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傳染媒介
某些感染因子,包括病毒,細菌和寄生蟲,可能導致癌症或增加癌症形成的風險。 一些病毒可以破壞通常使細胞生長和增殖受到控制的信號傳導。 同樣,某些感染會削弱免疫系統,使人體抵抗其他致癌感染的能力降低。 一些病毒,細菌和寄生蟲也會引起慢性炎症,這可能導致癌症。 與癌症風險增加有關的大多數病毒可以通過血液和/或其他體液從一個人傳播到另一個人。 如下所述,可以通過接種疫苗,進行無保護的性行為和不共用針頭來降低感染風險。
愛潑斯坦巴爾病毒(EBV)
EBV是一種皰疹病毒,會引起單核細胞增多症以及某些類型的淋巴瘤和鼻喉癌。 EBV最常通過與唾液接觸而傳播,例如通過親吻或共享牙刷或水杯來傳播。 它也可以通過性接觸,輸血和器官移植而傳播。 EBV感染是終生的。 全球超過90%的人一生中都會感染EBV,並且大多數人不會出現任何症狀。 沒有疫苗可以預防EBV感染,也沒有針對EBV感染的特殊治療方法。
B型肝炎病毒和C型肝炎病毒(HBV和HCV)
HBV或HCV的慢性感染可導致肝癌。 兩種病毒均可通過血液傳播(例如,通過共用針頭或通過輸血),並在出生時從母親傳播給嬰兒。 此外,B肝病毒可通過性接觸傳播。
自1980年代以來,美國和大多數其他國家/地區的嬰兒已常規接種了HBV感染疫苗。 專家建議未接種HBV疫苗且感染HBV的風險較高的成年人應儘快接種疫苗。 疫苗接種對於與人血接觸的醫護人員和其他專業人員尤其重要。
美國疾病控制與預防中心(CDC)還建議對美國1945年至1965年之間出生的每個人以及其他感染HCV感染風險增加的人群進行HCV檢測。 儘管目前沒有針對HCV的疫苗,但新療法可以治癒人們的HCV感染。 如果您認為自己可能有HBV或HCV感染的危險,請詢問您的醫生以進行檢查。 這些感染並不總是會引起症狀,但是測試可以顯示您是否感染了病毒。如果是這樣,你的醫生可能會建議治療。 另外,您的醫生可以告訴您如何避免感染他人。
人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)
HIV是導致獲得性免疫缺陷綜合症(AIDS)的病毒。 愛滋病毒本身並不會引起癌症,但是感染愛滋病毒會削弱免疫系統,使人體抵抗其他導致癌症的感染的能力降低。 感染HIV的人罹患多種癌症的風險增加,尤其是卡波西肉瘤,淋巴瘤(包括非霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金病)以及子宮頸癌,肛門癌,肺癌,肝癌和咽喉癌。
HIV可以通過血液和性接觸傳播。 與其他男人無保護的性行為的男人以及共用注射針頭的人們感染愛滋病毒的風險最高; 與多個伴侶無保護的性行為的異性戀個體處於次高風險。
人們在開始出現症狀之前可能已經感染了愛滋病毒多年。 如果您認為自己有感染HIV的危險,請向您的醫生詢問是否接受檢測。 如果您測試呈陽性,則您的醫生可以開出高效的抗病毒藥,並告訴您如何避免感染他人。 有關更多信息,請參見HIV感染和癌症風險情況說明書。
人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)
高危類型的HPV感染幾乎導致所有子宮頸癌。 它們還引起大多數肛門癌以及許多口咽癌,陰道癌,外陰癌和陰莖癌。 高風險的HPV容易通過直接的性接觸傳播,包括陰道,口交和肛交。 已經開發了幾種疫苗來防止感染引起大多數與HPV相關的癌症的HPV類型。 在美國,專家建議孩子在11或12歲時接種疫苗,但是9歲以下的孩子和26歲的成人也可以接種疫苗。
宮頸癌篩查可用於檢測子宮頸中的HPV感染跡象。 儘管無法治癒HPV感染本身,但可以治療這些感染隨時間推移可能引起的宮頸異常。 有關更多信息,請參見HPV和癌症以及人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗和HPV和巴氏檢測實況報導。
人類T細胞白血病/淋巴瘤病毒1型(HTLV-1)
HTLV-1可以引起一種侵略性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,稱為成人T細胞白血病/淋巴瘤(ATLL)。 該病毒通過血液(通過共用針頭或通過輸血),性接觸以及在子宮內的母嬰傳播或通過母乳傳播。 在日本,非洲,加勒比海和南美,這種病毒的感染比在美國更常見。 大多數患有HTLV-1感染的人沒有任何症狀或發展為疾病。
在美國,常規檢查血液中的HTLV-1。 沒有疫苗可以預防這種病毒的感染,如果您被感染,也無法進行治療。 如果您認為自己可能有HTLV-1感染的危險,請向您的醫生詢問是否接受測試。 如果您測試呈陽性,您的醫生可以告訴您如何避免感染他人並監測HTLV-1誘發的疾病。
卡波西肉瘤相關皰疹病毒(KSHV) 卡波氏肉瘤相關皰疹病毒(KSHV),也稱為人皰疹病毒8(HHV-8),可引起卡波氏肉瘤。 KSHV還可引起原發性積液淋巴瘤和多中心Castleman病。
KSHV is most commonly spread through saliva. It can also be spread through organ or bone marrow transplantation, and there is some evidence that it can be spread by blood transfusion, although this risk is minimized by practices followed in the United States such as blood storage and removal of white cells.
KSHV infection is generally limited to certain populations, and the way KSHV is spread varies among these populations. In sub-Saharan Africa and certain regions of Central and South America, where KSHV infection is relatively common, it is believed to spread by contact with saliva among family members. In Mediterranean countries (Italy, Greece, Israel, Saudi Arabia), where KSHV infection is present at intermediate levels, it is thought to spread by contact among children and by ill-defined routes among adults. Finally, in regions where KSHV infection is uncommon, such as the United States and Northern Europe, it appears to be mostly transmitted sexually, especially among men who have sex with men.
Most people infected with KSHV do not develop cancer or show any symptoms, although those who also have HIV infection or are immunosuppressed for other reasons are more likely to develop KSHV-caused diseases. There is no vaccine to prevent KSHV infection and no therapy to treat infection. Men who have sex with men may be advised to avoid oral–anal contact (including use of saliva as a personal lubricant). And people who are infected with HIV can lower their risk of KSHV-related complications by using antiretroviral therapy.
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV)
MCPyV can cause Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer. Most adults are infected with MCPyV, with transmission most likely occurring through casual direct (i.e., skin-to-skin) or indirect (i.e., touching a surface that an infected person has touched) contact in early childhood. The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma is greatly increased in elderly people and in younger adults with who are infected with HIV or are immunosuppressed for other reasons. Infection does not generally cause symptoms, and there are no treatments for MCPyV.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
H. pylori is a type of bacterium that can cause noncardia gastric cancer (a type of stomach cancer) and a type of lymphoma in the stomach lining, gastric MALT lymphoma. It can also cause stomach ulcers. The bacterium is thought to spread through consumption of contaminated food or water and direct mouth-to-mouth contact. The CDC estimates that approximately two-thirds of the world’s population harbors H. pylori, with infection rates much higher in developing countries than in developed nations. In most populations, the bacterium is first acquired during childhood.
If you have stomach problems, see a doctor. Infection with H. pylori can be detected and treated with antibiotics.
For more information, see the Helicobacter pylori and Cancer fact sheet.
Opisthorchis viverrini
This parasitic flatworm (fluke), which is found in Southeast Asia, can cause cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile ducts in the liver). People become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain the larvae. Antiparasitic drugs are used to treat the infection.
Schistosoma hematobium
This parasitic flatworm (fluke), which lives in certain types of freshwater snails found in Africa and the Middle East, can cause bladder cancer. People become infected when infectious free-swimming flatworm larvae burrow into skin that has come into contact with contaminated fresh water. Antiparasitic drugs are used to treat the infection.