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Cancer Types
Research/areas/biology
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Research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/implementation/pediatric-immunotherapy-network
Research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/implementation/prevention-early-detection
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Research/key-initiatives/ras/about
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Research/nci-role
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/dfharvard
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/dukeci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/emorywinship
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/foxchase
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/fredhutchcrc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/georgetownlombardi
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/hopkinskimmel
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/indianasimon
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/iowaholden
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/irvingcolumbia
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/jeffersonkimmel
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/kucc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mayoclinic
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mdanderson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/memorialsloankettering
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/minnesotamasonic
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/mitkoch
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/moffitt
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/muschollings
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/nebraska
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/newmexicocrtc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/northwesternlurie
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/nyuci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ohsuknight
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/osujamesrs/find/casewestern
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/purdueccr
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/roswellpark
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/salk
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/sanfordburnham
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stanfordci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stephenson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/stjude
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/sylvester-miami
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/tischmountsinai
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uabccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucdaviscc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uchicagoccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucirvinechao
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uclajonsson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucolorado
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Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ucsfhelendiller
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uhawaiicc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/ukmarkey
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/umdgreenebaum
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/umichiganccc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/unclineberger
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/upci
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/upennabramson
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uscnorris
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utahhuntsman
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utsanantonio
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/utswsimmons
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uvacc
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/uwcarbone
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/vanderbiltingram
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/vcumassey
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/wakeforest
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/washingtonsiteman
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/waynestatekarmanos
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/wistar
Research/nci-role/cancer-centers/find/yalecc
Research/nci-role/extramural
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Research/nci-role/partners-collaborators
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Research/nci-role/spotlight/oia/2015
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Research/nci-role/spotlight/oia/2017
Research/nci-role/spotlight/profiles
Research/progress/250-years-milestones
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Research/progress/discovery
Treatment/drugs/dexrazoxanehydrochloride
Treatment/drugs/mechlorethaminehydrochloride
Types/adrenocortical
Types/anal
Types/aya
Types/bladder
Types/bladder/hp/bladder-screening-pdq
Types/bladder/patient/bladder-screening-pdq
Types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq
Types/bladder/research
Types/bone
Types/brain
Types/breast
Types/cardiac/patient-child-cardiac-treatment-pdq
Types/cervical
Types/childhood-cancers
Types/childhood-cancers/late-effects-pdq
Types/childhood-cancers/patient/unusual-cancers-childhood-pdq
Types/colorectal
Types/common-cancers
Types/esophageal
Types/extracranial-germ-cell
Types/extragonadal-germ-cell
Types/eye
Types/gallbladder
Types/gestational-trophoblastic
Types/gi-carcinoid-tumors
Types/head-and-neck
Types/kidney
Types/langerhans
Types/leukemia
Types/leukemia/clinical-trials
Types/leukemia/patient/adult-all-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/adult-aml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/child-aml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/cll-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/cml-treatment-pdq
Types/leukemia/patient/hairy-cell-treatment-pdq
Types/liver
Types/lung
Types/lymphoma
Types/mesothelioma
Types/metastatic-cancer
Types/midline/patient-child-midline-tract-carcinoma-treatment-pdq
Types/myeloma
Types/myeloproliferative
Types/neuroblastoma
Types/ovarian
Types/pancreatic
Types/parathyroid
Types/penile
Types/pheochromocytoma
Types/pituitary
Types/prostate
Types/recurrent-cancer
Types/retinoblastoma
Types/skin
Types/small-intestine
Types/soft-tissue-sarcoma
Types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp
Types/stomach
Types/testicular
Types/thymoma
Types/thyroid
Types/unknown-primary
Types/urethral
Types/uterine
Types/vaginal
Types/vulvar
Language
aa - Afar
ab - Abkhazian
abs - Ambonese Malay
ace - Achinese
ady - Adyghe
ady-cyrl - Adyghe (Cyrillic script)
aeb - Tunisian Arabic
aeb-arab - Tunisian Arabic (Arabic script)
aeb-latn - Tunisian Arabic (Latin script)
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gheg Albanian
am - Amharic
an - Aragonese
ang - Old English
anp - Angika
ar - Arabic
arc - Aramaic
arn - Mapuche
arq - Algerian Arabic
ary - Moroccan Arabic
arz - Egyptian Arabic
as - Assamese
ase - American Sign Language
ast - Asturian
atj - Atikamekw
av - Avaric
avk - Kotava
awa - Awadhi
ay - Aymara
az - Azerbaijani
azb - South Azerbaijani
ba - Bashkir
ban - Balinese
bar - Bavarian
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba (Latin script)
bcc - Southern Balochi
bcl - Central Bikol
be - Belarusian
be-tarask - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)
bg - Bulgarian
bgn - Western Balochi
bh - Bhojpuri
bho - Bhojpuri
bi - Bislama
bjn - Banjar
bm - Bambara
bn - Bangla
bo - Tibetan
bpy - Bishnupriya
bqi - Bakhtiari
br - Breton
brh - Brahui
bs - Bosnian
btm - Batak Mandailing
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - Buginese
bxr - Russia Buriat
ca - Catalan
cbk-zam - Chavacano
cdo - Min Dong Chinese
ce - Chechen
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamorro
cho - Choctaw
chr - Cherokee
chy - Cheyenne
ckb - Central Kurdish
co - Corsican
cps - Capiznon
cr - Cree
crh - Crimean Turkish
crh-cyrl - Crimean Tatar (Cyrillic script)
crh-latn - Crimean Tatar (Latin script)
cs - Czech
csb - Kashubian
cu - Church Slavic
cv - Chuvash
cy - Welsh
da - Danish
de - German
de-at - Austrian German
de-ch - Swiss High German
de-formal - German (formal address)
din - Dinka
diq - Zazaki
dsb - Lower Sorbian
dtp - Central Dusun
dty - Doteli
dv - Divehi
dz - Dzongkha
ee - Ewe
egl - Emilian
el - Greek
eml - Emiliano-Romagnolo
en - English
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - Spanish
es-419 - Latin American Spanish
es-formal - español (formal)
et - Estonian
eu - Basque
ext - Extremaduran
fa - Persian
ff - Fulah
fi - Finnish
fit - Tornedalen Finnish
fj - Fijian
fo - Faroese
fr - French
frc - Cajun French
frp - Arpitan
frr - Northern Frisian
fur - Friulian
fy - Western Frisian
ga - Irish
gag - Gagauz
gan - Gan Chinese
gan-hans - Gan (Simplified)
gan-hant - Gan (Traditional)
gcr - Guianan Creole
gd - Scottish Gaelic
gl - Galician
glk - Gilaki
gn - Guarani
gom - Goan Konkani
gom-deva - Goan Konkani (Devanagari script)
gom-latn - Goan Konkani (Latin script)
gor - Gorontalo
got - Gothic
grc - Ancient Greek
gsw - Swiss German
gu - Gujarati
gv - Manx
ha - Hausa
hak - Hakka Chinese
haw - Hawaiian
he - Hebrew
hi - Hindi
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi (Latin script)
hil - Hiligaynon
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - Croatian
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - Upper Sorbian
ht - Haitian Creole
hu - Hungarian
hu-formal - magyar (formal)
hy - Armenian
hyw - Western Armenian
hz - Herero
ia - Interlingua
id - Indonesian
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - Sichuan Yi
ik - Inupiaq
ike-cans - Eastern Canadian (Aboriginal syllabics)
ike-latn - Eastern Canadian (Latin script)
ilo - Iloko
inh - Ingush
io - Ido
is - Icelandic
it - Italian
iu - Inuktitut
ja - Japanese
jam - Jamaican Creole English
jbo - Lojban
jut - Jutish
jv - Javanese
ka - Georgian
kaa - Kara-Kalpak
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<languages/> == 癌症的遗传学 == [[File:NCI CCG Genetics Infographic v12 full-article.jpg|right|thumb]] === 在本页 === *基因改变与癌症 *遗传性癌症综合症 *遗传性癌症综合征的基因检测 *识别癌症的遗传变化 === 基因改变与癌症 === 癌症是一种遗传性疾病,也就是说,癌症是由控制我们细胞功能的基因的某些变化引起的,尤其是它们的生长和分裂方式。 基因携带着制造蛋白质的指令,这些蛋白质在我们的细胞中起着许多工作。 某些基因改变会导致细胞逃避正常的生长控制并变成癌症。 例如,某些致癌基因改变会增加使细胞生长的蛋白质的产量。 其他导致正常情况下修复细胞损伤的畸形蛋白质的产生,因此是无功能的。 如果生殖细胞(机体的生殖细胞)(卵和精子)中存在这些变化,那么可以从我们的父母那里继承促进癌症的遗传变化。 这种变化称为种系变化,存在于后代的每个细胞中。 由于在细胞分裂或暴露于破坏DNA的致癌物质(例如烟草烟雾中的某些化学物质)和辐射(例如来自人体的紫外线)后发生的错误,也可能在人的一生中获得致癌的遗传变化。 太阳。 受孕后发生的遗传变化称为体细胞(或获得性)变化。 DNA的变化很多。 有些变化仅影响一个称为核苷酸的DNA单元。 一个核苷酸可能被另一个取代,或者可能完全缺失。 其他变化涉及较大的DNA片段,可能包括较长DNA片段的重排,缺失或重复。 有时这些变化不在DNA的实际序列中。 例如,在DNA上添加或去除化学标记(称为表观遗传修饰)会影响基因是否“表达”,即是否产生信使RNA以及产生多少信使RNA。 (接着将翻译信使RNA,以产生由DNA编码的蛋白质)。 一般而言,癌症细胞具有比正常细胞更遗传改变。 但是每个人的癌症都有独特的遗传改变组合。 其中一些变化可能是癌症的结果,而不是原因。 随着癌症的继续发展,还会发生其他变化。 即使在同一肿瘤内,癌细胞也可能具有不同的遗传变化。 == 遗传性癌症综合症 == 遗传的基因突变在所有癌症的约5%至10%中起主要作用。 研究人员将特定基因的突变与50多种遗传性癌症综合症相关联,这些综合症是可能使个体易患某些癌症的疾病。 遗传性癌症综合症的基因检测可以告诉一个显示这种综合症迹象的家庭成员是否患有这些突变之一。 这些测试还可以显示,没有明显疾病的家庭成员是否遗传了与携带癌症相关突变的家庭相同的突变。 许多专家建议,只要某人的个人或家族病史提示遗传的癌症风险状况,就应考虑对癌症风险进行基因检测,只要可以正确解释检测结果即可(也就是说,他们可以清楚地分辨出特定的遗传变化 存在或不存在)以及何时提供可帮助指导某人未来医疗保健的信息。 非遗传遗传突变引起的癌症有时看起来似乎“在家庭中流传”。例如,共享环境或生活方式(例如吸烟)会导致类似的癌症在家庭成员中发展。 但是,家庭中的某些模式(例如正在发展的癌症类型,所见到的其他非癌症状况以及癌症的发展年龄)可能表明存在遗传性癌症综合症。 即使家庭中存在易患癌症的突变,但并非每个继承该突变的人都一定会患上癌症。 以下是可在遗传性癌症综合征中起作用的基因示例。 *在所有癌症中,最常见的突变基因是TP53,它产生一种抑制肿瘤生长的蛋白质。此外,该基因的种系突变会引起Li-Fraumeni综合征,这是一种罕见的遗传性疾病,导致罹患某些癌症的风险更高。 * BRCA1和BRCA2基因的遗传突变与遗传性乳腺癌和卵巢癌综合症有关,后者是一种以女性罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的终生风险增加为特征的疾病。该综合征还伴有其他几种癌症,包括胰腺癌和前列腺癌,以及男性乳腺癌。 *另一个产生抑制肿瘤生长的蛋白质的基因是PTEN。该基因的突变与Cowden综合征有关,后者是一种遗传性疾病,会增加患乳腺癌,甲状腺癌,子宫内膜癌和其他类型癌症的风险。 有关在遗传性癌症综合征中可能起作用的更多基因,请参见遗传性遗传易感性综合征的基因检测。 === 遗传性癌症综合征的基因检测 === 通常,个人的医生或其他医疗保健提供者会要求对导致遗传性癌症综合征的突变进行基因检测。 遗传咨询可以帮助人们考虑特定情况下基因检测的风险,收益和局限性。 经过遗传学培训的遗传咨询师,医生或其他医疗保健专业人员可以帮助个人或家庭了解其检测结果,并解释检测结果对其他家庭成员的潜在影响。 考虑进行基因检测的人们应了解,如果雇主为患者提供健康保险,则可以合法,合法地访问其医疗记录的其他人或组织(例如其保险公司或雇主)会知道其结果。 已经采取了法律保护措施来防止遗传歧视,包括2008年的《遗传信息非歧视法》和1996年的《健康信息可移植性和责任法》的隐私规则。 关于遗传性癌症易感综合征的基因检测的页面,提供了有关可用哪些检测方法以及可能要考虑使用哪些检测方法的更多信息。 === 识别癌症的遗传变化 === 称为DNA测序测试的实验室测试可以“读取” DNA。 通过比较癌细胞中DNA的序列与血液或唾液等正常细胞中的DNA序列,科学家可以识别出可能驱动个体癌症生长的癌细胞遗传变化。 这些信息可以帮助医生找出针对特定肿瘤的最佳疗法。 有关更多信息,请参阅癌症治疗中的肿瘤DNA测序。 肿瘤DNA测序也可以揭示遗传突变的存在。 确实,在某些情况下,对肿瘤进行的基因检测表明,患者的癌症可能与家人没有意识到的遗传性癌症综合征有关。 与测试遗传性癌症综合征中的特定突变一样,临床DNA测序具有患者需要考虑的含义。 例如,他们可能偶然地了解到遗传突变的存在,这些遗传突变可能会在他们或其家人中引起其他疾病。
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