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(Created page with "===结肠镜检查,乙状结肠镜检查和粪便检查(高灵敏度粪便潜血检查和粪便DNA检查) ===")
(Created page with "在精密医学时代,测试乳腺癌筛查的新方法")
 
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[[File:5-year-survival-feature-card.jpg|200px|right]]
 
[[File:5-year-survival-feature-card.jpg|200px|right]]
  
Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place. That's because these tests can find abnormal colon growths (polyps) that can be removed before they become cancer. Expert groups generally recommend that people who are at average risk for colorectal cancer have screening with one of these tests at ages 50 through 75. For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ® Colorectal Cancer Screening summary.
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已经显示了几种筛选测试可以降低死于大肠癌的风险。 结肠镜检查和乙状结肠镜检查不仅可以及早发现结肠直肠癌,而且可以从一开始就帮助预防该疾病。 这是因为这些测试可以发现异常结肠生长(息肉),可以在患癌之前将其清除。 专家组通常建议对处于大肠癌平均风险中的人进行50至75岁年龄范围的一项检查以进行筛查。有关更多信息,请参阅《检测大肠癌和息肉的试验》技术说明书和PDQ®大肠癌筛查摘要 。
  
=== Low-dose helical computed tomography ===
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=== 小剂量螺旋计算机断层扫描 ===
  
This test to screen for lung cancer has been shown to reduce lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers ages 55 to 74. For more information, see the National Lung Screening Trial page and the PDQ® Lung Cancer Screening summary.
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该筛查肺癌的试验显示可以减少55至74岁的重度吸烟者的肺癌死亡率。有关更多信息,请参见国家肺癌筛查试验页面和PDQ®肺癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Mammography ===
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=== 乳腺摄影===
  
This method to screen for breast cancer has been shown to reduce deaths from the disease among women ages 40 to 74, especially those over age 50. For more information, see the Mammograms fact sheet and the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.
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事实证明,这种筛查乳腺癌的方法可以减少40至74岁的女性(尤其是50岁以上的女性)死于该疾病的死亡率。有关更多信息,请参见乳房X线照片简介和PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Pap test and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing ===
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=== 巴氏试验和人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)试验 ===
  
These tests, which can be used both alone and in combination, can lead to both early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. They prevent the disease because they allow abnormal cells to be found and treated before they become cancer. Testing is generally recommended to begin at age 21 and to end at age 65 in women who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer. For more information, see the Pap and HPV Testing fact sheet and the PDQ® Cervical Cancer Screening summary.
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这些测试可以单独使用也可以组合使用,可以导致子宫颈癌的早期发现和预防。 它们之所以能够预防这种疾病,是因为它们可以在癌症发生之前发现并治疗异常细胞。 对于那些经过充分筛查并且没有其他高患子宫颈癌风险的女性,通常建议从21岁开始,到65岁结束。 有关更多信息,请参见宫颈涂片和HPV检测情况说明书和PDQ®宫颈癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Other Screening Tests ===
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=== 其他筛选测试 ===
  
Screening tests that have not been shown to be effective may still be offered, especially to people who are known to be at increased risk of cancer.
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仍然可以提供尚未证明有效的筛查测试,特别是对于已知罹患癌症风险增加的人。
  
=== Alpha-fetoprotein blood test ===
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=== 甲胎蛋白血液检查 ===
  
This test is sometimes used, along with ultrasound of the liver, to try to detect liver cancer early in people at high risk of the disease. For more information, see the PDQ® Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening summary.
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有时会使用此测试以及肝超声检查来尝试在高风险人群中及早发现肝癌。欲了解更多信息,请参见PDQ®肝脏(肝细胞)癌症检查总结。
  
=== Breast MRI ===
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=== 乳房MRI ===
  
This imaging test is often used for women who carry a harmful mutation in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene; women with these mutations have a high risk of breast cancer, as well as increased risk for other cancers. For more information, see the BRCA Mutations: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing fact sheet and the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.
+
此影像学检查通常用于携带BRCA1基因或BRCA2基因有害突变的女性。 具有这些突变的女性罹患乳腺癌的风险很高,并且罹患其他癌症的风险也更高。 有关更多信息,请参阅《 BRCA突变:癌症风险和基因检测》情况介绍和PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。
  
=== CA-125 test ===
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=== CA-125测试 ===
  
This blood test, which is often done together with a transvaginal ultrasound, may be used to try to detect ovarian cancer early, especially in women with an increased risk of the disease. Although this test can help to diagnose ovarian cancer in women who have symptoms and can be used to evaluate the recurrence of cancer in women previously diagnosed with the disease, it has not been shown to be an effective ovarian cancer screening test. For more information, see the PDQ® Ovarian Cancer Screening summary.
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这种血液检查通常与经阴道超声一起进行,可用于尽早发现卵巢癌,尤其是在罹患这种疾病的风险较高的女性中。 尽管此测试可以帮助诊断有症状的女性的卵巢癌,并且可以用于评估先前被诊断患有该疾病的女性的癌症复发率,但尚未证明它是有效的卵巢癌筛查测试。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®卵巢癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Clinical breast exams and regular breast self-exams ===
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===临床乳房检查和定期乳房自我检查 ===
  
Routine examination of the breasts by health care providers or by women themselves has not been shown to reduce deaths from breast cancer. However, if a woman or her health care provider notices a lump or other unusual change in the breast, it is important to get it checked out. For more information, see the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.
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没有显示卫生保健提供者或妇女本人对乳房进行例行检查可以减少因乳腺癌造成的死亡。 但是,如果妇女或她的医疗保健提供者注意到乳房肿块或其他异常变化,则必须检查乳房。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。
  
=== PSA test ===
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=== PSA测试 ===
  
This blood test, which is often done along with a digital rectal exam, can detect prostate cancer at an early stage. However, expert groups no longer recommend routine PSA testing for most men because many prostate cancers detected with PSA testing are not deadly, and early detection and treatment of PSA-detected cancers has not been shown to reduce the chance of dying from prostate cancer. For more information, see the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test fact sheet and the PDQ® Prostate Cancer Screening summary.
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这种血液检查通常与直肠指检一起进行,可以在早期发现前列腺癌。 但是,专家组不再建议大多数男性进行常规PSA检查,因为通过PSA检测发现的许多前列腺癌并没有致命的危险,而且尚未发现对PSA检测到的癌症进行早期检测和治疗可以减少死于前列腺癌的机会。 有关更多信息,请参阅前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)测试情况说明书和PDQ®前列腺癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Skin exams ===
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=== 皮肤检查 ===
  
Doctors often recommend that people who are at risk for skin cancer examine their skin regularly or have a health care provider do so. Such exams have not been shown to decrease the risk of dying from skin cancer, and they may lead to overtreatment. However, people should be aware of changes in their skin, such as a new mole or a change to an existing mole, and report these to their doctor promptly. For more information, see the Common Moles, Dysplastic Nevi, and Risk of Melanoma fact sheet and the PDQ® Skin Cancer Screening summary.
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医生通常建议有患皮肤癌风险的人定期检查皮肤或让健康护理人员进行检查。 尚未证明此类检查可降低死于皮肤癌的风险,并且可能导致过度治疗。 但是,人们应该意识到自己皮肤的变化,例如新痣或已存在痣的变化,并及时向医生报告。 有关更多信息,请参见常见痣,发育不良痣和黑色素瘤风险简介和PDQ®皮肤癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Transvaginal ultrasound ===
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=== 经阴道超声 ===
  
This imaging test, which can create pictures of a woman’s ovaries and uterus, is sometimes used in women who are at increased risk of ovarian cancer (because they carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation) or of endometrial cancer (because they have a condition called Lynch syndrome). But it has not been shown to reduce deaths from either cancer. For more information, see the PDQ® Ovarian Cancer Screening summary and the PDQ® Endometrial Cancer Screening summary.
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这项影像学检查可以产生女性卵巢和子宫的照片,有时用于罹患卵巢癌(因为它们携带有害的BRCA1或BRCA2突变)或子宫内膜癌(因为它们患有以下疾病)的风险较高的女性中 林奇综合症)。 但是,尚未显示出它可以减少任何一种癌症的死亡人数。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®卵巢癌筛查摘要和PDQ®子宫内膜癌筛查摘要。
  
=== Virtual colonoscopy ===
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=== 虚拟结肠镜 ===
  
This test allows the colon and rectum to be examined from outside the body. Although it has not been shown to reduce deaths from colorectal cancer and may reveal possible problems outside the colon that then need to be investigated further, this test may be recommended if it is the only colorectal cancer screening test a person finds acceptable. For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ® Colorectal Cancer Screening summary.
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该测试允许从体外检查结肠和直肠。 尽管尚未显示出可以减少大肠癌死亡的病例,并且可能揭示结肠外可能存在的问题,然后需要进一步研究,但如果这是一个唯一被人们接受的大肠癌筛查试验,则可以推荐该试验。 有关更多信息,请参见《检测大肠癌和息肉的测试》技术说明书和PDQ®大肠癌筛查摘要。
  
=== More Information ===
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=== 更多信息 ===
  
For complete information about screening tests by cancer type, including tests that are being developed and tests that were used in the past, see the PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Screening/Detection (Testing for Cancer)
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有关按癌症类型进行筛查测试的完整信息,包括正在开发的检测方法和过去使用的检测方法,请参阅《PDQ®癌症信息摘要:筛查/检测(癌症检测)》。
  
=== Related Resources ===
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=== 相关资源 ===
  
In an Era of Precision Medicine, Testing New Approaches to Breast Cancer Screening
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在精密医学时代,测试乳腺癌筛查的新方法

Latest revision as of 12:51, 1 November 2019

Other languages:
English • ‎中文

筛检

Cancer-screening-test-article.jpg

有效的癌症筛查测试

癌症筛查测试旨在及早发现癌症,在症状产生之前以及何时更容易成功治疗。 有效的筛选测试是:

  • 尽早发现癌症
  • 减少定期接受筛查的人死于癌症的机会
  • 具有更多的潜在利益大于危害。 (筛查测试的可能危害包括出血或其他物理损伤,不准确的测试结果以及过度诊断,即诊断不会造成问题且不需要治疗的癌症。)

结肠镜检查,乙状结肠镜检查和粪便检查(高灵敏度粪便潜血检查和粪便DNA检查)

5-year-survival-feature-card.jpg

已经显示了几种筛选测试可以降低死于大肠癌的风险。 结肠镜检查和乙状结肠镜检查不仅可以及早发现结肠直肠癌,而且可以从一开始就帮助预防该疾病。 这是因为这些测试可以发现异常结肠生长(息肉),可以在患癌之前将其清除。 专家组通常建议对处于大肠癌平均风险中的人进行50至75岁年龄范围的一项检查以进行筛查。有关更多信息,请参阅《检测大肠癌和息肉的试验》技术说明书和PDQ®大肠癌筛查摘要 。

小剂量螺旋计算机断层扫描

该筛查肺癌的试验显示可以减少55至74岁的重度吸烟者的肺癌死亡率。有关更多信息,请参见国家肺癌筛查试验页面和PDQ®肺癌筛查摘要。

乳腺摄影

事实证明,这种筛查乳腺癌的方法可以减少40至74岁的女性(尤其是50岁以上的女性)死于该疾病的死亡率。有关更多信息,请参见乳房X线照片简介和PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。

巴氏试验和人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)试验

这些测试可以单独使用也可以组合使用,可以导致子宫颈癌的早期发现和预防。 它们之所以能够预防这种疾病,是因为它们可以在癌症发生之前发现并治疗异常细胞。 对于那些经过充分筛查并且没有其他高患子宫颈癌风险的女性,通常建议从21岁开始,到65岁结束。 有关更多信息,请参见宫颈涂片和HPV检测情况说明书和PDQ®宫颈癌筛查摘要。

其他筛选测试

仍然可以提供尚未证明有效的筛查测试,特别是对于已知罹患癌症风险增加的人。

甲胎蛋白血液检查

有时会使用此测试以及肝超声检查来尝试在高风险人群中及早发现肝癌。欲了解更多信息,请参见PDQ®肝脏(肝细胞)癌症检查总结。

乳房MRI

此影像学检查通常用于携带BRCA1基因或BRCA2基因有害突变的女性。 具有这些突变的女性罹患乳腺癌的风险很高,并且罹患其他癌症的风险也更高。 有关更多信息,请参阅《 BRCA突变:癌症风险和基因检测》情况介绍和PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。

CA-125测试

这种血液检查通常与经阴道超声一起进行,可用于尽早发现卵巢癌,尤其是在罹患这种疾病的风险较高的女性中。 尽管此测试可以帮助诊断有症状的女性的卵巢癌,并且可以用于评估先前被诊断患有该疾病的女性的癌症复发率,但尚未证明它是有效的卵巢癌筛查测试。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®卵巢癌筛查摘要。

临床乳房检查和定期乳房自我检查

没有显示卫生保健提供者或妇女本人对乳房进行例行检查可以减少因乳腺癌造成的死亡。 但是,如果妇女或她的医疗保健提供者注意到乳房肿块或其他异常变化,则必须检查乳房。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®乳腺癌筛查摘要。

PSA测试

这种血液检查通常与直肠指检一起进行,可以在早期发现前列腺癌。 但是,专家组不再建议大多数男性进行常规PSA检查,因为通过PSA检测发现的许多前列腺癌并没有致命的危险,而且尚未发现对PSA检测到的癌症进行早期检测和治疗可以减少死于前列腺癌的机会。 有关更多信息,请参阅前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)测试情况说明书和PDQ®前列腺癌筛查摘要。

皮肤检查

医生通常建议有患皮肤癌风险的人定期检查皮肤或让健康护理人员进行检查。 尚未证明此类检查可降低死于皮肤癌的风险,并且可能导致过度治疗。 但是,人们应该意识到自己皮肤的变化,例如新痣或已存在痣的变化,并及时向医生报告。 有关更多信息,请参见常见痣,发育不良痣和黑色素瘤风险简介和PDQ®皮肤癌筛查摘要。

经阴道超声

这项影像学检查可以产生女性卵巢和子宫的照片,有时用于罹患卵巢癌(因为它们携带有害的BRCA1或BRCA2突变)或子宫内膜癌(因为它们患有以下疾病)的风险较高的女性中 林奇综合症)。 但是,尚未显示出它可以减少任何一种癌症的死亡人数。 有关更多信息,请参阅PDQ®卵巢癌筛查摘要和PDQ®子宫内膜癌筛查摘要。

虚拟结肠镜

该测试允许从体外检查结肠和直肠。 尽管尚未显示出可以减少大肠癌死亡的病例,并且可能揭示结肠外可能存在的问题,然后需要进一步研究,但如果这是一个唯一被人们接受的大肠癌筛查试验,则可以推荐该试验。 有关更多信息,请参见《检测大肠癌和息肉的测试》技术说明书和PDQ®大肠癌筛查摘要。

更多信息

有关按癌症类型进行筛查测试的完整信息,包括正在开发的检测方法和过去使用的检测方法,请参阅《PDQ®癌症信息摘要:筛查/检测(癌症检测)》。

相关资源

在精密医学时代,测试乳腺癌筛查的新方法