka akemāmā, ke ake, ka lolo, nā mea palupalu (me nā mākala), nā ʻōpū o ka gastrointestinal, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​lymph node mamao. Ua pālahalaha paha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā wahi o ka ʻili kahi mamao loa mai kahi i hana mua ʻia ai.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā pae aʻe no melanoma:

Kahua 0 (Melanoma ma Situ)

I ke kahua 0, loaʻa nā melanocytes ʻino ma ka epidermis. Hiki i kēia mau melanocytes ʻino ke lilo i maʻi ʻaʻai a hohola ʻia i loko o nā aʻa maʻamau. Kāhea ʻia ke kahua 0 melanoma in situ.

Ke kahua I

I ke kahua I, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Māhele ʻia ka pae I i nā pae IA a me IB.

Milimita (mm). ʻO kahi kiko peniʻoi e pili ana i 1 mm, kahi kiko crayon hou e pili ana i 2 mm, a ʻo kahi mea holoi penikala hou ma kahi o 5 mm.

• Kahua IA: ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka tumo ma mua o 1 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole a me ka ʻole o ka ulceration.

• ʻOihana IB: ʻOi aku ka tumo ma mua o 1 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration.

Kahua II

Māhele ʻia ka pae II i nā pae IIA, IIB, a me IIC.

• Kahua IIA: ʻO ka tumo kekahi:

• ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration; a i ʻole

• ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration.

• Kahua IIB: ʻO ka tumo kekahi:

• ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration; a i ʻole

• ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration.

• ʻOihana IIC: ʻOi aku ka tumo ma mua o 4 milimita ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration.

Kahua III

Māhele ʻia ka pae III i nā pae IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, a me IIID.

• Kahua IIIA: ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka tumo ma mua o 1 millimeter mānoanoa, me ka ulceration, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1 a 3 mau lymph node e ka biopsy lymph node sentinel.

• Kahua IIIB:

(1) ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike hou ʻia ke tumo mua, a ʻo kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻoiaʻiʻo.

• ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma ka 1 lymph node e ka hoʻāʻo kino a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻike kiʻi ʻana; a i ʻole

• aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases kūmau ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

a i ʻole

(2) ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka tumo ma mua o 1 millimeter mānoanoa, me ka ulceration, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration, a ʻo kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻoiaʻiʻo.

• loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1 a i 3 mau lymph node e ka hoʻāʻo kino a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻike kiʻi ʻana; a i ʻole

• aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases kūmau ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

a i ʻole

(3) ʻOi aku ka tumo ma mua o 1 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration, a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 2 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration, a ʻo kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻoiaʻiʻo.

• loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1 a 3 mau lymph node; a i ʻole

• aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases kūmau ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

• Kahua IIIC:

(1) ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai, a i ʻole hiki ke ʻike hou ʻia ka tumo mua. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• i 2 a i ʻole 3 mau lymph node; a i ʻole

• i ka 1 lymph node a aia nā microsatelit tumors, satellite tumors, a me / a i ʻole transit metastases ma a i ʻole ma lalo o ka ʻili. a i ʻole

• i 4 a ʻoi paha nā lymph node, a i ʻole i kekahi helu o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia me; a i ʻole

• i 2 a ʻoi aku nā lymph node a me / a i ʻole kekahi o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia. Aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases hoʻoili ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

a i ʻole

(2) ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka tumo ma mua o 2 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me a i ʻole me ka ulceration a i ʻole ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• i ka 1 lymph node a aia nā microsatelit tumors, satellite tumors, a me / a i ʻole transit metastases ma a i ʻole ma lalo o ka ʻili. a i ʻole

• i 4 a ʻoi paha nā lymph node, a i ʻole i kekahi helu o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia me; a i ʻole

• i 2 a ʻoi aku nā lymph node a me / a i ʻole kekahi o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia. Aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases hoʻoili ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

a i ʻole

(3) ʻOi aku ka tumo ma mua o 2 akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration, a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ʻole o ka ulceration. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1 a ʻoi aku paha o nā lymph a me / a i ʻole kekahi o nā lymph node i hoʻopili ʻia. Hiki paha i nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases kūmau ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

a i ʻole

(4) ʻO ka tumo ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1 a ʻoi aku paha o nā lymph node a me / a i ʻole aia nā microsatelit tumors, satellite tumors, and / or in-transit metastases on or under the ʻili.

• ʻOihana IIID: ʻOi aku ka tumo ma mua o 4 millimeter ka mānoanoa, me ka ulceration. ʻIke ʻia ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• i 4 a ʻoi paha nā lymph node, a i ʻole i kekahi helu o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia me; a i ʻole

• i 2 a ʻoi aku nā lymph node a me / a i ʻole kekahi o nā lymph node i hui pū ʻia. Aia nā tumors microsatelit, nā tumele ukali, a me / a i ʻole nā ​​metastases hoʻoili ma a ma lalo o ka ʻili.

Kahua IV

I ke kahua IV, ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, e like me ka akemāmā, ke ake, ka lolo, ka iwi kuamoo, ka iwi, nā mea palupalu (me nā mākala), nā ʻōpū o ka gastrointestinal (GI), a me / a i ʻole nā ​​lymph node mamao. Ua pālahalaha paha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā wahi o ka ʻili kahi mamao loa mai kahi i hoʻomaka mua ai.

Melanoma hou

ʻO ka melanoma hou ka maʻi ʻaʻai i hoʻi hou (hoʻi mai) ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana. E hoʻi paha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i ka wahi i hoʻomaka mua ai a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, e like me nā akemāmā a i ʻole ke ake.

Laulā Manaʻo Option Oponopono

NA MANA KUNI

• Aia nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole no nā mea maʻi me ka melanoma.

• Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻelima o ka mālama maʻamau.

• ʻOki kino

• ʻO Chemotherapy

• Lapaʻau hoʻomākala

• Immunotherapy

• Pahuhopu kau ʻia

• Ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei nā ʻano lapaʻau hou i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

• Hoʻoikaika lāʻau lapaʻau

• ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma ke kumu o ka hopena.

• Makemake paha nā mea maʻi e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana.

• Hiki i nā mea maʻi ke komo i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma mua, i ka wā, a ma hope paha o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kā lākou mālama maʻi ʻaʻai.

• Pono paha nā hoʻokolohua ukali.

Aia nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole no nā mea maʻi me ka melanoma.

Loaʻa nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole no nā mea maʻi me ka melanoma. Kūlana maʻamau kekahi mau hōʻailona (ʻo ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa), a ʻo kekahi e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua lapaʻau kahi noiʻi noiʻi i manaʻo ʻia e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mālama ʻana i kēia manawa a i ʻole loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mālama hou no nā maʻi me ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Ke hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kahi lapaʻau hou ma mua o ka maʻamau maʻamau, lilo paha ka lāʻau hou i ka lapaʻau maʻamau. Makemake paha nā mea maʻi e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana. ʻO kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e hāmama wale i nā mea maʻi i hoʻomaka ʻole i ka lāʻau.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻelima o ka mālama maʻamau.

ʻOki kino

ʻO ke kaha e wehe i ka tumo ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua o nā pae āpau o melanoma. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi excision ākea e wehe i ka melanoma a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau a puni ia. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili (lawe i ka ʻili mai kahi ʻē aʻe o ke kino e pani i ka ʻili i lawe ʻia) hiki ke hana ʻia e uhi i ka ʻeha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke ʻoki.

I kekahi manawa, he mea nui e ʻike inā ua pālahalaha ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph node. Hana ʻia ka palapala lymph node a me ka biopsy lymph node sentinel e nānā no ka maʻi ʻaʻai i ka lymph node sentinel (ʻo ka lymph node mua i loko o kahi hui o nā lymph node e loaʻa i ka kahe lymphatic mai ka tumo mua). ʻO ia ka pūnana lymph mua e laha aku ai ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai a ka tumo mua. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea lekiō a me / a i ʻole ke kala polū ma kahi kokoke i ka tumo. Kahe ka mea a kala paha ma o nā kahena lymph i nā lymph node. Lawe ʻia ka pona lymph mua e loaʻa ai ka waiwai a kala paha. ʻIke kahi pathologist i ke kiko ma lalo o kahi microscope e nānā no nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Inā loaʻa nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā pūnana lymph a e nānā ʻia nā laʻana kikoʻī no nā ʻōuli o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Kapa ʻia kēia he lymphadenectomy. I kekahi manawa,

Ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke kauka i nā melanoma āpau i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka manawa o ke ʻoki ʻana, hiki i kekahi mau mea maʻi ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka chemotherapy ma hope o ke kaha ʻana e pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻea i koe. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Chemotherapy ma hope o ke kaha ʻana, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka makaʻu e hoʻi mai ke kanesa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo adjuvant therapy.

Hiki ke hana i nā ʻokiʻoki e wehe i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i pālahalaha ʻia i nā lymph node, lung, gastrointestinal (GI), iwi, a i ʻole ka lolo e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ola o ka mea maʻi ma o ka kaohi ʻana i nā ʻōuli.

ʻO Chemotherapy

ʻO Chemotherapy kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maʻi maʻi e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau e hōʻoki i ka ulu ʻana o nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai, ma ka luku ʻana paha i nā hunaola a i ʻole ke kū ʻana iā lākou mai ka hoʻokaʻawale Ke lawe ʻia ka chemotherapy e ka waha a i ʻole injected i loko o kahi aa koko a i ʻole nā ​​mākala, komo nā lāʻau i ke kahe o ke koko a hiki ke kiʻi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻōpio i loko o ke kino (chemotherapy ʻōnaehana). Ke waiho pololei ʻia ka chemotherapy i loko o ka wai cerebrospinal, kahi hui, a i ʻole ke kino o ke kino e like me ka ʻōpū, hoʻopili ka lāʻau i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o kēlā mau wahi (chemotherapy āpana).

ʻO kekahi ʻano chemotherapy āpana ka hyperthermic hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ka limb perfusion. Me kēia hana, hele pololei nā lāʻau anticancer i ka lima a i ʻole ka wāwae o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO ke kahe o ke koko a i a me ka lālā i kuʻu ʻia me kahi ʻāpiki. Hoʻokomo pololei ʻia kahi hopena mehana me ka lāʻau anticancer i loko o ke koko o ka lālā. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi lāʻau kiʻekiʻe o nā lāʻau i kahi i loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

Hāʻawi ʻia ke ala o ka chemotherapy i ka ʻano a me ke kahua o ka maʻi ʻaʻai e mālama ʻia.

E ʻike i nā lāʻau i ʻae ʻia no Melanoma no ka ʻike hou aku.

Lapaʻau hoʻomākala

ʻO ka radiation radiation kahi lāʻau maʻi maʻi maʻi e hoʻohana i nā kukuna x nui ikaika a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano radiation e hoʻomake i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai a mālama ʻole paha i ka ulu ʻana. ʻElua ʻano o radiation radiation:

• Hoʻohana ka radiation radiation kūwaho i kahi mīkini ma waho o ke kino e hoʻouna i ka radiation i ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• Hoʻohana ka radiation radiation i loko i kahi lāʻau radioactive i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā nila, nā hua, nā uea, a i ʻole nā ​​catheters i kau pololei ʻia i loko a kokoke paha i ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

Hāʻawi ʻia ke ala o ka radiation radiation i ke ʻano a me ke kahua o ka maʻi ʻaʻai e mālama ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka radiation radiation kūwaho e mālama i ka melanoma, a hoʻohana ʻia paha ma ke ʻano he palliative therapy e hōʻoluʻolu i nā ʻōuli a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola.

Immunotherapy

ʻO ka Immunotherapy kahi lapaʻau e hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi o ka mea maʻi e hakakā i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i hana ʻia e ke kino a i hana ʻia paha i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua e hoʻonui, kuhikuhi, a hoʻihoʻi hou i nā pale kūlohelohe o ke kino i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Kāhea ʻia kēia ʻano lapaʻau maʻi ʻaʻai a biotherapy a i ʻole biologic therapy.

Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā ʻano immunotherapy i ka mālama ʻana i melanoma.

• Pilikia pūkaʻina hoʻohiamoe maʻi pale: ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā hunaola pale, e like me nā hunaola T, a me kekahi mau pūnaʻi maʻi ʻaʻai i loaʻa kekahi mau protein, i kapa ʻia he checkpoint proteins, ma ko lākou ʻaoʻao e mālama ana i nā pane pale pale i ka helu. Ke loaʻa ka nui o kēia mau protein i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻouka ʻia a make ʻia e nā hunaola T. Pale aku nā mea hoʻopale nānā Immune i kēia mau protein a hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki o nā hunaola T e pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e mālama i kekahi mau mea maʻi me ka melanoma holomua a i ʻole nā ​​tumors i hiki ʻole ke hemo e ke ʻoki.

ʻElua ʻano o ka checkpoint inhibitor therapy:

• Mea kāohi CTLA-4: ʻO ka CTLA-4 kahi protein i ka ʻili o nā pūnaewele T e kōkua ai e mālama i nā pane pale o ke kino. Ke hoʻopili aku ʻo CTLA-4 i kahi protein ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo B7 ma ke kolamu maʻi ʻaʻai, kū ia i ka hunaola T mai ka luku ʻana i ka pūnaeho maʻi maʻi. Hoʻopili ka mea pāpālina CTLA-4 i CTLA-4 a ʻae i nā hunaola T e pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO Ipilimumab kahi ʻano o ka mea kāohi iā CTLA-4.

Mea hoʻopukapuka hōʻoiaʻiʻo pale pale. ʻO nā protein checkpoint, e like me B7-1 / B7-2 ma nā hunaola e hōʻike nei i nā antigen (APC) a me CTLA-4 ma nā pūnaewele T, e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā pane pale o ke kino i ka nānā ʻana. Ke nakinaki ka mea loaʻa ʻo T-cell (TCR) i ka antigen a me nā protein histocompatibility complex (MHC) nui ma ka APC a me CD28 e hoʻopili iā B7-1 / B7-2 ma ka APC, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia ka pūnaewele T. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o B7-1 / B7-2 i CTLA-4 mālama i nā hunaola T i ke ʻano hana ʻole no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pepehi i nā hunaola tumora i loko o ke kino (panel hema). Ke kāpae nei i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o B7-1 / B7-2 i CTLA-4 me kahi mea hōʻoki pale pale pale (anti-CTLA-4 antibody) e ʻae i nā pūnaewele T e hana a make a make i nā pūhaka tumora (ʻaoʻao ʻākau).

• Mea kāohi PD-1: ʻO PD-1 kahi protein i ka ʻili o nā hunaola T e kōkua ai i ka mālama ʻana i nā pane pale o ke kino. Ke hoʻopili aku ʻo PD-1 i kahi protein ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo PDL-1 ma kahi hunaola maʻi ʻoki, paʻa ia i ke kele T mai ka luku ʻana i ka pūnaeho maʻi maʻi. Hoʻopili nā mea pale PD-1 i PDL-1 a ʻae i nā hunaola T e pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO Pembrolizumab a me nivolumab kekahi ʻano o nā mea kūpale PD-1.

Mea hoʻopukapuka hōʻoiaʻiʻo pale pale. ʻO nā protein checkpoint, e like me PD-L1 ma nā hunaola tumo a me PD-1 ma nā hunaola T, e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā pane pale ʻole. Mālama ka paʻa ʻana o PD-L1 iā PD-1 mālama i nā hunaola T mai ka pepehi ʻana i nā hunaola tumora i loko o ke kino (panel hema). Ke kāpae nei i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o PD-L1 iā PD-1 me kahi mea pale pale pale pale pale (anti-PD-L1 a i ʻole anti-PD-1) ʻae i nā hunaola T e pepehi i nā hunaola tumera (ʻaoʻao ʻākau)

• Interferon: Hoʻopili ʻo Interferon i ka mahele o nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai a hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka tumo.

• Interleukin-2 (IL-2): Hoʻonui ka IL-2 i ka ulu a me ka hana o nā hunaola ʻino, keu hoʻi nā lymphocytes (kahi ʻano o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo). Hiki i nā Lymphocytes ke hoʻouka a pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai.

• Tumor nekrosis factor (TNF) therapy: ʻO ka TNF kahi protein i hana ʻia e nā hunaola keokeo i ka pane ʻana i kahi antigen a maʻi paha. Hana ʻia ʻo TNF i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lapaʻau e make ai i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Ke aʻo ʻia nei i ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma.

E ʻike i nā lāʻau i ʻae ʻia no Melanoma no ka ʻike hou aku.

Pahuhopu kau ʻia

ʻO ka therapy target kahi ʻano lapaʻau e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻouka aku i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai. Hoʻolālā pinepine nā mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hunaola maʻamau ma mua o ka chemotherapy a i ʻole radiation radiation. Hoʻohana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha nā ʻano o ka hoʻomōhala hoʻomāka ʻia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o melanoma.

• Hoʻopaʻi hōʻailona transduction hōʻailona: hōʻailona nā mea hoʻohuli transduction ālai i nā hōʻailona i hoʻoili ʻia mai kekahi mole i kekahi ʻē aʻe i loko o kahi huna. ʻO ka pale ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona e pepehi paha i nā hunaola maʻi ʻino. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e mālama i kekahi mau mea maʻi me ka melanoma holomua a i ʻole nā ​​tumors i hiki ʻole ke hemo e ke ʻoki. ʻO nā mea pāpā transduction hōʻailona me:

• Nā mea hoʻopihapiha BRAF (dabrafenib, vemurafenib, encorafenib) e ālai i ka hana o nā protein i hana ʻia e nā genes BRAF mutant; a

• MEK mea kāohi (trametinib, cobimetinib, binimetinib) e ālai i nā proteins i kapa ʻia MEK1 a me MEK2 e pili ana i ka ulu a me ke ola o nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai.

Hoʻohui pū ʻia o nā mea pale BRAF a me nā mea pale MEK i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka melanoma:

• Dabrafenib me trametinib.

• ʻO Vemurafenib me cobimetinib.

• Encorafenib a me binimetinib.

• ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻi Oncolytic: Ke ʻano o ka hoʻomōkōkō pahuhopu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma. Hoʻohana ka lāʻau hoʻomaʻamaʻa Oncolytic i kahi maʻi i hoʻopili ʻia a haki hoʻi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai akā ʻaʻole nā ​​hunaola maʻamau. Hāʻawi ʻia ka radiation radiation a chemotherapy paha ma hope o ka oncolytic virus therapy e pepehi i nā hunaola maʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO Talimogene laherparepvec kahi ʻano o ka oncolytic virus therapy i hana ʻia me kahi ʻano o ka herpesvirus i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hale hana. Hoʻokomo pololei ʻia ia i nā tumors i loko o ka ʻili a me nā pūnana lymph.

• Nā mea kāohi Angiogenesis: Ke ʻano o ka hoʻomōkōkō kuhi ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ana i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o melanoma. Hōʻoki nā mea pāpālina Angiogenesis i ka ulu ʻana o nā kīʻaha koko hou. I ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, hāʻawi ʻia paha lākou e pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā kīʻaha koko hou e pono ai nā tumors e ulu.

Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā hoʻoponopono hou i kuhi ʻia a me nā hui pū ʻana o nā therapies i ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma.

E ʻike i nā lāʻau i ʻae ʻia no Melanoma no ka ʻike hou aku.

Ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei nā ʻano lapaʻau hou i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i nā mālama e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. ʻAʻole paha ia e ʻōlelo i kēlā me kēia lapaʻau hou e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ana. Loaʻa nā ʻike e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua mai ka pūnaewele NCI.

Hoʻoikaika lāʻau lapaʻau

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau kahi lāʻau lapaʻau maʻi maʻi e hoʻohana i kahi mea a i ʻole hui o nā mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale e ʻike ai i ka tumo a make loa Ke aʻo ʻia nei ka lāʻau hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma pae III i hiki ke hemo ʻia e ke ʻoki.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma ke kumu o ka hopena.

No ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena i hopena ʻia e ka lapaʻau ʻana no ka maʻi ʻaʻai, e ʻike i kā mākou ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao.

Makemake paha nā mea maʻi e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana.

No kekahi mau mea maʻi, ke komo nei i ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ke koho lapaʻau maikaʻi loa paha. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua kahi ʻāpana o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike inā palekana a maikaʻi a maikaʻi paha nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻi ʻaʻai ma mua o ka maʻamau maʻamau.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana maʻamau no ka maʻi ʻaʻai i kau ʻia ma nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua mua. ʻO nā mea maʻi i komo i ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolohua hiki ke loaʻa i ka lāʻau maʻamau a i ʻole i waena o nā mea mua i loaʻa kahi lāʻau hou.

ʻO nā mea maʻi i komo i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua kōkua pū kekahi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole nā ​​alakaʻi hoʻokolohua e alakaʻi i nā hoʻoponopono hou maikaʻi, pane pinepine lākou i nā nīnau nui a kōkua i ka neʻe i mua o ka noiʻi.

Hiki i nā mea maʻi ke komo i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma mua, i ka wā, a ma hope paha o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kā lākou mālama maʻi ʻaʻai.

Hoʻopili wale kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i nā mea maʻi i loaʻa ʻole ka lapaʻau. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i nā mālama ʻana no ka poʻe maʻi i loaʻa ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e hoʻāʻo i nā ala hou e hōʻoki i ka maʻi ʻaʻai mai ka hoʻi hou ʻana (hoʻi ʻana) a hōʻemi paha i nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

Ke mālama ʻia nei nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma nā wahi he nui o ka ʻāina. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e kākoʻo ʻia e NCI ma ka pūnaewele ʻimi noiʻi hoʻokolohua a NCI. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i kākoʻo ʻia e nā hui ʻē aʻe ma ka pūnaewele ClinicalTrials.gov.

Pono paha nā hoʻokolohua ukali.

ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia e hōʻoia i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a i ʻole e ʻike i ke kahua o ka maʻi ʻaʻaʻa e hana hou ʻia paha. E hana hou ʻia kekahi mau hōʻike i mea e ʻike ai i ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā hoʻoholo e pili ana inā e hoʻomau, hoʻololi, a kū paha i ka lāʻau ʻana ma nā hopena o kēia mau hoʻāʻo.

E hoʻomau ʻia kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua mai kēlā me kēia manawa ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka lāʻau. Hiki i nā hopena o kēia mau hoʻāʻo ke hōʻike inā ua loli kou ʻano a i ʻole inā ua hoʻi hou ke kanesa. Kapa ʻia kēia mau hoʻāʻo i kekahi manawa nā hoʻokolohua ukali a i ʻole nā ​​loiloi.

Nā koho lapaʻau e ke kahua

Ma keia Pauku

• Kahua 0 (Melanoma ma Situ)

• Kahua I Melanoma

• Kahua II Melanoma

• ʻOihana III Melanoma i hiki ke hemo ʻia e ka ʻoki ʻana

• ʻOihana III Melanoma i hiki ʻole ke hemo ʻia e ke ʻoki kino, Melanoma kahua IV, a me Melanoma hou.

No ka ʻike e pili ana i nā lāʻau i helu ʻia ma lalo, e ʻike i ka ʻaoʻao Overtion Option Overview.

Kahua 0 (Melanoma ma Situ)

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ke kahua 0 ka ʻoki maʻamau e hemo i kahi o nā hunaola ʻino a me kahi liʻiliʻi o nā kiko maʻamau e puni ana iā ia.

E hoʻohana i kā mākou ʻimi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua maʻi maʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e NCI e ʻae nei i nā mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui, a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokolokolo. Loaʻa nā ʻike laulā e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

Kahua I Melanoma

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ke kahua melanoma I hiki ke hoʻopili i kēia mau mea:

• ʻO ke keʻena hana e wehe i ka puʻupuʻu a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau a puni ia. I kekahi manawa ua hana ʻia ka palapala lymph node a me ka hemo ʻana o nā lymph node.

• ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o nā ala hou e ʻike i nā hunaola maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph node.

E hoʻohana i kā mākou ʻimi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua maʻi maʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e NCI e ʻae nei i nā mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui, a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokolokolo. Loaʻa nā ʻike laulā e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

Kahua II Melanoma

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma pae II hiki ke hoʻopili i kēia mau mea:

• ʻO ke keʻena hana e wehe i ka puʻupuʻu a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau a puni ia. I kekahi manawa hana ʻia ka palapala lymph node a me ka biopsy lymph node sentinel e nānā no ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph node i ka manawa like me ke ʻoki e hemo ai i ka tumo. Inā loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ka pūnana lymph sentinel, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā pūnana lymph.

• Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻoki kino e ka maʻi pale maʻi me ka interferon inā nui ka pilikia e hoʻi mai ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o nā ʻano lapaʻau hou e hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o ke kaha ʻana.

E hoʻohana i kā mākou ʻimi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua maʻi maʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e NCI e ʻae nei i nā mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui, a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokolokolo. Loaʻa nā ʻike laulā e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

ʻOihana III Melanoma i hiki ke hemo ʻia e ka ʻoki ʻana

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma pae III i hiki ke hemo ʻia e ke kahakaha ʻana ke hoʻopili pū i kēia mau mea penei:

• ʻO ke keʻena hana e wehe i ka puʻupuʻu a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau a puni ia. Hana ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili e uhi i ka ʻeha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke ʻoki. I kekahi manawa hana ʻia ka palapala lymph node a me ka biopsy lymph node sentinel e nānā no ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā lymph node i ka manawa like me ke ʻoki e hemo ai i ka tumo. Inā loaʻa ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o ka pūnana lymph sentinel, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā pūnana lymph.

• Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻoki lāʻau e ka immunotherapy me ka nivolumab, ipilimumab, a i ʻole interferon inā nui ka pilikia e hoʻi mai ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻoki lāʻau e ka lāʻau hoʻomākaukau ʻia me dabrafenib a me trametinib inā nui ka pilikia e hoʻi mai ka maʻi ʻaʻai.

• ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o ka immunotherapy me a i ʻole me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

• ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o ke kaha ʻana i ukali ʻia e nā therapies e kuhikuhi ana i nā loli kikoʻī kikoʻī.

E hoʻohana i kā mākou ʻimi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua maʻi maʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e NCI e ʻae nei i nā mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui, a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokolokolo. Loaʻa nā ʻike laulā e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

ʻOihana III Melanoma i hiki ʻole ke hemo ʻia e ke ʻoki kino, Melanoma kahua IV, a me Melanoma hou.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka melanoma pae III i hiki ʻole ke hemo ʻia e ke ʻoki ʻana, ke melanoma pae IV, a me ka melanoma hou e komo pū paha me kēia:

• Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Oncolytic virus therapy (talimogene laherparepvec) i loko o ka tumo.

• ʻO Immunotherapy me ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, a i ʻole interleukin-2 (IL-2). Hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi manawa ipilimumab a me nivolumab.

• Hoʻopaʻa kaulike ʻia me nā mea hōʻoki transduction hōʻailona (dabrafenib, trametinib, vemurafenib, cobimetinib, encorafenib, binimetinib). ʻO kēia

hāʻawi ʻia hoʻokahi a i ʻole hui pū ʻia.

• ʻO Chemotherapy.

• Palliative therapy e hōʻoluʻolu i nā hōʻailona a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ola. Hoʻopili paha kēia:

• Hoʻopau ke ʻoki e wehe i nā lymph node a i ʻole nā ​​tumors i loko o ka akemāmā, ʻōpū o ka gastrointestinal (GI), iwi, a me ka lolo.

• ʻO ka radiation radiation i ka lolo, iwi kuamoo, a iwi paha.

Nā hana e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua no ka melanoma pae III i hiki ʻole ke hemo ʻia e ke ʻoki ʻana, ke kahua melanoma IV, a me nā melanoma hou e pili ana i kēia mau mea:

• ʻO Immunotherapy wale nō a i ʻole me ka hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻē aʻe e like me ke ʻano hoʻomōhala hoʻomōhala.

• No ka melanoma i palahalaha aʻe i ka lolo, immunotherapy me nivolumab plus ipilimumab.

• Hoʻopaʻa kaulike ʻia, e like me nā mea hōʻoki transduction hōʻailona, ​​nā mea hōʻoki angiogenesis, oncolytic virus therapy, a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau e kū pono i kekahi mau hoʻololi gen. Hāʻawi wale ʻia kēia mau mea a i ʻole i ka hui pū ʻana.

• ʻO ke keʻena hana e wehe i nā maʻi ʻaʻai āpau.

• ʻO ka chemotherapy āpana (hyperthermic kaʻawale lālā perfusion). Hiki i kekahi poʻe maʻi ke loaʻa i ka immunotherapy me ka tumrosis tumrosis factor.

• ʻO ka chemotherapy ʻōnaehana.

E hoʻohana i kā mākou ʻimi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e ʻike i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua maʻi maʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e NCI e ʻae nei i nā mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i nā hoʻāʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ka makahiki o ka mea hoʻomanawanui, a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokolokolo. Loaʻa nā ʻike laulā e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua.

E aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana iā Melanoma

No ka ʻike hou aku mai ka National Cancer Institute e pili ana i ka melanoma, e ʻike i kēia:

• ʻAoʻao Kanaka ʻili (Me Melanoma) ʻaoʻao home

• Kāohi ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili

• ʻImi ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ʻili

• ʻO Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

• Ua ʻae ʻia nā lāʻau no Melanoma

• Immunotherapy e mālama i ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• ʻO nā Therapy Cancer i kau ʻia

• Nā Mole i Melanoma: Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā hiʻohiʻona ABCDE

No ka ʻike ākea maʻi ʻaʻai a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe mai ka National Cancer Institute, e ʻike i ka mea aʻe:

• E pili ana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• Ke hoʻokū nei

• ʻO Chemotherapy a ʻo ʻoe: Kākoʻo no ka poʻe me ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• Radiation Therapy a ʻo ʻoe: Kākoʻo no ka poʻe me ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• Ke kāohi nei i ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• Nā nīnau e nīnau ai i kāu kauka e pili ana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai

• No nā mea ola a me nā mea mālama