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Cancer Types
Research/areas/biology
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Research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/implementation/pediatric-immunotherapy-network
Research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/implementation/prevention-early-detection
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Research/key-initiatives/ras/about
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Research/nci-role
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/dfharvard
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/dukeci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/emorywinship
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/foxchase
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/fredhutchcrc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/georgetownlombardi
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/hopkinskimmel
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/indianasimon
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/iowaholden
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/irvingcolumbia
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/jeffersonkimmel
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/kucc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mayoclinic
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mdanderson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/memorialsloankettering
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/minnesotamasonic
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mitkoch
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/moffitt
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/muschollings
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/nebraska
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/newmexicocrtc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/northwesternlurie
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/nyuci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ohsuknight
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/osujamesrs/find/casewestern
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/purdueccr
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/roswellpark
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/salk
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/sanfordburnham
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stanfordci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stephenson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stjude
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/sylvester-miami
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/tischmountsinai
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uabccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucdaviscc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uchicagoccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucirvinechao
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uclajonsson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucolorado
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucsfhelendiller
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uhawaiicc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ukmarkey
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/umdgreenebaum
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/umichiganccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/unclineberger
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/upci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/upennabramson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uscnorris
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utahhuntsman
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utsanantonio
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utswsimmons
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uvacc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uwcarbone
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/vanderbiltingram
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/vcumassey
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/wakeforest
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/washingtonsiteman
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/waynestatekarmanos
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/wistar
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/yalecc
Research/nci-role/extramural
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Research/nci-role/partners-collaborators
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Research/nci-role/spotlight/oia/2015
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Research/nci-role/spotlight/oia/2017
Research/nci-role/spotlight/profiles
Research/progress/250-years-milestones
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Research/progress/discovery
Treatment/drugs/dexrazoxanehydrochloride
Treatment/drugs/mechlorethaminehydrochloride
Types/adrenocortical
Types/anal
Types/aya
Types/bladder
Types/bladder/hp/bladder-screening-pdq
Types/bladder/patient/bladder-screening-pdq
Types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq
Types/bladder/research
Types/bone
Types/brain
Types/breast
Types/cardiac/patient-child-cardiac-treatment-pdq
Types/cervical
Types/childhood-cancers
Types/childhood-cancers/late-effects-pdq
Types/childhood-cancers/patient/unusual-cancers-childhood-pdq
Types/colorectal
Types/common-cancers
Types/esophageal
Types/extracranial-germ-cell
Types/extragonadal-germ-cell
Types/eye
Types/gallbladder
Types/gestational-trophoblastic
Types/gi-carcinoid-tumors
Types/head-and-neck
Types/kidney
Types/langerhans
Types/leukemia
Types/leukemia/clinical-trials
Types/leukemia/patient/adult-all-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/adult-aml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/child-aml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/cll-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/cml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/hairy-cell-treatment-pdq
Types/liver
Types/lung
Types/lymphoma
Types/mesothelioma
Types/metastatic-cancer
Types/midline/patient-child-midline-tract-carcinoma-treatment-pdq
Types/myeloma
Types/myeloproliferative
Types/neuroblastoma
Types/ovarian
Types/pancreatic
Types/parathyroid
Types/penile
Types/pheochromocytoma
Types/pituitary
Types/prostate
Types/recurrent-cancer
Types/retinoblastoma
Types/skin
Types/small-intestine
Types/soft-tissue-sarcoma
Types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp
Types/stomach
Types/testicular
Types/thymoma
Types/thyroid
Types/unknown-primary
Types/urethral
Types/uterine
Types/vaginal
Types/vulvar
Language
aa - Afar
ab - Abkhazian
abs - Ambonese Malay
ace - Achinese
ady - Adyghe
ady-cyrl - Adyghe (Cyrillic script)
aeb - Tunisian Arabic
aeb-arab - Tunisian Arabic (Arabic script)
aeb-latn - Tunisian Arabic (Latin script)
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gheg Albanian
am - Amharic
an - Aragonese
ang - Old English
anp - Angika
ar - Arabic
arc - Aramaic
arn - Mapuche
arq - Algerian Arabic
ary - Moroccan Arabic
arz - Egyptian Arabic
as - Assamese
ase - American Sign Language
ast - Asturian
atj - Atikamekw
av - Avaric
avk - Kotava
awa - Awadhi
ay - Aymara
az - Azerbaijani
azb - South Azerbaijani
ba - Bashkir
ban - Balinese
bar - Bavarian
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba (Latin script)
bcc - Southern Balochi
bcl - Central Bikol
be - Belarusian
be-tarask - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)
bg - Bulgarian
bgn - Western Balochi
bh - Bhojpuri
bho - Bhojpuri
bi - Bislama
bjn - Banjar
bm - Bambara
bn - Bangla
bo - Tibetan
bpy - Bishnupriya
bqi - Bakhtiari
br - Breton
brh - Brahui
bs - Bosnian
btm - Batak Mandailing
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - Buginese
bxr - Russia Buriat
ca - Catalan
cbk-zam - Chavacano
cdo - Min Dong Chinese
ce - Chechen
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamorro
cho - Choctaw
chr - Cherokee
chy - Cheyenne
ckb - Central Kurdish
co - Corsican
cps - Capiznon
cr - Cree
crh - Crimean Turkish
crh-cyrl - Crimean Tatar (Cyrillic script)
crh-latn - Crimean Tatar (Latin script)
cs - Czech
csb - Kashubian
cu - Church Slavic
cv - Chuvash
cy - Welsh
da - Danish
de - German
de-at - Austrian German
de-ch - Swiss High German
de-formal - German (formal address)
din - Dinka
diq - Zazaki
dsb - Lower Sorbian
dtp - Central Dusun
dty - Doteli
dv - Divehi
dz - Dzongkha
ee - Ewe
egl - Emilian
el - Greek
eml - Emiliano-Romagnolo
en - English
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - Spanish
es-419 - Latin American Spanish
es-formal - español (formal)
et - Estonian
eu - Basque
ext - Extremaduran
fa - Persian
ff - Fulah
fi - Finnish
fit - Tornedalen Finnish
fj - Fijian
fo - Faroese
fr - French
frc - Cajun French
frp - Arpitan
frr - Northern Frisian
fur - Friulian
fy - Western Frisian
ga - Irish
gag - Gagauz
gan - Gan Chinese
gan-hans - Gan (Simplified)
gan-hant - Gan (Traditional)
gcr - Guianan Creole
gd - Scottish Gaelic
gl - Galician
glk - Gilaki
gn - Guarani
gom - Goan Konkani
gom-deva - Goan Konkani (Devanagari script)
gom-latn - Goan Konkani (Latin script)
gor - Gorontalo
got - Gothic
grc - Ancient Greek
gsw - Swiss German
gu - Gujarati
gv - Manx
ha - Hausa
hak - Hakka Chinese
haw - Hawaiian
he - Hebrew
hi - Hindi
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi (Latin script)
hil - Hiligaynon
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - Croatian
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - Upper Sorbian
ht - Haitian Creole
hu - Hungarian
hu-formal - magyar (formal)
hy - Armenian
hyw - Western Armenian
hz - Herero
ia - Interlingua
id - Indonesian
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - Sichuan Yi
ik - Inupiaq
ike-cans - Eastern Canadian (Aboriginal syllabics)
ike-latn - Eastern Canadian (Latin script)
ilo - Iloko
inh - Ingush
io - Ido
is - Icelandic
it - Italian
iu - Inuktitut
ja - Japanese
jam - Jamaican Creole English
jbo - Lojban
jut - Jutish
jv - Javanese
ka - Georgian
kaa - Kara-Kalpak
kab - Kabyle
kbd - Kabardian
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<languages/> == 常见的癌症神话和误解 == 有关如何癌症开始和传播,虽然科学错误,似乎是有道理的,尤其是当这些想法是植根于旧理论的某些流行的观点。 但是关于癌症的错误观念会导致不必要的担忧,甚至会阻碍良好的预防和治疗决策。 本页提供有关某些常见癌症神话和误解的最新科学信息。 '''癌症是死刑吗?''' 自1990年代以来,在美国死于癌症的可能性一直在稳步下降。 现在,某些癌症(例如乳腺癌,前列腺癌和甲状腺癌)的五年生存率达到90%或更高。 目前所有癌症合并后的5年生存率约为67%。 有关更多信息,请参阅《国家癌症状况年度报告》。 但是,重要的是要注意,这些费率是基于大量人的数据得出的。 癌症患者的生存时间长短以及他或她是否会死于该疾病取决于许多因素,包括癌症是缓慢还是快速生长,癌症在体内的扩散程度,是否有有效的治疗方法, 人的整体健康等等。 {| |- | [[File:Cookies-article.jpg|200px|left]] || :'''吃糖会使我的癌症恶化吗?''' :不会。尽管研究表明癌细胞比正常细胞消耗更多的糖(葡萄糖),但没有研究表明吃糖会使癌症恶化,或者,如果停止吃糖,癌症会缩小或消失。 但是,高糖饮食可能会导致体重增加过多,肥胖与罹患几种癌症的风险增加有关。 有关更多信息,请参阅《 NCI肥胖与癌症》概况介绍。 |} {| |- | [[File:Sweetener-article.jpg|200px|left]] || :'''人造甜味剂会引起癌症吗?''' :否。研究人员已对人造甜味剂(糖替代品)糖精(Sweet'NLow®,SweetTwin®,NectaSweet®)的安全性进行了研究。 甜蜜素 阿斯巴甜(Equal®,NutraSweet®); 乙酰磺胺酸钾(Sunett®,SweetOne®); 三氯蔗糖(Splenda®); 和纽甜,并没有发现它们导致人类癌症的证据。 除甜蜜素外,所有这些人造甜味剂均已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准,可在美国销售。 有关更多信息,请参见NCI有关人造甜味剂和癌症的情况说明书。 |} '''癌症会传染吗?''' 一般来说,没有。 癌症不是一种容易在人与人之间传播的传染性疾病。 癌症可以从一个人扩散到另一个人的唯一情况是器官或组织移植。 从过去患有癌症的供体那里获得器官或组织的人将来可能会患上与移植相关的癌症。 但是,这种风险极低,每10,000例器官移植中大约有2例癌症。 医生避免使用有癌症病史的供体的器官或组织。 在某些人中,癌症可能是由某些病毒(例如某些类型的人乳头瘤病毒或HPV)和细菌(例如幽门螺杆菌)引起的。 尽管病毒或细菌可以在人与人之间传播,但它们有时引起的癌症却不能在人与人之间传播。 有关引起癌症的病毒和细菌的更多信息,请参阅幽门螺杆菌和癌症的NCI情况说明书以及HPV和癌症及传染原的页面。 '''我的态度(正面还是负面)是否可以确定我患癌症的风险或可能从癌症中康复?''' 迄今为止,还没有令人信服的科学证据将一个人的“态度”与其患癌症或死于癌症的风险联系起来。 如果您患有癌症,有时会感到难过,生气或灰心,而在其他时候会感到乐观或乐观,这是正常的。 态度积极的人更有可能维持社交关系并保持活跃,而体育活动和情感支持可能会帮助您应对癌症。 有关更多信息,请参阅NCI关于心理压力和癌症的情况说明书。 [[File:Smiley-face-article.jpg|200px|right]] '''癌症手术或肿瘤活检会导致癌症在体内扩散吗?''' 手术将导致癌症扩散到身体其他部位的机会非常低。 按照标准程序,外科医生使用特殊的方法并采取许多步骤来防止癌细胞在活检或去除肿瘤的手术过程中扩散。 例如,如果他们必须从身体的一个以上区域去除组织,则他们对每个区域使用不同的手术工具。 有关癌症如何在体内扩散的信息,请参见“转移癌”页面。 [[File:Surgery-article.jpg|200px|thumb|right]] '''如果暴露在空气中,癌症会恶化吗?''' 不能。暴露在空气中不会使肿瘤生长更快或导致癌症扩散到身体的其他部位。 有关癌症如何在体内扩散的信息,请参见“转移癌”页面。 '''手机会引起癌症吗?''' [[File:Man-on-cell-phone-article.jpg|200px|left]] 不,不是根据到目前为止完成的最佳研究。 癌症是由基因突变引起的,手机发出一种不会破坏基因的低频能量。 有关更多信息,请参阅《手机和癌症风险》中的NCI情况说明书。 '''电源线会引起癌症吗?''' 不,不是根据到目前为止完成的最佳研究。 电力线同时发射电能和磁能。 电力线发出的电能容易被墙壁和其他物体屏蔽或削弱。 电力线发出的磁能是辐射的低频形式,不会损害基因。 有关更多信息,请参阅《 NCI有关电磁场和癌症的情况说明书》。 '''是否有可以治愈癌症的草药产品?''' [[File:Herbal-supplements-article.jpg|200px|right]] 不会。尽管一些研究表明,包括某些草药在内的替代疗法或补充疗法可能会帮助患者应对癌症的副作用,但尚无草药产品能有效治疗癌症。 实际上,某些草药产品在化学疗法或放射疗法中服用时可能有害,因为它们可能会干扰这些疗法的工作方式。 癌症患者应与医生讨论可能正在使用的任何补充和替代药物产品,包括维生素和草药补充剂。 有关更多信息,请参阅“综合疗法,替代疗法和补充疗法中的主题”中的“植物/草药产品”部分。 '''如果我家中的某人患有癌症,我也可能会得癌症吗?''' [[File:White-family-article.jpg|200px|right]] 不必要。 癌症是由基因的有害变化(突变)引起的。 只有大约5%到10%的癌症是由一个人的父母遗传的有害突变引起的
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